營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充對(duì)中國(guó)西北部新疆荒漠草原物種多樣性的影響課件

Theeffectsofnutrientadditiononplantspeciesdiversityindesertgrassland,Xinjiang,northwestChina營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充對(duì)中國(guó)西北部新疆荒漠草原物種多樣性的影響匯報(bào)人：楊靜導(dǎo)師：孫宗玖（教授）匯報(bào)時(shí)間：2014-12-21-----《QuaternaryInternational》（2013）作者簡(jiǎn)介：趙新風(fēng)（1981~），女（漢族），河北保定人，中國(guó)科學(xué)院新疆生態(tài)與地理研究所碩士，主要從事恢復(fù)生態(tài)學(xué)研究。相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)：（1）養(yǎng)分與水分添加對(duì)荒漠草地植物鈉豬毛菜功能性狀的影響《植物生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào)》，2014（2）養(yǎng)分與水分添加對(duì)荒漠草地植物群落結(jié)構(gòu)和物種多樣性的影響《植物生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào)》，2014（3）極度干旱區(qū)不同灌水量下沙棗防護(hù)林根系分布特征《地理科學(xué)進(jìn)展》2012,5（4）塔里木河下游21種荒漠植物繁殖體形態(tài)特征及對(duì)環(huán)境的適應(yīng)《西北植物學(xué)報(bào)》，2009（5）滴灌沙棗防護(hù)林土壤鹽分分布特征《水土保持學(xué)報(bào)》，2012,8（6）塔里木河下游地區(qū)滴灌沙棗防護(hù)林地土壤鹽分分布特征《中國(guó)沙漠》，2012,5摘要在中國(guó)西北部的新疆荒漠進(jìn)行了施肥（對(duì)照、單施N,P,K，混施NP,NK,PK,NPK）與灌水（對(duì)照、增雨、增雪）試驗(yàn)，結(jié)果表明：（1）增施營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和水分一年后，荒漠草地植物群落結(jié)構(gòu)組成發(fā)生改變，禾草個(gè)體數(shù)增加顯著，同時(shí)十字花科植物個(gè)體數(shù)顯著降低。處理前物種總數(shù)為16種，處理后為10種，減少37.5%。（2）在增加Ｎ和ＮＰＫ條件下，植被蓋度及密度增加顯著，而其他增添養(yǎng)分處理則對(duì)蓋度和密度影響不顯著。同時(shí)增雨及增雪對(duì)植被蓋度和密度均無顯著影響。（3）與對(duì)照相比，添加NP和PK處理增加了荒漠草地群落的多樣性（Simpson指數(shù)、Shannon-wiener指數(shù))和均勻度（Pielou均勻度指數(shù)）；添加Ｋ、N、P，NK和NPK處理降低了荒漠草地多樣性（Simpson指數(shù)、Shannon-wiener指數(shù))和均勻度（Pielou均勻度指數(shù)）。然而，單因素方差分析表明，任何一個(gè)處理均顯著影響著物種多樣性和均勻度。（4）增雪處理顯著降低了物種豐富度。然而，無論是增雨還是添加營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)均顯著影響著物種豐富度。（5）2009-2012年，年際草地多樣性（Simpson指數(shù)、Shannon-wiener指數(shù))和均勻度（Pielou均勻度指數(shù)呈增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)。1.研究目的（1）退化草地突然給有機(jī)質(zhì)含量降低，土質(zhì)貧瘠，探究其植物多樣對(duì)養(yǎng)分增加的響應(yīng)是什么。（2）在全球變暖的大環(huán)境下，降水的增加對(duì)荒漠草地植物多樣性的影響是如何變化的。（3）不同養(yǎng)分配置對(duì)植物多樣性產(chǎn)生的效果如何，對(duì)荒漠草地最合理的養(yǎng)分搭配是什么。研究意義荒漠植被對(duì)區(qū)域生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定起著關(guān)鍵作用，控制荒漠草地植物生長(zhǎng)的環(huán)境因子，將有利于群落植被結(jié)構(gòu)的及多樣性的變化。剖析養(yǎng)分添加對(duì)荒漠草地多樣性的影響，對(duì)揭示植物對(duì)環(huán)境的變化的響應(yīng)和適應(yīng)規(guī)律至關(guān)重要，通過研究荒漠植被群落結(jié)構(gòu)組成及生物多樣性對(duì)水肥添加的響應(yīng)而制定一套適合大西北干旱荒漠草地的施肥制度意義重大。2.材料和方法2.1研究的地理位置Thestudywascarriedout（44°22′44″N，87°55′26″E）onthesouthernedgeoftheGurbantunggutDesert(Fig.1).TheGurbantunggutDesertislocatedinthecenteroftheJunggarBasin,XinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion,China,anditisthesecondlargestdesertinChinaat48,800km2.Meanannualrainfallforthestudyareais180mm,fallingpredominantlyduringspring.Meanpotentialannualevaporationis2000mm.Thedepthofthesnowcoverisgenerallymorethan20cm.Snowfallaccountsforone-thirdofthetotalprecipitation.NaturalvegetationintheareaisdominatedbyHaloxylonammodendronandHaloxylonpersicum,withavegetationcoveroflessthan30%.CommondesertplantsareCeratocarpusarenarius,Salsolacollina,Agriophyllumsquarrosum,Schismusarabicus,andTetracmequadricornis.Mostplantsinthestudysiteareannualherbs.Afteralonghistoryofgrazingbydomesticandwildanimals,theplantsarewelladapted(Figs.2and3)

2.2實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

Thegrowthofmostplantcommunitiesisrestrictedbythelackofnitrogen(Crawley,1997),andphosphorus(Zhou,2001).Nitrogen,phosphorusandcombinationsofpotassiumandothermicronutrientswereappliedinthisexperiment.Thenutrientswerescatteredevenlyinthe?eldsinmid-Mayof2009-2011.Thetrialsitewassetupin?atlowlandamongthedunesintheGurbantunggutDesert.InApril2009,6blockswererandomlyselectedinthestudyarea.Therewere8treatmentsfornutrientaddition,namely,CK(addednothing),N(addedNalone),P(addedPalone),K(addedKalone),NP(addedNtogetherwithP),NK(addedNtogetherwithK),PK(addedPtogetherwithK)andNPK(addedNtogetherwithPandK),giving6replicationsforeachtreatment(exceptfortheCKreplicatedfor8times).Therefore,sixty6?6mplotswereestablishedintheexperimentsite.Theplotswithdifferentnutrientadditionwerenumbered(Table1).Thedistancewasatleast200cmbetweentheadjacentplotstoavoidmarginaleffect.TheaddedamountsofnutrientsareshowninTable2.

Waterexistinginsoilisessentialforfertilization,especiallyfornitrogen(Shenetal.,2002b).Therefore,onthebasisofthenutrientadditiontest,awateradditiontestwasestablished.3結(jié)果3.1營(yíng)養(yǎng)富集在群落結(jié)構(gòu)和物種組成的影響3.2不同處理對(duì)植被覆蓋率和植物密度影響3.3不同處理對(duì)辛普森指數(shù)（D1），香農(nóng)指數(shù)（H’）和均勻度（J）的影響3.4營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的添加對(duì)物種豐富度的影響（R）3.5植物多樣性指數(shù)的年際變化3.1.EffectofnutrientenrichmentoncommunitystructureandspeciescompositionTable3showsthespeciesthatappearedintheexperimentbeforeandafterthenutrientaddition.Thespeciesinexperimentalplotscouldbegenerallycategorizedintothreegroups:Graminoids,Chenopodiaceae,andCruciferae,becausethethreegroupsappearedinallplots.Morethan95%wereS.arabicus,agraminoid.ChenopodiaceaemainlyincludedSalsolasp,andCruciferaesmainlyincludedT.quadricornis,Leptaleum?lifoliumandAlyssummicranthum.Beforefertilizing(2009),theconstructiveplantsinthestudyareawereS.arabicus,Salsolasp.AndCruciferaes.Afterthenutrientadditionforoneyear(2010),theconstructiveplantsinstudyarearemainedunchanged.Thenumberofspeciesineachgroupwasin?uencedbynutrientandmoistureadditions.

Thenumberofspecieswas16in2009and10in2010.ThespeciesnumberofGraminoids,Chenopodiaceae,Cruciferae,andAsteraceaedecreased(Table3).SpeciesnumberoftheGraminoids(禾本科)decreasedfrom2to1,Chenopodiaceae（藜科）from3to2,Cruciferae（十字花科）from5to4,andCompositae（菊科）from3to2.LappulamyosotisandNepetamicranthadidnotappearafter2010.Thelostspeciesweregenerallytherarespeciesinthestudyarea.

Thereisanon-signi?cantdifferenceintheheightsamongPoaceae,ChenopodiaceaeandCruciferae,respectivelylessthan10,12,and15cm.Therefore,thenumberofindividualsinthethreegroupswasconsideredtore?ecttheirrelativeimportance.Afternutrientadditionforoneyear,theindividualnumberofCruciferaedecreasedsharply,andtheindividualnumberofGraminoidsincreasedsigni?cantly.Chenopodiaceaedecreasedundermosttreatments(N,K,NP,NK,andNPK)andincreasedsigni?cantlywithadditionsofPandPK(Fig.5).3.3.EffectofdifferenttreatmentonSimpsonindex(D1),Shannonindex(H0)andEvenness(J)Fig.7showstheSimpsonindex,ShannonindexandEvennessunderdifferenttreatments.Thebiodiversityindexes(Simpson/Shannonindex)andEvennessincreasedundertheadditionsofN,P,andPK,anddecreasedundertheadditionsofK,NP,NKandNPK(Fig.7).However,basedontheresultsofthetwo-wayANOVA,neithernutrientnorwateraddition(rainandsnow)havesigni?canteffectsontheSimpsonindex(Fig.7a),Shannonindex(Fig.7b)andEvenness(Fig.7c).3.4.EffectofnutrientadditiononSpeciesrichness(R)Thenumberofspeciesperunitarea(1m2)wasusedasthemeasureofspeciesrichness(Goughetal.,2000).Fig.8showsthelevelofSpeciesrichnessunderdifferenttreatments.Neithernutrientnormoistureadditionhassigni?cantin?uenceonplantspeciesrichness(Table4b).

Table4a(Duncan’stests)indicatesthatthereisasigni?cantdifferencebetweentheSpeciesrichnessundersnowadditionandthatofthecontrol(CK).Thisindicatesthatthesnowadditionhasasigni?cantnegativein?uenceonspeciesrichness.

BasedontheresultofDuncan’stests(Table4c)indicatesthatthereisasigni?cantdifferencebetweentheSpeciesrichnessunderPadditionandofthecontrol(CK).ThisindicatesthattheaddedPhasasigni?cantnegativein?uenceontheSpeciesrichness.3.5.Inter-annualvariationofplantdiversityindexes

Thenutrientadditionwascarriedoutinmid-MayofeachyearandthevegetationinvestigationwascarriedoutinlateMayofeachyearduring2009-2012。In2010,therewasnodifferenceinSimpsonindexunderdifferenttreatmentsofnutrientaddition(p<0.05).However,theSimpsonindexvaluesin2010werehigherthanin2009,aswereShannonindexandEvenness.In2012,therewasnodifferenceinSimpsonindexunderdifferenttreatmentsofnutrientaddition(p<0.05).However,theSimpsonindexvaluesin2012werehigherthanin2010,aswereShannonindexandEvenness.Therefore,theinter-annualvariationofplantdiversityindexesshowedanincreasingtrend.4.Discussion(1)Manyexperimentshaveshownanegativeorhumpedrelationshipbetweennutrientadditionandspeciesdiversity.Firstly,functional-basedhypothesespredictthatfertilizationallowsspecieswithtraitsthatareadvantageousunderthechangedconditionstoexcludeotherspecies.Secondly,thechangesofspeciesdiversitywithnutrientadditionmaybedecidedbytheinitialconditionofthecommunity.Thirdly,therandom-losshypothesispredictsthatrarespeciesaccountformostofthedeclineinspeciesdiversitywithfertiliza-tion,duetorandomlossofindividualsasplantsizeincreasesanddensitydeclined.(4)Thein?uenceofdifferentplantgroupstosimulatedrainfallchangesinsummer,increasedsnowinwinterandspring,andnitrogenfertilizationapplicationinlateJunewasstudiedinanalpineKobresiahumilismeadow.(5)Asproductivityincreases,specieslossesareafunctionofchangesinthetraitsoptimalforresourceuse(Sudingetal.,2005).5.ConclusionsBaseontheanalysisofvariationofplantspeciesdiversityunderdifferen