考研考博-英語(yǔ)-南京理工大學(xué)泰州科技學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-南京理工大學(xué)泰州科技學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

Mintisanherbthatiswellknownforthearomaticoildistilledfromallpartsoftheplant.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.valuable

B.fragrant

C.medicinal

D.flavorful

【答案】B

【解析】句意：薄荷是一種藥草，因其各個(gè)部位可蒸餾芳香油而聞名。aromatic意為芳香的。valuable有價(jià)值的，貴重的；fragrant芬芳的，芳香的；medicinal藥用的；有益的；flavorful可口的，充滿……味道的。選項(xiàng)B與之意思最為相近。

2.寫作題

Forthispart,youarerequiredtowriteacompositionofnolessthan200wordslongaccordingtothefollowinggraph.Youneedtointerpretwhatthegraphtriestoinformandusetheinformationfromthegraphandlogicalanalysistosupportyourfindings.PleasenotethatAJ,Ben,Chuck.Dan,Earl,andFredarenamesof6students.YoumustwriteyourcompositionclearlyontheAnswerSheetprovided.

【答案】SchoolAttendanceandScienceGrades3.單選題

I’msureyourresearchhas______thisdisease.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.contributedtounderstandingof

B.contributedtounderstandof

C.beencontributedtounderstandof

D.beencontributedtounderstandingof

【答案】A

【解析】考查賓語(yǔ)從句。句意：我相信你的研究有助于了解這種疾病。I’msure(that)+賓語(yǔ)從句，根據(jù)contribute的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去、對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響，確定用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；根據(jù)contribute的動(dòng)作是主動(dòng)發(fā)生，確定用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；根據(jù)of所屬結(jié)構(gòu)確定用名詞性的understanding，A選項(xiàng)contributedtounderstandingof符合題意。B選項(xiàng)understand是動(dòng)詞詞性，C選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)中hasbeendone是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Chinatodayishometo1.3billionpeople——nearlyonequarteroftheworld’spopulation.ThegrowthofChina'spopulationislargelytheresultofmodernization,whichhasbroughtwithitmorefood,bettermedicalcare,lessdisease,andfewerepidemicsandfamines.ThedeathrateinChinahasdecreased,andmorechildrensurvive.ThehighersurvivalrateinChinameansthatmorepeopleareenteringchildbearingage.ThispopulationgrowthwasthreateningtodestroyChina’schancestobecomearichercountry:justprovidingfoodandbasicnecessitiesforeveryonewouldconsumeallofitseconomicgains.

Totametheexplosivepopulationgrowth,theChinesegovernmentlaunchedadrasticpolicyofallowingonechildperfamily.Toenforcethispolicy,thegovernmenthasavarietyofincentivesforthosewhocomplyandpunishmentforthosewhodonot.Forexample,coupleswhohaveonlyonechildgetamonthlypayuntilthechildisfourteen,specialconsiderationforscarcehousing,freemedicalcare,andextrapensionbenefits.Thepressuretoconformispowerful.Coupleswhoignorethestate’sdirectivesuffersocialdisgraceandeconomicpenalties.

Thefamily-planningpolicy,institutedinChinain1979,hasbeenremarkablyeffective(thoughconsiderablymoresoincitiesthaninthecountryside).Birthstowomanofchildbearingagehavefallendramaticallytoabout2.5childrenforeverywoman.

Chinamayeventuallysucceedinbalancingitspopulationgrowth,butindoingso,itiscreatinganewproblem.TheironyisthatbecauseoftheverysuccessofChina’spopulationpolicy,theChinesepopulationisagingrapidly.In1982,5%ofthepopulationwasoverage64.In2010,about9%willbeover64andin2050,25%willbe.Atthefamilylevel,childrenwithoutbrothersorsisterswilleachhavetocarefortwoagingparents.Atthenationallevel,thegreatnumbersofagingpeoplewilltaxthesociety’sresources.Chinastaresthisproblemarapidlyagingpopulationwithoutalargeenoughfollowinggenerationtosupportit——withmanyofthedevelopednationsoftheworld.

1.Accordingtothepassage,Chinaisinapopulationdilemmainthesensethat（）.

2.TopunishthosewhoviolatethefamilyplanningpolicytheChinesegovernmentdoeswhichofthe

following?

3.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingarethecausesforthepopulationexplosioninChina

except（）.

4.Theprimarypurposeofthispassageisto（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.moreoldpeoplesurviveinthesociety

B.Chinesepopulationwillcontinuetoincreaserapidlyinthenearfuture

C.birth-ratedecreasesbutthepercentageofoldpeopleincreases

D.itisdifficulttocarryoutthefamilyplanningpolicy

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Advisethemtoobservetherule

B.Reducetheirwages

C.Finethosecouples

D.Putthemintoprison

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.bettereducation

B.betterhealth

C.betterlife

D.decreaseddeathrate

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.explainwhythefamilyplanningpolicyisadoptedinChina

B.predictthepopulationprobleminChina

C.demonstratethecauseandeffectofthefamilyplanningpolicy

D.illustratetheresultoffamilyplanningpolicy

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“中國(guó)在人口方面面臨的一個(gè)窘境是……”。文章第四段提到由于計(jì)劃生育的成功，中國(guó)人口正在迅速老齡化（Chinamayeventuallysucceedinbalancingitspopulationgrowth,butindoingso,itiscreatinganewproblem.TheironyisthatbecauseoftheverysuccessofChina’spopulationpolicy,theChinesepopulationisagingrapidly），因此選項(xiàng)C“出生率降低，但是人口老齡化加劇”符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“為了懲罰那些違反計(jì)劃生育的人，政府是怎樣做的？”文章第二段最后一句話提到忽視國(guó)家政策的夫妻會(huì)受到經(jīng)濟(jì)處罰（Coupleswhoignorethestate'sdirectivesuffersocialdisgraceandeconomicpenalties），因此選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目問的是“下列選項(xiàng)中都是中國(guó)人口爆炸的原因，除了哪一項(xiàng)？”文章第一段第二句話提到中國(guó)人口增長(zhǎng)是因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)代化帶來了更多的食物，更好的醫(yī)療條件，疾病減少，流行病和饑荒減少（ThegrowthofChina’spopulationislargelytheresultofmodernization,whichhasbroughtwithitmorefood,bettermedicalcare,lessdisease,andfewerepidemicsandfamines），由此可知只有選項(xiàng)A“好的教育”沒有提及，符合題意。

4.主旨大意題。題目問的是“文章的主要目的是什么？”文章開篇講述了中國(guó)人口增長(zhǎng)的原因，及其弊端，從而引出“計(jì)劃生育”，詳細(xì)說明了這一政策的實(shí)施方式以及取得的效果。后半部分講述了該政策帶來的問題。因此選項(xiàng)C“說明計(jì)劃生育的原因及其影響”符合題意。

5.單選題

Theageofothertreesisvariouslyestimatedas（）fromtwohundredtoeighthundredyears.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.changing

B.differing

C.varying

D.ranging

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)change“改變”，B項(xiàng)differ“使……相異/不同”，C項(xiàng)vary“變化，變異”，D項(xiàng)range表示“變動(dòng)，列為一行”，rangefrom固定用法，表示“從……到……變動(dòng)，從……到……范圍”。句意：其他樹木的年齡有不同的估計(jì)，從200年到800年不等。因此D項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

TheaudiencecheeredasNumberthreehadrowedhimselfoutandwasslumpedoverhisoaratthe（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.deadline

B.finishedline

C.finishingline

D.finishline

【答案】D

【解析】固定搭配。deadline“截止線，界線”；finishline“終點(diǎn)線”，finishedline“竣工線”；沒有搭配deadline和finishingline，選項(xiàng)A和C可排除。句意：當(dāng)三號(hào)選手筋疲力盡地劃到終點(diǎn)，伏倒他的槳上，觀眾們歡呼起來。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

7.單選題

Atallagesandatallstagesoflife,fearpresentsaproblemtoalmosteveryone.“Wearelargelytheplaythingsofourfears,”wrotetheBritishauthorHoraceWalpolemanyyearsago.“Toone,fearofthedark;toanother,ofphysicalpain;toathird,ofpublicridicule;toafourth,ofpoverty;toafifth,ofloneliness—forallofusourparticularcreaturewaitsinahiddenplace.”

Fearisoftenausefulemotion.Whenyoubecomefrightened,manyphysicalchangesoccurwithinyourbody.Yourheartbeatandresponsesquicken;yourpupilsexpandtoadmitmorelight;largequantitiesofenergy-producingadrenaline（腎上激素）arepouredintoyourbloodstream.Confrontedwithafireoraccident,fearcanfuellife-savingflight（逃離）.Similarly,whenadangerispsychologicalratherthanphysical,fearcanforceyoutotakeself-protectivemeasures.Itisonlywhenfearisdisproportionaltothedangerathandthatitbecomesaproblem.

Somepeoplearesimplymorevulnerabletofearthanothers.Avisittothenewbornnurseryofanylargehospitalwilldemonstratethat,fromthemomentoftheirbirths,afewfortunateinfantsrespondcalmlytosuddenfear-producingsituationssuchasaloudlyslammeddoor.Yetaneighborinthenextbedmaycryoutwithprofoundfright.Frombirth,heorsheismorepronetolearnfearfulresponsesbecauseheorshehasinheritedatendencytobemoresensitive.

Further,psychologistsknowthatourearlyexperiencesandrelationshipsstronglyshapeanddetermineourlaterfears.AyoungmannamedBill,forexample,grewupwithafatherwhoregardedeachadversityasatemporaryobstacletobeovercomewithimaginationandcourage.Usinghisfatherasamodel,Billcametowelcomeadventureandtotrusthisownabilitytosolveproblem.

Phil’sdad,however,spentmostofhistimetryingtoprotecthimselfandhisfamily.Afraidtorisktheinsecurityofajobchange,heremainedunhappyinoneposition.Heavoidedlongvacationsbecause“thecarmightbreakdown.”Growingupinsuchahome?Philnaturallylearnedtobecomefearfulandtense.

1.InthelastsentenceofParagraph1,"ourparticularcreature"refersto（）.

2.Fearcanbeausefulemotiontousbecauseitcan（）.

3.Fearbecomesaproblemonlywhen（）.

4.Differentresponsesofnewborninfantstoaloudlyslammeddoorimplythat（）.

5.Psychologistshavefoundthatourlaterfearsaredeterminedlargelybyour（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.fearofsomething

B.afiercebeast

C.physicalpain

D.publicridicule

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.stimulatemanyphysicalchangeswithinourbody

B.quickenourheartbeatandresponses

C.pourlargequantitiesofadrenalineintoourbloodstream

D.helpusrespondquicklytodangerandprotectourselves

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.thedangeristhoughtgreaterthanitreallyis

B.thedangerismorepsychologicalthanphysical

C.onecannotstandthedanger

D.oneisnotwellpreparedforit

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.somepeopleareinherentlymoreeasilyaffectedbydanger

B.people'sresponsetostimuliisnotaninheritedfeature

C.somepeopleseemtobeverysensitivetonoise

D.peoplesometimesseemtoturnadeafeartonoise

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.homeeducation

B.schooleducation

C.parents'lifestyle

D.earlyexperiences

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.根據(jù)上文提到的，恐懼對(duì)每個(gè)人來說幾乎都是一個(gè)問題，每個(gè)人害怕的事物不一樣，所以這里提到的我們這些特殊的生物是指對(duì)某種事物感到害怕。選項(xiàng)A正確，選項(xiàng)B,C,D都是指某一類人害怕的東西，不能以偏概全，所以錯(cuò)誤。

2.根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容可知，恐懼是一種有用的情感是因?yàn)樗軒椭覀兠鎸?duì)危險(xiǎn)時(shí)快速做出反應(yīng)并自我保護(hù)。選項(xiàng)D符合原文。其他選項(xiàng)都只涉及生理反應(yīng)而忽略了心理反應(yīng)，太片面。

3.根據(jù)第二段的最后一句“Itisonlywhenfearisdisproportionaltothedangerathandthatitbecomesaproblem.”只有當(dāng)恐懼與眼前的危險(xiǎn)不成比例時(shí)，它才會(huì)成為一個(gè)問題。也就是說，當(dāng)危險(xiǎn)被認(rèn)為比實(shí)際上更大時(shí)，恐懼就會(huì)成為一個(gè)問題。選項(xiàng)A正確。

4.根據(jù)第三段第一句“Somepeoplearesimplymorevulnerabletofearthanothers.”有些人只是比其他人更容易受到恐懼的影響。以及第三段的最后一句“Frombirth,heorsheismorepronetolearnfearfulresponsesbecauseheorshehasinheritedatendencytobemoresensitive.”從出生開始，他或她更容易學(xué)習(xí)恐懼的反應(yīng)，因?yàn)樗蛩z傳了一種更敏感的傾向。選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

5.根據(jù)第四段的第一句“psychologistsknowthatourearlyexperiencesandrelationshipsstronglyshapeanddetermineourlaterfears.”可知選項(xiàng)D正確。

8.單選題

Obviously,thereisa(n)___thatmanagementonlywantstocutcosts.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.concentration

B.ambiguity

C.perception

D.facility

【答案】C

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.concentration專心；集合B.ambiguity含糊；不明確

C.perception認(rèn)識(shí)能力；知覺；看法D.facility設(shè)施；設(shè)備

【考查點(diǎn)】名詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知空格后thatmanagementonlywantstocutcosts（管理層只想削減成本）為同位語(yǔ)從句，解釋說明空格的內(nèi)容，“管理層只想削減成本”這是一種看法。C.perception“看法”符合語(yǔ)境。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、D選項(xiàng)均不符合語(yǔ)境。

【句意】有一種看法認(rèn)為，管理層只想削減成本。

9.單選題

Electricalenergymaybeseparatedintotwo（

）componentsaspositiveandnegative.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.specialized

B.told

C.specified

D.said

【答案】C

【解析】specialize使專門化；使適應(yīng)特殊情況；specify指定，詳細(xì)說明，列舉。句意：電能可分為正負(fù)兩種指定的部分。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

10.單選題

Atitsbest,anyprisonissounnaturalaformofsegregationfromnormallifethatliketoolovingparentsandtoozealousreligionandallotherwell-meantviolationsofindividuality—ithelpstopreventthevictimsofresuming,whentheyareletout,anynaturalroleinhumansociety.Atitsworst,theprisonisalmostscientificallydesignedtodevelopbyforceripeningeveryoneoftheanti-socialtraits(品質(zhì)，性格)forwhichwesupposeourselvestoputpeopleintoprison.(Isaysuppose,becauseactuallyweputpeopleintoprisononlybecausewedon’tknowwhatelsetodowiththem…)Prisonmakesthemanwhoissexuallyabnormal,sexuallyamaniac.Prisonmakesthemanwhoenjoyedbeatingfellowdrunkinabarroomcomeoutwantingtokillapoliceman.

Probablywecannottomorrowturnalltheso-calledcriminalslooseandclosethejails,though,ofcoursethatiswhatwearedoingbylettingthemgoattheendoftheirsentences.No,societycannotfreethevictims.Societyhasunfittedforfreedom.Doubtless,sincetheMilennium(太平盛世)isstillcenturiesahead,itisadvisabletomakeprisonsassanitaryandwell-lightedaspossible,thattheconvictsmayliveouttheirlivingdeathmorecomfortable.Onlykeepyourphilosophystraight.Donotimaginethat,whenyouhavebycarelessnessfailedininoculating(給……接種，注射)them,letyourvictimsgetsmallpox,youaregoingtosavethemorexonerate(免除，解除)yourselvesbybathingtheirbrows,howevergratefulthebathingmaybe.

Whatistotaketheplaceofprisons?

6.Theauthorsaysthatprisonislikesomeparents,orlikesomekindsofreligion,inthatit______.

7.Attheworst,accordingtothepassage,prison______.

8.Why,accordingtotheauthor,doweputpeopleinprison?

9.Why,accordingtotheauthor,can’tweletalltheprisonersfree?

10.Readthelastsentencebutone(beginningwith“Donotimaging...”),andthenchoosetheanswerthatisclosesttoitsmeaning.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.makespeopleincapableoflivingindependently

B.istoostrict

C.doesn’ttrainpeopleforusefulwork

D.istoozealous

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.makescriminalcharacteristicsworse

B.makesallprisonersviolent

C.destroysthespirit

D.causessexualproblemsinmostprisoners

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Topunishthem.

B.Forlackofanyothersolution.

C.Togivethemasenseofdiscipline.

D.Tomakethemlessviolent.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Becausetheyaretoodangerous.

B.Becausesocietywillnotallowit.

C.Becausewehavemadethemantisocial.

D.Becausetheyprefertostaywheretheyare.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Youcan’treformprisonersbykindtreatment.

B.Itiseasytocatchdiseasessuchassmallpoxinprison.

C.Inanykindofpoliticalorsocialconditions,itisnaturalthatsomepeopleshouldturnouttobeenemiesofsociety.

D.Societymakescriminals;itshouldn’tfeelit’sdoneenoughforthembycreatinggoodprisonconditions.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】6.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

6.Theauthorsaysthatprisonislikesomeparents,orlikesomekindsofreligion,inthatit______.6.作者說，監(jiān)獄就像一些父母，或像某種宗教，因?yàn)樗黖_____。

A.makespeopleincapableoflivingindependentlyA.使人無法獨(dú)立生活

B.istoostrictB.太嚴(yán)格

C.doesn’ttrainpeopleforusefulworkC.沒有訓(xùn)練人們做有用的工作

D.istoozealousD.太熱心

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位至第一段第一句“在最好的情況下，任何監(jiān)獄都是一種與正常生活隔離的不自然形式，就像溺愛的父母、太狂熱的宗教和所有其他善意侵犯?jìng)€(gè)性的行為一樣”，從中可知，作者把監(jiān)獄比作溺愛的父母和狂熱的宗教以及其他任何善意的對(duì)人們個(gè)性的侵犯，是因?yàn)樗猩鲜鍪挛锒加幸粋€(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)，那就是它們都破壞了一個(gè)人正常的獨(dú)立生活，A選項(xiàng)符合這一分析。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B選項(xiàng)“太嚴(yán)格”、C選項(xiàng)“沒有訓(xùn)練人們做有用的工作”、D選項(xiàng)“太熱心”都不符合原文，曲解原文。

7.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

7.Attheworst,accordingtothepassage,prison______.7.根據(jù)這篇文章，最壞的情況是監(jiān)獄______。

A.makescriminalcharacteristicsworseA.使犯罪性格變得更差

B.makesallprisonersviolentB.使所有囚犯變得暴力

C.destroysthespiritC.摧毀精神

D.causessexualproblemsinmostprisonersD.導(dǎo)致大多數(shù)囚犯出現(xiàn)性問題

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第一段第二句“在最糟糕的情況下，監(jiān)獄幾乎是科學(xué)地設(shè)計(jì)來發(fā)展強(qiáng)化監(jiān)獄中的犯人的每一個(gè)反社會(huì)的特征，而我們因?yàn)檫@些反社會(huì)的特征而把人送進(jìn)監(jiān)獄”，從中可知，監(jiān)獄的最糟糕之處在于它幾乎是科學(xué)地被設(shè)計(jì)出來強(qiáng)化發(fā)展監(jiān)獄中犯人的種種反社會(huì)特征，A選項(xiàng)符合這一分析。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

C選項(xiàng)“摧毀精神”屬于曲解原文；

B選項(xiàng)“使所有囚犯變得暴力”和D選項(xiàng)“導(dǎo)致大多數(shù)囚犯出現(xiàn)性問題”在文中雖然有提到，但不是最糟糕的情況，本末倒置。

8.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

8.Why,accordingtotheauthor,doweputpeopleinprison?8.根據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn)，我們?yōu)槭裁匆讶岁P(guān)進(jìn)監(jiān)獄？

A.Topunishthem.A.懲罰他們。

B.Forlackofanyothersolution.B.因?yàn)闆]有其他的解決辦法。

C.Togivethemasenseofdiscipline.C.給他們一種紀(jì)律性。

D.Tomakethemlessviolent.D.讓他們不那么暴力。

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位至第一段括號(hào)里的句子“我假設(shè)實(shí)際上我們把人關(guān)進(jìn)監(jiān)獄只是因?yàn)槲覀儾恢肋€能拿他們?cè)趺崔k（dowiththem）……”，dowith表示“處理，對(duì)付”，綜合理解可知，作者認(rèn)為之所以將犯人送進(jìn)監(jiān)獄是因?yàn)槲覀儧]有別的辦法，B項(xiàng)符合這一分析。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A選項(xiàng)“懲罰他們”、C選項(xiàng)“給他們一種紀(jì)律性”和D選項(xiàng)“讓他們不那么暴力”都與原文相反，屬于反向干擾。

9.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

9.Why,accordingtotheauthor,can’tweletalltheprisonersfree?9.根據(jù)作者的觀點(diǎn)，為什么我們不能釋放所有的囚犯呢？

A.Becausetheyaretoodangerous.A.因?yàn)樗麄兲ｋU(xiǎn)了。

B.Becausesocietywillnotallowit.B.因?yàn)樯鐣?huì)不允許。

C.Becausewehavemadethemantisocial.C.因?yàn)槲覀冏屗麄冏兊梅瓷鐣?huì)。

D.Becausetheyprefertostaywheretheyare.D.因?yàn)樗麄兏矚g待在原地。

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位至第二段第二句“不，社會(huì)不能清除（free）受害者”，以及第三句“社會(huì)不適合自由”，第二句中的free指的是“去除，清除”的意思；綜合理解，我們不能釋放所有的囚犯是因?yàn)樯鐣?huì)沒辦法去除所有的受害者，即社會(huì)無法承擔(dān)讓這些囚犯回歸自由的代價(jià)，結(jié)合第一段第二句“在最糟糕的情況下，監(jiān)獄幾乎是科學(xué)地設(shè)計(jì)來發(fā)展強(qiáng)化監(jiān)獄中的犯人的每一個(gè)反社會(huì)的特征，而我們因?yàn)檫@些反社會(huì)的特征而把人送進(jìn)監(jiān)獄”可知囚犯在監(jiān)獄里都繼續(xù)強(qiáng)化他們的反社會(huì)特征，放出來后還是對(duì)社會(huì)有害，社會(huì)不會(huì)允許他們這種行為，所以推知，社會(huì)不會(huì)允許這樣做。B選項(xiàng)符合這一分析。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樗麄兲ｋU(xiǎn)了”由解題思路可知這些犯人在坐牢之前已經(jīng)是危險(xiǎn)的，這不是我們不能釋放他們的原因，而是他們?nèi)プ蔚脑?，屬于本末倒置?/p>

C選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)槲覀冏屗麄冏兊梅瓷鐣?huì)”由解題思路可知犯人在坐牢之前已經(jīng)反社會(huì)，并不是“我們”讓他們變得反社會(huì)，屬于偷換概念；

D選項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樗麄兏矚g待在原地”沒有提到，屬于無中生有。

10.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

10.Readthelastsentencebutone(beginningwith“Donotimaging...”),andthenchoosetheanswerthatisclosesttoitsmeaning.10.閱讀文章最后一句（以“Donotimaging...”開頭），然后選擇最接近其意思的答案。

A.Youcan’treformprisonersbykindtreatment.A.你不能以禮相待來改造囚犯。

B.Itiseasytocatchdiseasessuchassmallpoxinprison.B.在監(jiān)獄里很容易染上天花等疾病。

C.Inanykindofpoliticalorsocialconditions,itisnaturalthatsomepeopleshouldturnouttobeenemiesofsociety.C.在任何一種政治或社會(huì)條件下，有些人成為社會(huì)的敵人是很自然的。

D.Societymakescriminals;itshouldn’tfeelit’sdoneenoughforthembycreatinggoodprisonconditions.D.社會(huì)促使了罪犯；政府不應(yīng)該覺得為他們創(chuàng)造良好的監(jiān)獄環(huán)境已經(jīng)做得夠多了。

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】首先，根據(jù)題干定位至文章最后一句“假使因?yàn)榇中哪阄茨芙o犯人及時(shí)接種疫苗而使他們?nèi)旧咸旎?，成為受害者，那么不要以為用藥水沖洗一下他們的額頭以緩解病情就可以拯救他們，或使你自己心安，無論這種沖洗可以緩解犯人多大的痛苦”，這一句為暗喻，這篇文章的主旨是抨擊現(xiàn)行監(jiān)獄制度的種種不合理之處；聯(lián)系文章主旨，我們可以得知作者說這一句話的目的是用來暗示，如果由于社會(huì)的原因造成了犯罪，那么僅僅把監(jiān)獄改造一下，讓犯人的生活舒服一點(diǎn)，社會(huì)本身也并不能因此而逃脫責(zé)任。所以D項(xiàng)符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“你不能以禮相待來改造囚犯”和C選項(xiàng)“在任何一種政治或社會(huì)條件下，有些人成為社會(huì)的敵人是很自然的”不符合原文的分析，屬于曲解原文；

B選項(xiàng)“在監(jiān)獄里很容易染上天花等疾病”并沒有深層分析，曲解原文。

11.單選題

Accordingtosociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofasocialgroup.Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroups,oneormorepersonsmaygraduallyemergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.

Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.

Researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto“getthingsdone”.Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingsofasocialgroup’smembers.Expressiveleadersarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.

Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers.Theygiveothersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibit(阻礙)attainmentofthegroup’sgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesandtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Asthedifferenceinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyamoredistantrespect.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPT_______.

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleadershipcanbeinferredfromparagraph2?

4.Inmentioning“naturalleaders”inparagraph2,theauthorismakingthepointthat______.

5.Thepassageindicatesthatinstrumentalleadersgenerallyfocuson______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theproblemsfacedbyleaders.

B.Howleadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups.

C.Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowillleadthem.

D.Theroleofleadersinsocialgroups.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.recruitment

B.formalelectionprocess

C.specificleadershiptraining

D.traditionalculturalpatterns

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Personwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderinanothergroup.

B.Fewpeoplesucceedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson.

C.Apersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership.

D.Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.fewpeoplequalifyas“naturalleaders”

B.thereisnoproofthat“naturalleaders”exist

C.“naturalleaders”areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofagroup

D.“naturalleaders”shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.ensuringharmoniousrelationships

B.sharingresponsibilitywithgroupmembers

C.identifyingnewleaders

D.achievingagoal

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。本篇主要討論不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者（如instrumentalleaders以及expressiveleaders）在不同的社會(huì)群體中所充當(dāng)?shù)慕巧桶l(fā)揮的功能，所以D選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)在社會(huì)群體中的作用”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者面臨的問題”和B選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力在小群體和大群體中的區(qū)別”以及C選項(xiàng)“社會(huì)群體如何決定誰(shuí)將領(lǐng)導(dǎo)他們”文章都沒有提及。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.（在家庭中，傳統(tǒng)的文化模式賦予父母一方或雙方領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位）”由此可知D選項(xiàng)“傳統(tǒng)的文化模式”說法正確；以及“Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.（在較大的群體中，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人通常是通過選舉或招聘正式選出的。）”，由此可知A選項(xiàng)“招聘”；B選項(xiàng)“正式的選舉程序”文中也有提到；只有C選項(xiàng)“具體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力培訓(xùn)”與該題無關(guān)，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段，第二段的大意為：領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者沒有一個(gè)固定的特點(diǎn)，只是符合了一個(gè)特定群體需要的人就有可能成為該群體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。A選項(xiàng)“某一特定群體的有效領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，不一定就可以成為另一群體的有效領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”符合題意；B選項(xiàng)“很少有人能成功地與他人分享領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色”和C選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)人通過學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的研究能更好的學(xué)習(xí)如何成為一個(gè)有效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”文章第二段均未提到；D選項(xiàng)“許多人想成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，但卻很少能拿出證據(jù)來證明他們具有這樣的資格”曲解了文章意思，不符合題意，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段“...decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryofnaturalleaders.（數(shù)十年來的研究并不能找出可靠證據(jù)來證明哪些人可以成為天生領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者）”，所以B選項(xiàng)“沒有證據(jù)表明天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者存在”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“很少有人稱得上是天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”；C選項(xiàng)“天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者很容易被群體成員接受”；D選項(xiàng)“天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者有一組相似的特征”都與文章意思不符，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段“Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.（工具型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是一種強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)群體完成任務(wù)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式）”，由此可知工具型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)通常關(guān)注的是實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)，所以D選項(xiàng)“實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“確保和諧關(guān)系”；B選項(xiàng)“與小組成員分享責(zé)任”；C選項(xiàng)“確定新的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”說法都不正確。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

Ragtimeisamusicalformthatsynthesizesfolkmelodiesandmusicaltechniquesintoabriefquadrille-likestructure,designedtobeplayed—exactlyaswritten—onthepiano.AstronganalogyexistsbetweenEuropeancomposerslikeRalphVaughanWilliams,EdvardGrieg,andAntonDvorakwhocombinedfolktunesandtheirownoriginalmaterialsinlargercompositionsandthepioneerragtimecomposersintheUnitedStates.ComposerslikeScottJoplinandlamesScottwereinasensecollectorsormusicologists,collectingdanceandfolkmusicinBlackcommunitiesandconsciouslyshapingitintobriefsuitesoranthologiescalledpianorags.

Ithassometimesbeenchargedthatragtimeismechanical.Forinstance,WilfredMellerscomments,“ragsweretransferredtothepianolarolland,evenifnotplayedbyamachine,shouldbeplayedlikeamachine,withmeticulousprecision.”However,thereisnoreasontoassumethatragtimeisinherentlymechanicalsimplybecausecommercialmanufacturersappliedamechanicalrecordingmethodtoragtime,theonlywaytorecordpianosatthatdate.Ragtime’sisnotamechanicalprecision,anditisnotprecisionlimitedtothestyleofperformance.Itarisesfromragtime’sfollowingawell-definedformandobeyingsimpleruleswithinthatform.

Theclassicformulaforthepianoragdisposesthreetofivethemesinsixteenth-barstrains,oftenorganizedwithrepeats.Theragopenswithabright,memorablestrainortheme,followedbyasimilartheme,leadingtoatrioofmarkedlyricalcharacter,withthestructureconcludedbyalyricalstrainthatparallelstherhythmicdevelopmentsoftheearlierthemes.Theaimofthestructureistorisefromonethemetoanotherinastair-stepmanner,endingonanoteoftriumphorexhilaration.

Typically,eachstrainisdividedintotw