2015年南京大學(xué)考博《英語(yǔ)》真題及詳解

B.C.V解析：動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。句意：哈代的缺陷一方面緣起于他的某種明顯的無(wú)能，無(wú)法控制好那些不盡相同的創(chuàng)作沖動(dòng)的穿梭往來(lái)；另一方面緣起于他不愿意去培養(yǎng)和維持那些富于生機(jī)活力和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性強(qiáng)的創(chuàng)作沖動(dòng)。liein"躺在"；giveriseto"使發(fā)生，引起"；shedlighton"闡明"：derivefrom〃源自，來(lái)自〃。根據(jù)句意，空格處的短語(yǔ)表示原因，只有選項(xiàng)D符合語(yǔ)意。故答案為D。Althoughthistheorywasneverrigidlydisproved,thedoctrinewasgenerallyabandonedtheopposingview."A.infavorof"B.inplaceof"C.insteadof"D.intermsof（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00）VB.C.D.解析：介詞詞組辨析。句意：盡管這一理論從來(lái)都沒(méi)有在嚴(yán)格的意義上被反對(duì)過(guò)，但是教條通常被拋棄掉，而轉(zhuǎn)向相反的觀點(diǎn)。句中abandon和opposing提示空格處的詞組應(yīng)是對(duì)反對(duì)意見的支持。infavorof"贊同，支持"；inplaceof"代替"；insteadof"代替，而不是"；intermsof"在方面"，由此可知，A符合題意。HistorianssuchasLeRoyLadurichaveusedthedocumentstoextractcasehistories,whichhavetheattitudesofdifferentsocialgroupsandhaverevealedhowtheauthoritiesadministeredjustice."A.laminated"B.ruminated"C.illuminated"D.eliminated（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00）A.B.VD.解析：形近詞詞義辨析。laminate"分成薄片"；ruminate"沉思"；illuminate"闡明，說(shuō)明"；eliminate"消除，排除"。空格處動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)為attitude，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中訂luminate與attitude搭配更符合語(yǔ)境。句意：像勒?羅伊?拉迪里一類的史學(xué)家利用這些文獻(xiàn)史料從中挖掘出某些個(gè)案史來(lái)，闡明了不同社會(huì)群體的態(tài)度，并揭示出當(dāng)局是如何執(zhí)行審判的。故答案為C。Asourworkisnotdoneyet,I'minnotogooutforamovietonight."A.mind"B.temper"C.mood"D.disposition（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00）A.B.D.解析：同定搭配。innomood"沒(méi)心情"，句意：我們的工作還沒(méi)有做完，今晚沒(méi)有心情出去看電影。故答案為C。二、PartII Cloze(總題數(shù)：15,分?jǐn)?shù)：15.00)Smoking,whichmaybeapleasureforsomepeople,isaserioussourceofdiscomfortfortheirfellows.1,medicalauthoritiesexpresstheir2abouttheeffectofsmoking3thehealthnotonlyofthosewhosmokebutalsoofthosewhodon't.Infact,non-smokerswhomust4inhaletheairpollutedbytobaccosmokemay5morethanthesmokersthemselves.A6numberofourstudentshave7inaneffortto8theuniversitytobansmokingintheclassrooms.Ibelievetheyare9rightintheiraim.10,Iwouldhopethatitis11toachievethisby12thesmokerstousegoodjudgmentandshowconcern13othersratherthanbyregulation.Iamthereforeaskingyouto14"NoSmoking"intheauditoriums,classroomsandseminarrooms.Thiswillprovethatyouhavethenon-smoker'shealthandwell-being15,whichisveryimportanttoalargenumberofourstudents.(分?jǐn)?shù)：15.00)."A.Still"B.More"C.Again"D.Further(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00)A.B.C.V解析：邏輯關(guān)系?？崭袂熬涮峒皩?duì)于吸煙者來(lái)說(shuō)，吸煙是引起他們不滿的主要的原因，之后又提及吸煙對(duì)于吸煙者和不吸煙者的身體健康的影響，后一句是進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明吸煙的危害，故兩句的邏輯關(guān)系應(yīng)為遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，D選項(xiàng)further表示遞進(jìn)，B選項(xiàng)more不能用在句首表遞進(jìn)，故答案為D。."A.concern"B.trouble"C.interest"D.displeasure(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00)VB.C.D.解析：名詞詞義辨析。concern"關(guān)心"；trouble"麻煩"；interest"興趣，愛(ài)好"；displeasure"不愉快"。句中提及醫(yī)學(xué)專家表達(dá)了對(duì)吸煙危害健康的顧慮，且expressone'sconcernabout(orfor,over)為固定搭配，意為"對(duì)，的關(guān)心，顧慮"；與句意相符。故答案為A。."A.on"B.in"C.with"D.to（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00）VB.C.D.解析：固定搭配。effecton表示"對(duì)的作用"。故答案為A。（4）."A.involuntarily"B.instinctively"C.spontaneously"D.reluctantly（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00）A.B.C.V解析：上下文語(yǔ)義。根據(jù)句意可知，不吸煙者被迫吸入被吸煙者所污染的空氣，D選項(xiàng)reluctantly表示不情愿，與句意相符。involuntarily"無(wú)心地，不自覺(jué)地"；spontaneously"自發(fā)地"均與句意不符。故答案為D。（5）."A.endure"B.suffer"C.undergo"D.putupwith（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00）A.VC.D.解析：近義詞詞義辨析。四個(gè)單詞都有〃忍耐，容忍〃的意思。endure特指忍受較大的或較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的磨難和痛苦。該詞暗示忍受者具有持久的忍耐力。suffer為正式用語(yǔ)，常指被迫承受某件令人痛苦或有害的事。putupwith為口頭用語(yǔ)，一般指容忍較小的事情，具有寬容、默認(rèn)、將就某人或某事的意思。undergo指的是某種歷程，并不指結(jié)果的成敗得失。句中提及的是不吸煙者被迫忍受被吸煙者污染了的空氣。由此可知，suffer更為合適。故答案為B。（6）."A.few"B.considerable"C.many"D.quantitative（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00）A.VC.D.解析：形容詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)義，空格處填入修飾number。的形容詞，表示相當(dāng)數(shù)量的，而不是少數(shù)的，故可排除選項(xiàng)A。選項(xiàng)C和D不能與a搭配使用，aconsiderablenumberof表示〃大量的，相當(dāng)數(shù)量的"，與語(yǔ)境相符，故答案為B。."A.linked"B.connected"C.associated"D.joined(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00)A.B.C.V解析：動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。join表示參加(某種組織或活動(dòng))，link,connect,associate均表示"聯(lián)系"，根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)義判斷應(yīng)為參加某項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，故答案為D。."A.make"B.persuade〃c"C.cause"D.commit(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00)A.VC.D.解析：上下文語(yǔ)義。在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中只有makesb.dosth的搭配；commitsb.tosth只有動(dòng)名詞和名詞形式,不接不定式；causesb.todosth.表示迫使某人做某事；persuadesbtodosth.表示勸說(shuō)某人做某事,句中提及學(xué)生參加活動(dòng)致力于禁止在教室吸煙,根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)義可知學(xué)生應(yīng)該只是勸說(shuō),而不是迫使,逼迫禁止在課堂吸煙,故選項(xiàng)B更符合語(yǔ)境。."A.entirely"B.totally"C.just"D.wholly(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00)VB.C.D.解析：副詞詞義辨析。entirely(二completelyindegree)常常修飾形容詞，強(qiáng)調(diào)程度上"完全地"。totally和wholly則強(qiáng)調(diào)是數(shù)上的全部。句中空格處的副詞修飾形容詞right,強(qiáng)調(diào)程度上的完全。故答案為A。."A.Butthen"B.However"C.Although"D.Moreover(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00)A.VC.D.解析：邏輯關(guān)系?？崭袂熬渥犹峒白髡哒J(rèn)為學(xué)生的初衷是完全正確的，即禁止在教室吸煙，在空格后又提及ratherthanregulation,由此可推知，相比于之前提及的禁止吸煙，作者更希望另外一種方式而不是規(guī)章制度。因此，空格處應(yīng)填入表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞，而用于句首并用逗號(hào)隔開的只有副詞However，故答案為B。."A.likely"B.probably"C.capable"D.possible(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00)A.B.C.V解析：根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)義可知空格處應(yīng)填入表示〃可能的〃意義的形容詞，故可排除選項(xiàng)B和C。possible表示客觀上潛在的可能性，也許實(shí)際發(fā)生的可能性并不大，通常使用itispossibleto/that的句型結(jié)構(gòu)。likely強(qiáng)調(diào)表面上看來(lái)有可能，與probable意思接近，常暗示從表面跡象來(lái)判斷，常用結(jié)構(gòu)為sb.islikelyto或itislikelythat。因此，possible更符合語(yǔ)境和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。故答案為D。.〃A.pleading〃B.begging〃C.insisting〃D.callingon(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00)A.B.C.V解析：動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。callon"號(hào)召，要求〃，callonsb.todosth.表示號(hào)召某人做某事，符合語(yǔ)境。beg"乞求，懇求〃；plead〃懇求〃，是不及物動(dòng)詞。beg〃請(qǐng)示，懇求〃，語(yǔ)氣很強(qiáng)。insist〃堅(jiān)持〃，insistondoingsth."堅(jiān)持做某事〃均不符合語(yǔ)境，故答案為D。.〃A.with〃B.for〃C.to〃D.in(分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00)A.VC.D.解析：介詞搭配。showconcernfor為固定搭配，表示〃關(guān)心，對(duì)的關(guān)心〃。故答案為B。.〃A.inscribe"B.decorate"C.maintain"D.claim（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00）A.B.VD.解析：動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。inscribe"雕刻"；decorate"裝飾"；maintain"保持"；claim"聲稱"，句中提及號(hào)召大家在觀眾席和教室里不要吸煙，結(jié)合語(yǔ)義，maintain更符合語(yǔ)境，故答案為C。（15）."A.onhead"B.inheart"C.inmind"D.inyourbrain（分?jǐn)?shù)：1.00）A.B.VD.解析：固定搭配。havesth.inmind"把記住，放在心上"。句意為：時(shí)刻牢記那些非吸煙者的健康和快樂(lè)。故答案為C。三、PartIII Readingcomprehension（總題數(shù)：0,分?jǐn)?shù)：0.00）四、Passage1（總題數(shù)：5，分?jǐn)?shù)：10.00）Accordingtosociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofsocialgroupintheUnitedStates.Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroup,oneormorepersonsmaygraduallyemergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof"naturalleaders".Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.Furthermore,althoughitiscommonlysupposedthatsocialgroupshaveasingleleader,researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto"getthingsdone".Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingofasocialgroup'smembers.Expressiveleadersarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.Groupmembersexpectexpressiveleaderstomaintainstablerelationshipswithinthegroupandprovidesupporttoindividualmembers.Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers.Theygiveordersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibitattainmentofthegroup'sgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesorissubjectedtodiscipline,arequicktolightenaseriousmomentwithhumor,andtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Asthedifferencesinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyamoredistantrespect.（分?jǐn)?shù)：10.00）（1）.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?"A.Theproblemsfacedbyleaders"B.Howleadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups"C.Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowillleadthem"D.Theroleofleadersinsocialgroups（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.B.C.V解析：主旨思想題。首段第一句提到，在美國(guó)，人可能通過(guò)很多不同的方式成為一個(gè)社會(huì)團(tuán)體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。之后的段落著重說(shuō)明社會(huì)團(tuán)體中兩種不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人：建設(shè)性的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和富于表現(xiàn)力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。由此可知，文章主要論述說(shuō)明在社會(huì)團(tuán)體中不同領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的角色。故答案為D。（2）.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPT"A.recruitment."B.formalelectionprocess."C.specificleadershiptraining."D.traditionalculturalpatterns.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.B.VD.解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。信息定位在首段第二、第三、第四句。句中提及在家庭中的traditionalculturalpattern對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)D的內(nèi)容，在較大的團(tuán)體中，formalprocessofelection,orrecruitment分別對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)B和選項(xiàng)A的內(nèi)容，選項(xiàng)C在文中未提及。故答案為C。（3）.Inmentioning"naturalleaders"inparagraphtwo,theauthorismakingthepointthat"A.fewpeoplequalifyas"naturalleaders"."B.thereisnoproofthat"naturalleaders"exist."C."naturalleaders"areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofasocialgroup."D."naturalleaders"shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.VC.D.解析：信息推斷題。文中第二段"researchfailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof'naturalleader'指出研究發(fā)現(xiàn)那些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人沒(méi)有一致的證據(jù)表明他們是"自然性的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人"。之后進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明"thereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon"即沒(méi)有所有領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人共同的所謂領(lǐng)導(dǎo)品質(zhì)的證據(jù)。以上信息與選項(xiàng)B中提及的noproofthat"naturalleaderexists"—致。故答案為B。.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleadershipcanbeinferredfromparagraphtwo?"A.Apersonwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderofanothergroup."B.Fewpeoplesucceedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson."C.Apersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership."D.Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.(分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00)VB.C.D.解析：信息推斷題。文中第二段說(shuō)明"thereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon"即沒(méi)有所有領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人共同的所謂領(lǐng)導(dǎo)品質(zhì)。在本段最后一句"anypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup."提出如果一個(gè)人有資質(zhì)迎合特定團(tuán)隊(duì)的需要都可能被視作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。而"particular。group"特定團(tuán)隊(duì)的設(shè)定說(shuō)明一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人并不一定能夠勝任另外團(tuán)隊(duì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人角色,與選項(xiàng)A信息一致。故答案為A。.Thepassageindicatesthatinstrumentalleadersgenerallyfocuson"A.ensuringharmoniousrelationship."B.sharingresponsibilitywithgroupmembers."C.identifyingnewleaders."D.achievingagoal.(分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00)A.B.C.V解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。信息定位在文中第三段"instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizethecompletionortaskbyasocialgroup."指出建設(shè)型的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是那種強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)團(tuán)體完成任務(wù)型的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，而隨后再說(shuō)明"expressiveleadership",指出富于表現(xiàn)力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)較少關(guān)注團(tuán)隊(duì)的整體目標(biāo)(lessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroup)顯然，與建設(shè)型的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)在此方面不同。由此可知，instrumentalleadership更加關(guān)注達(dá)成目標(biāo)，故答案為D。五、Passage2(總題數(shù)：5,分?jǐn)?shù)：10.00)Thewordhospiceishundredsofyearsold.ItcomestousfromthetimecalledtheMiddleAgesinEurope.Religiousgroupsthenprovidedhospiceasaplacewheretravelerscouldstay.Sometimesthegroupsalsoofferedaplaceforthesickandthedying.Todaythewordhospicemeansmorethanaplace.Itmeansawayofcaringforthedying.Inthemodemsenseoftheword,itmeansthat,ifpossible,dyingpeoplecanreceivecareathomeduringtheirlastdays;andthehealth-careworkersdonottrytolengthenthelivesofthedyingwithmodemmedicalequipment.Instead,care-giversmakeeveryefforttocontrolorstopthepatient'spain.Italsomeansthatpatientsgethelpfortheiremotionalneedsinadditiontotheirphysicalneeds.ABritishwomanCicelySaunderswasthefirstmajoractivistforhospicecareinmodemtimes.CicelySaundersworkedasanurseinahospitalrightafterWorldWarII,whereshemetamanwhowasdyingofcancer.Togethertheyfoundideasaboutthebestpossibletreatmentforpeoplewhowouldnevergetwellagain.Theytalkedabouttreatmentsthatwouldpermitpatientstodiscusstheirfeelingsandtotakepartinactivitiesmeaningfultothem.Theyplannedasystemthatwouldallowdyingpeopletobesurroundedbythepeopleandthingstheylovedmost.ThedyingmangaveCicelySaundersenoughmoneytostudytobecomeadoctor.By1967Dr.SaundershadorganizedandopenedSt.Christopher'sHospiceinLondon.InI974,aftertheAmerica'sfirsthospicestartedinNewHaven,othersfollowedsuitincitiesthroughoutthecountry.Organizershadadifficultjob.Theyhadtoteachthepublicabouttheideaofhospice.Theyhadtogetmoneyfromcompanies,religiousgroupsandcitizens.Andtheyhadtonegotiatewithlocalgovernmentstousepublicmoneytocareforthedying.Thankstotheirunyieldingdeterminationandpainstakingefforts,hospicehasgrowninAmerica.Dr.JoMagno,thePresidentoftheNationalHospiceOrganization,saidthatworkingwiththedyingoccasionallymadehersad.YetsheremembersthewordsofDr.CicelySaunders-"Wecannotadddaystolife,butwecanaddlifetodays.〃(分?jǐn)?shù)：10.00).Whatistheoriginalmeaningtheword"hospice"?"A.Itwasaplacewherethehomelessoldpeopleweretakencareof."B.Itwasaplacewherereligiouspeoplelived."C.Itwasaplaceofferedbychurchesforthetravelers."D.Itwasaplacewheredoctorstreatedpatients.(分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00)A.B.VD.解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干中問(wèn)及的是"hospice"最初的意思(originalmeaning)，信息定位在文章首段第二句"Religiousgroupsthenprovidedhospiceasaplacewheretravelerscouldstay."。故答案為C。.Inthemodernsenseoftheword,hospiceincludesallofthefollowingEXCEPT"A.apriestisinvitedtoprayforthedying."B.adyingpatientistakencareofathishome."C.effortsaremadetoreducethepainofthedyingpeople."D.thepsychologicalneedsofthedyingareconsideredandcaredfor.(分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00)VB.C.D.解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。信息定位在文章首段"Todaythewordhospicemeansmorethanaplace"之后的信息。文中"dyingpeoplecanreceivecareathomeduringtheirlastdays"與選項(xiàng)B對(duì)應(yīng)；"care—giversmakeeveryefforttocontrolorstopthepatient'spain"與選項(xiàng)C對(duì)應(yīng)："patientscangethelpfortheiremotionalneedsinadditiontotheirphysicalneeds"與選項(xiàng)D對(duì)應(yīng)，只有選項(xiàng)A的內(nèi)容在文中未提及。故答案為A。.WhatdidCicelyandthemantalkabout?"A.Howtoadvisethehospitaltotreatthedyingpatients."B.Howtomakearrangementforthepatientswhohadnohopeofrecovery."C.Themeaningfulactivitiesforallpatientstotakepartin."D.Thekindofpeoplethatareallowedtovisitthepatients.(分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00)A.VC.D.解析：信息推斷題。文中第三段提及Cicely與一位將死的癌癥病人討論對(duì)于那些無(wú)法治愈的病人們的最好的治療方法。同時(shí)，他們計(jì)劃一項(xiàng)能夠讓那些將死之人所最熱愛(ài)的人和物陪伴在他們身邊的醫(yī)療體系。由此可知，Cicely和癌癥病人討論的是如何安排那些無(wú)法治愈的病人的治療，故答案為B。.HowdidCicelySaunderscompleteherstudy?"A.Byworkingpart-time."B.Beobtainingafellowship."C.Withthehelpofaman'smoney."D.ThroughhermanagementofSt.Christopher'sHospice.(分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00)A.B.VD.解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。信息定位在文章第二段倒數(shù)第二句話"thedyingmangaveCicelySaundersenoughmoneytostudy"，由此可知，CicelySaunders完成學(xué)業(yè)的錢來(lái)自于這個(gè)將死的男人的資助。故答案為C。.WhichisacorrectstatementabouttheearlyAmericanhospice?"A.ItwasanimmediatesuccessasaresultoftheeffortbyDr.Cicely."B.Itwasprobablynoteasytopersuadecompaniestoprovidefinancialsupport."C.Manypeoplereadilyacceptedthenewidea."D.Localgovernmentsforbadewhattheydid.(分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00)A.VC.D.解析：信息推斷題。信息定位在文章最后一段。段中"organizershadadifficultjob"可知，組織者遇到了一系列的困難。由此可知，選項(xiàng)A中提及的immediateSuccess與文中意義不符。文中提及"theyhadtoteachthepublicabouttheideaofhospice"可知公眾對(duì)終極關(guān)懷的理念是不甚理解的，選項(xiàng)C與此信息不符；由"theyhadtonegotiatewiththelocalgovernmenttousepublicmoneytocareforthedying可知，當(dāng)?shù)卣⒉皇墙?forbid)該機(jī)構(gòu)，而是不情愿撥公款支持，選項(xiàng)D亦不正確。文中"theyhadtogetmoneyfromcompanies可知組織者們不得不費(fèi)力從企業(yè)那里獲得錢款，與選項(xiàng)B內(nèi)容一致，故答案為B。六、Passage3(總題數(shù)：5,分?jǐn)?shù)：10.00)WhatwetodaycallAmericanfolkartwas,indeed,artof,by,andforordinary,everyday"folks"who,withincreasingprosperityandleisure,createdamarketforartofallkinds,andespeciallyforportraits.Citizensofprosperous,essentiallymiddle-classrepublics-whetherancientRomans,seventeenth-centuryDutchburghers,ornineteenth-centuryAmericans-havealwaysshownamarkedtasteforportraiture.Startinginthelateeighteenthcentury,theUnitedStatescontainedincreasingnumbersofsuchpeople,andoftheartistswhocouldmeettheirdemands.TheearliestAmericanfolkartportraitscome,notsurprisingly,fromNewEngland-especiallyConnecticutandMassachusetts-forthiswasawealthyandpopulousregionandthecenterofastrongcrafttradition.WithinafewdecadesafterthesigningoftheDeclarationofIndependencein1776,thepopulationwaspushingwestward,andportraitpainterscouldbefoundatworkinwesternNewYork,Ohio,Kentucky,Illinois,andMissouri.Midwaythroughitsfirstcenturyasanation,theUnitedStates'populationhadincreasedroughlyfivetimes,andelevennewstateshadbeenaddedtotheoriginalthirteen.Duringtheseyearsthedemandforportraitsgrewandgrew,eventuallytobesatisfiedbythecamera.In1839thedaguerreotypewasintroducedtoAmerica,usheringintheageofphotography,andwithinagenerationthenewinventionputanendtothepopularityofpaintedportraits.Onceagainanoriginalportraitbecamealuxury,commissionedbythewealthyandexecutedbytheprofessional.Butintheheydayofportraitpainting-fromthelateeighteenthcenturyuntilthe1850's-anyonewithamodicumofartisticabilitycouldbecomealimner,assuchaportraitistwascalled.Localcraftspeople-sign,coach,andhousepainters-begantopaintportraitsasaprofitablesideline;sometimesatalentedmanorwomanwhobeganbysketchingfamilymembersgainedalocalreputationandwasbesiegedwithrequestsforportraits;artistsfounditworththeirwhiletopacktheirpaints,canvases,andbrushesandtotravelthecountryside,oftencombininghousedecoratingwithportraitpainting（.分?jǐn)?shù)：10.00）（1）.InLines3-5theauthormentionsseventeenth-centuryDutchburghersasanexampleofagroupthat"A.consistedmainlyofself-taughtartists."B.appreciatedportraits."C.influencedAmericanfolkart."D.hadlittletimeforthearts.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.VC.D.解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干中提及seventeenth-centuryDutchburghers作者以此為例是為了說(shuō)明文章首段首句提出的觀點(diǎn)，即美國(guó)民間藝術(shù)是由普通百姓所擁有、創(chuàng)造并享受的藝術(shù)。隨著財(cái)富和閑暇與日俱增，他們創(chuàng)造了各種藝術(shù)市場(chǎng)，特別是肖像繪畫。由此可知，答案為B。（2）.Accordingtothepassage,whereweremanyofthefirstAmericanfolkartportraitspainted?"A.InwesternNewYork."B.InIllinoisandMissouri."C.InConnecticutandMassachusetts."D.InOhio.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.B.VD.解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。信息定位在第二段"TheearliestAmericanfolkartportraitscome,notsurprisingly,fromNewEngland—especiallyConnecticutandMassachusetts"可知美國(guó)最早的民間藝術(shù)畫像來(lái)自于新英格蘭地區(qū)--特別是康涅狄格州和馬薩諸塞州。故答案為C。.Theword"this"inLine8refersto"A.astrongcrafttradition."B.Americanfolkart."C.NewEngland."D.westernNewYork.(分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00)A.B.VD.解析：指示代詞題。this之前提及美國(guó)最早的民間藝術(shù)畫像來(lái)自于新英格蘭地區(qū)(NewEngland),之后解釋原因：這一地區(qū)富裕、人口稠密，而且是濃厚藝術(shù)傳統(tǒng)的中心。由此可知，this指代的是前面提及的NewEngland。故答案為C。.Thephrase"usheringin"inLine14isclosestinmeaningto"A.beginning."B.demanding."C.publishing."D.increasing.(分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00)VB.C.D.解析：詞義推斷題。文中第二段"thedemandforportraitsgrewandgrew,eventuallytobesatisfiedbycamera."提及美國(guó)獨(dú)立后50年間，肖像繪畫的要求不斷增長(zhǎng)，直到有了照相機(jī)才算得到滿足。之后"In1839thedaguerreotypewasintroducedtoAmerica"提及1839年銀版照相法傳入美國(guó)，camera相機(jī)，daguerreotype"印版照相法"與usheringintheageofphotography中的photography"攝影"所說(shuō)明的內(nèi)容一致，由此可推知，隨著1839年銀版照相法傳入美國(guó)，攝影時(shí)代到來(lái)，故usheringin的意義應(yīng)為"到來(lái)，開始"，故答案為A。.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcontributedtoadeclineinthedemandforpaintportraits?"A.Thelackofastrongcrafttradition."B.Thewestwardmigrationofmanypainters."C.Thegrowingpreferenceforlandscapepaintings."D.Theinventionofthecamera.(分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00)A.B.C.V解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文中第二段提及攝影時(shí)代的到來(lái)致使在不超過(guò)一代人的時(shí)間內(nèi)，手工畫像就不再風(fēng)靡了。由"withinagenerationthenewinventionputanendtothepopularityofpaintedportraits"可知，對(duì)手工畫像需求的減少源自照相機(jī)的發(fā)明，故答案為D。七、Passage4(總題數(shù)：5，分?jǐn)?shù)：10.00)Whatpercentageofthepopulationinamoderntechnologicalsocietyis,likemyself,inthefortunatepositionofbeingworkers?AtaguessIwouldsaysixteenpercent,andIdonotthinkthatfigureislikelytogetbiggerinthefuture.Technologyandthedivisionoflaborhavedonetwothings:byeliminatinginmanyfieldstheneedforspecialstrengthorskill,theyhavemadeaverylargenumberofpaidoccupationswhichformerlywereenjoyableworkintoboringlabor,andbyincreasingproductivitytheyhavereducedthenumberofnecessarylaboringhours.Itisalreadypossibletoimagineasocietyinwhichthemajorityofthepopulation,thatistosay,itslaborers,willhavealmostasmuchleisureasinearliertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy.Whenonerecallshowaristocraciesinthepastactuallybehaved,theprospectisnotcheerful.Indeed,theproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuchafuturemasssocietythanitwasforaristocracies.Thelatter,forexample,ritualizedtheirtime;therewasaseasontoshootgrouse,aseasontospendintown,etc.Themassesaremorelikelytoreplaceanunchangingritualbyfashionwhichchangesasoftenaspossibleintheeconomicinterestofcertainpeople.Again,themassescannotgoinforhunting,forverysoontherewouldbenoanimalslefttohunt.Forotheraristocraticamusementslikegambling,dueling,andwarfare,itmaybeonlytooeasytofindequivalentsindangerousdriving,drug-taking,andsenselessactsofviolence.Workersseldomcommitactsofviolence,becausetheycanputtheiraggressionintotheirwork,beitphysicalliketheworkofasmith,ormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist.Theroleofaggressioninmentalworkisaptlyexpressedbythephrase"gettingone'steethintoaproblem".(分?jǐn)?shù)：10.00).Accordingtothepassage,thewriterbelievesthemajorityofthepopulation"A.areunhappywithwhattheydo."B.willgetbiggerintheirnumberinthefuture."C.agreewithhimonhisclassification."D.areinthefortunatepositionofbeingworkers.(分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00)VB.C.D.解析：信息推斷題。作者在文章首段提及在一個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的技術(shù)社會(huì)里，總?cè)丝谥杏卸啻蟊壤娜四軌蛳裎乙粯佑行页蔀楣ぷ髡吣兀?inthefortunatepositionofbeingworkers),作者在這里使用了fortunate,表示實(shí)際上勞動(dòng)者并不幸運(yùn)。因?yàn)樵谄浜蟮亩温淅?，作者提及技術(shù)和勞動(dòng)的分工在許多領(lǐng)域取消了特別才能和技術(shù)的需要，把過(guò)去本來(lái)令人愉快的大量受雇職業(yè)的工作變成了令人厭倦的勞動(dòng)(enjoyableworkintobeinglabour)；勞動(dòng)者有了更多的休閑時(shí)光。但是對(duì)于勞動(dòng)者來(lái)說(shuō)，在未來(lái)這樣一個(gè)大眾社會(huì)里，要解決"無(wú)聊"這個(gè)問(wèn)題，也許比過(guò)去的貴族們要困難得多。由"theproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuchafuturemasssocietythanitwasforaristocracies.可知，對(duì)于大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，他們對(duì)于所做的事情并不感到快樂(lè)，故答案為A。.Accordingtothepassage,technologyanddivisionoflabourhavedoneallofthefollowingEXCEPT"A.increasingthejoyofthepaidoccupations."B.makingskillandspecialstrengthunnecessaryinwork."C.causingjobstobedulllabour."D.decreasingworkinghours（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）VB.C.D.解析：事實(shí)纟田節(jié)題。信息定位在第二段，eliminatinginmanyfieldstheneedforspecialstrengthorskill與選項(xiàng)B對(duì)應(yīng)；madeaverylargenumberofpaidoccupationswhichformerlywereenjoyableworkintoboringlabor與選項(xiàng)C對(duì)應(yīng)；reducedthenumberofnecessarylaboringhours與選項(xiàng)D對(duì)應(yīng)。選項(xiàng)A中提及increasingthejoyofthepaidoccupation與theprospectisnotcheerful意義相悖，由此可知答案為A。（3）.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutspecialstrengthandskill?"A.Specialstrengthandskillmustbeabandonedifpeoplewanttoenjoytheirwork."B.Specialstrengthandskillarenecessaryforpeopletofindtheirworkenjoyable."C.Specialstrengthorskillcausesworktobeboring"D.Specialstrengthorskillreducesthenumberofnecessarylabouringhours.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.VC.D.解析：信息推斷題。文中第二段首句提及技術(shù)和勞動(dòng)的分工，通過(guò)在許多領(lǐng)域取消了特別才能和技術(shù)的需要，把過(guò)去本來(lái)令人愉快的大量受雇職業(yè)的工作變成了令人厭倦的勞動(dòng)，言外之意，那些需要特殊才能和技術(shù)的工作可以給勞動(dòng)者帶來(lái)快樂(lè)，故答案為B。（4）.Accordingtothepassagearistocracydealtwithboredomby"A.enjoyingmoreleisure."B.workingwithlabourers."C.demandingdifficultworkforthemasses."D.ritualizingtheirtime.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.B.C.V解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。信息定位在文章第二段"Thelatter,forexample,ritualizedthefttime",由此可知答案為D。（5）.Whichofthefollowingisoneoftheamusementsofthemasses?"A.Hunting"B.Gambling"C.Foolishactsofviolence"D.Doingscientificresearch（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）A.B.VD.解析：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。themasses在文中指的是第二段中的themajorityofthepopulation,即itslabours,也就是下文提到的themasses,與workers相對(duì)，從第三段最后三句可知，senselessactsofviolence是他們的一種消遣方式，與選項(xiàng)C一致，故答案為C。八、PartIV&