考研考博-英語-吉林鐵道職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-吉林鐵道職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Youhavetothawthemeatbeforeitcanbecooked.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.tenderize

B.defrost

C.season

D.braise

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。thaw意為“(結(jié)冰后)解凍，融化，融解”；tenderize意為“使嫩，使軟化”；defrost意為“（給……）化霜，（使）解凍”；season意為“加調(diào)料調(diào)味，加作料”；braise意為“燉，燜”。

句意：烹飪?nèi)庵埃愕孟冉鈨鏊?/p>

2.單選題

Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersonto（

）healthy.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.preserve

B.stay

C.maintain

D.reserve

【答案】B

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。preserve“保護(hù)，保存”；stay“保持”，可作系動(dòng)詞后接形容詞作表語；maintain“維持”；reserve“預(yù)訂，儲(chǔ)備”。句意：專家說散步是保持健康的最好方法之一。因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

3.單選題

HehasbeeninChinaforayearandstudiedthemarkettodiscoverthe（

）forprofitableinvestment.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.necessity

B.reality

C.capacity

D.potential

【答案】D

【解析】句意:他在中國(guó)待了一年來研究市場(chǎng)，以便發(fā)現(xiàn)投資獲利的可能性。

考查名詞辨析。Necessity必然,必要,需要;reality現(xiàn)實(shí),事實(shí);capacity容量,能力,職位;potential可能,潛能。故D符合句意。

4.單選題

Superstitionisabiasedword.Lookupalmostanydictionarydefinitionandyouwillseethatitimpliesthateveryreligionnotbasedonreasonorknowledgeiscalledasuperstition.Eventhewordknowledgeisatwo-facedword.Presumably,itisusedasasynonymforreason.Whatitallcomesdowntoisthatpeopledesignateassuperstitiouswhattheydonotthinkreasonableinsomeoneelse’sreligion.

Itistruethataperson’sreligionmustbebasedonsomekindofknowledge.Butwhatkindofknowledgeismeant?Scientific,experimental,rational?Suchknowledgeisnaturalandmaybeethicalandthenitisnaturalreligiousknowledge.ApersonmayquiteeasilyconcludefromobservingtheuniversethatonlyGodcouldhaveproducedit.Thatknowledgeisnotreligion,notevenifapersonisboundtorecognizeaCreatoroftheuniverse.ItisnaturalknowledgesuchasConfucius,SocratesorZoroasterpossessed.

Naturalreligiousknowledge,asisevidentinthehistoryofthehumanrace,althoughithelpstomakeamangood,hardlysufficestokeephimgood,especiallyintimesofcrisis.Willsuchnaturalknowledge,forinstance,sustainamanwhenhehassuddenlylostallhismoneyandevenhiswifeandchildren?Willitofferthehopeofeverseeingthemagain?Willitinfluencehimgladlytosacrificehislifeforhisfamily,hiscountry,hisreligion?Onlyastrongsenseofsupernaturalreligion,arelianceuponGod,willprovidethenecessarycourageforrightaction.

Allthegreatreligionsoftheworld—Christianity,Hinduism,ChineseBuddhismandIslam—haveshownmenthewaytosuchcourageanditsresultingpeaceofmindandheartandpeacewithallmen.Theypointtoabettersortoflife,mostlyalifesomewhereelse,or,atleast,anendtothetroublesofthislife.

ChristianityandIslamdirectmentolookup,hopeforandstriveafteraneternallifeofhappinessinthepossessionofGod.Hinduism,althoughitbelievesinreincarnations,alsoencouragesitsadherentstoachievesuccessivelyhigherincarnationsuntiltheyachieveunity,becomeonewithBrahman—God.ChineseBuddhismtellsitsfollowersthatiftheyperformgooddeedsandhavefaithinOmitofoobyfrequentlycallinguponthisGodofInfiniteCompassiontheywillberewardedbyeternallifeintheWesternParadise.

Theagnosticortheatheistthinksofallofthosecreedsasreligioussuperstition.Aretheagnosticandtheatheistfreeofsuperstition?Hardly.Everythinkingmanhasanaturalbentforreligion,foridealsaboveandbeyondearthlyones.Ifhecrusheshisnaturalinclination,whichisGod-inspiredideals,hemostlikelywillsubstituteaseriesofself-inspiredidealsorsomefadlikeastrology,whichwillbecomeareligionforhim.

Thereisalinebetweenreligionandsuperstitionwhicheveryonemustlearntoidentify,orforfeitatruedirectioninhislife.

1.Accordingtothepassage,peopledefinesuperstitionas______.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,allthegreatreligionsoftheworld______.

3.Fromthepassagewearetoldthattheatheists______.

4.Ofthefollowingsuggestedtitle,theonethatmostaccuratelysumsupthepassageis______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.somereligiousknowledgenotbasedonreason

B.naturalknowledgeofareligion

C.anythingthatseemsunreasonableinanotherperson’sreligion

D.someoneelse’sreligion

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.bringpeaceofmindandpeacewithotherhumanbeing

B.putforthabetterlifenowandpromiseeternallifeintheWesternParadise

C.givecouragetotheiradherentstoliveanddiepeacefully

D.urgetheiradherentstoachievehigherincarnations

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.havelittleornoreligiousknowledge

B.haveidealsthatarebeyondearthlyones

C.aremostlyastrologerswhohavetoomanymaterialisticidealsinlife

D.areactuallynotfreefromsuperstition

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.TheGreatReligionsonEarth

B.IngredientsofSuperstition

C.ReligionandSuperstition

D.AchieveUnitywithGod

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

【解析】1.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“根據(jù)文章，人們把迷信定義為……”。根據(jù)第一段最后一句Whatitallcomesdowntoisthatpeopledesignateassuperstitiouswhattheydonotthinkreasonableinsomeoneelse’sreligion.（歸根結(jié)底，人們認(rèn)為在別人的宗教中他們認(rèn)為不合理的東西是迷信的）可知，C項(xiàng)“在另一個(gè)人的宗教中似乎不合理的任何事情”正確；A項(xiàng)“一些不是基于理性的宗教知識(shí)”是字典上對(duì)于迷信的定義，并不是人們的定義；B項(xiàng)“宗教的自然知識(shí)”這屬于宗教信仰建立的基礎(chǔ)；D項(xiàng)“其他人的宗教”沒有提到。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

2.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“根據(jù)作者，世界上所有偉大的宗教……”。根據(jù)第四段第一句Allthegreatreligionsoftheworld—Christianity,Hinduism,ChineseBuddhismandIslam—haveshownmenthewaytosuchcourageanditsresultingpeaceofmindandheartandpeacewithallmen.（世界上所有偉大的宗教—基督教、印度教、中國(guó)佛教和伊斯蘭教—都向人們展示了通往這種勇氣的道路，以及由此產(chǎn)生的心靈和平與所有人的和平）可知，A項(xiàng)“帶來內(nèi)心的平和，以及與他人之間的平和”正確；B項(xiàng)“提出更好的生活，并承諾在西天永生”和D項(xiàng)“敦促他們的追隨者達(dá)到更高的化身”該段沒有提到；由第四段第二句Theypointtoabettersortoflife,mostlyalifesomewhereelse,or,atleast,anendtothetroublesofthislife（它們預(yù)示著一種更好的生活，大多是另一個(gè)地方的生活，或者至少，結(jié)束了今生的煩惱）可知，C項(xiàng)“給他們的信徒勇氣，讓他們平靜地活著和死去”與原文不符。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

3.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“從文章中我們得知，無神論者……”。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的Aretheagnosticandtheatheistfreeofsuperstition?Hardly.Everythinkingmanhasanaturalbentforreligion,foridealsaboveandbeyondearthlyones.（不可知論者和無神論者都能擺脫迷信嗎？幾乎不能。每個(gè)有思想的人都有一種天生的宗教傾向，一種超越世俗的理想傾向）可知，D項(xiàng)“事實(shí)上并不能擺脫迷信”正確；A項(xiàng)“很少或沒有宗教知識(shí)”沒有提到；B項(xiàng)“有超越世俗的理想”不夠全面；根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段最后一句Ifhecrusheshisnaturalinclination,whichisGod-inspiredideals,hemostlikelywillsubstituteaseriesofself-inspiredidealsorsomefadlikeastrology,whichwillbecomeareligionforhim.（如果他打破了自己的自然傾向，那就是上帝啟發(fā)的理想，他很可能會(huì)用一系列自我啟發(fā)的理想或某種流行的占星術(shù)來代替，這將成為他的宗教）可知，C項(xiàng)“大多是在生活中有太多的唯物主義的理想的占星家”中的唯物主義理想并沒有提到。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

4.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干意思是“在以下建議的標(biāo)題中，最準(zhǔn)確地總結(jié)了這篇文章的是……”。文章開篇先闡述了迷信的定義，這個(gè)概念和宗教有關(guān)，然后又講述了宗教信仰中存在的迷信思想，并在文章的最后總結(jié)了迷信和宗教的區(qū)別：Thereisalinebetweenreligionandsuperstitionwhicheveryonemustlearntoidentify,orforfeitatruedirectioninhislife.（宗教和迷信之間有一條界線，每個(gè)人都必須學(xué)會(huì)辨別這條界線，否則就會(huì)失去人生的真正方向）；綜合推斷，C項(xiàng)“宗教和迷信”最適合做文章的標(biāo)題；A項(xiàng)“地球上最偉大的宗教”、B項(xiàng)“迷信的成分”和D項(xiàng)“與神合一”都只是文章的一部分。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Therepublicationofthepoet’smostrecentworksWUlcertainly（

）hisnationalreputation.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.magnify

B.strengthen

C.enlarge

D.enhance

【答案】D

【解析】考查近義動(dòng)詞辨析。magnify“放大，贊美”；strengthen“增強(qiáng)力量”；enlarge“擴(kuò)大，使增大”；enhance“提高，增強(qiáng)（品質(zhì)、吸引力）”。句意：這位詩人近期作品的再次出版會(huì)提升他在整個(gè)國(guó)家的聲譽(yù)。指價(jià)值的提升。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

6.單選題

Parentsoftenfacedthe（）betweendoingwhattheyfeltwasgoodforthedevelopmentofthechildandwhattheycouldstandbywayofundisciplinednoiseanddestructiveness.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.junction

B.paradox

C.premise

D.dilemma

【答案】D

【解析】名詞辨析。句意：父母經(jīng)常面臨這樣的

：是做自己認(rèn)為對(duì)孩子發(fā)展有利的事情還是坐視孩子毫無紀(jì)律的吵鬧和破壞。

junction接合點(diǎn)，會(huì)合點(diǎn)；paradox悖論，自相矛盾的人或事；premise前提，假設(shè)；dilemma困境，進(jìn)退兩難?？崭窈笥小癰etween...and...”，因此這里說的是父母在教育孩子時(shí)陷入進(jìn)退兩難的境況，D項(xiàng)dilemma符合句意。

7.單選題

Bothpartiespromisedto（

）thecontracttobesignedthefollowingday.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.keepwith

B.tanglewith

C.adhereto

D.devoteto

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞組辨析。keepwith意為“陪伴”；tanglewith意為“與……吵架，與……爭(zhēng)論”；adhereto意為“遵循，依附，堅(jiān)持”；devoteto意為“專用于做……，專心于做……”。

句意：雙方都承諾遵守次日將要簽署的合約。

8.單選題

I’msorryIhavetocancellunchonTuesday.MysecretaryinformsmethatI'llbeinmeetingsalldaylongtoputthefinaltouchesonourbudgetfornextyear.Howdoesyourschedulelooknextweek?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.sorryIhavetocancel

B.informs

C.alldaylong

D.putthefinaltouchesonourbudgetfor

E.沒有錯(cuò)誤

【答案】E

9.單選題

TomMacaulay,beingadiligentyoungman,neverrefusesto________moreworkthathisbossassignedtohim.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.takeup

B.takein

C.takeoff

D.takeon

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)takeup“占據(jù)”；B選項(xiàng)takein“吸收，領(lǐng)會(huì)”；C選項(xiàng)takeoff“脫下，起飛”；D選項(xiàng)takeon“承擔(dān)，承受”。句意：TomMacaulay作為一名勤奮的年輕人，從來不拒絕（）他老板派發(fā)給他的工作。派發(fā)的工作是要承擔(dān)的，因而答案選D最為合適。

10.單選題

InatimeoflowacademicachievementbychildrenintheUnitedStates,manyAmericansareturningtoJapan,acountryofhighacademicachievementandeconomicsuccess,forpossibleanswers.However,theanswersprovidedbyJapanesepreschoolsarenottheonesAmericansexpectedtofind.InmostJapanesepreschools,surprisingly,littleemphasisisputonacademicinstruction.Inoneinvestigation,300Japaneseand210Americanpreschoolteachers,childdevelopmentspecialists,andparentswereaskedaboutvariousaspectsofearlychildhoodeducation.Only2percentoftheJapaneserespondents（答問卷者）listed“togivechildrenagoodstartacademically”asoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Incontrast,overhalftheAmericanrespondentschosethisasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.Topreparechildrenforsuccessfulcareersinfirstgradeandbeyond,Japaneseschoolsdonotteachreading,writing,andmathematics,butratherskillssuchaspersistence,concentration,andtheabilitytofunctionasamemberofagroup.ThevastmajorityofyoungJapanesechildrenaretaughttoreadathomebytheirparents.

IntherecentcomparisonofJapaneseandAmericanpreschooleducation,91percentofJapaneserespondentschoseprovidingchildrenwithagroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Sixty-twopercentofthemoreindividuallyoriented（強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)性發(fā)展的），Americanslistedgroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.AnemphasisontheimportanceofthegroupseeninJapaneseearlychildhoodeducationcontinuesintoelementaryschooleducation.

LikeinAmerica,thereisdiversityinJapaneseearlychildhoodeducation.SomeJapanesekindergartenshavespecificaims,suchasearlymusicaltrainingorpotentialdevelopment.Inlargecities,somekindergartensareattachedtouniversitiesthathaveelementaryandsecondaryschool.

SomeJapaneseparentsbelievethatiftheiryoungchildrenattendauniversity-basedprogram,itwillincreasethechildren’schancesofeventuallybeingadmittedtotop-ratedschoolsanduniversities.SeveralmoreprogressiveprogramshaveintroducedfreeplayasawayoutfortheheavyintellectualizinginsomeJapanesekindergartens.

1.WelearnfromthefirstparagraphthatmanyAmericanbelieve（）.

2.MostAmericansurveyedbelievethatpreschoolsshouldalsoattachimportanceto（）.

3.InJapan’spreschooleducation,thefocusison（）.

4.FreeplayhasbeenintroducedinsomeJapanesekindergartensinorderto（）.

5.WhydosomeJapaneseparentssendtheirchildrentouniversity-basedkindergartens?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.JapaneseparentsaremoreinvolvedinpreschooleducationthanAmericanparents.

B.Japan’seconomicsuccessisaresultoritsscientificachievements.

C.Japanesepreschooleducationemphasizesacademicinstruction.

D.Japan’shighereducationissuperiortotheirs.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.problemsolving

B.groupexperience

C.parentalguidance

D.individually–orienteddevelopment

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.preparingchildrenacademically

B.developingchildren’sartisticinterests

C.lappingchildren’spotential

D.shapingchildren’scharacter

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.broadenchildren’shorizon

B.cultivatechildren’screativity

C.lightenchildren’sstudyload

D.enrichchildren’sknowledge

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Theycandobetterintheirfuturestudies.

B.Theycanaccumulatemoregroupexperiencethere.

C.Theycanbeindividuallyorientedwhentheygrowup.

D.Theycanhavebetterchancesofgettingafirst-rateeducation.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第一段，“However,theanswersprovidedbyJapanesepreschoolsarenottheonesAmericansexpectedtofind.InmostJapanesepreschools,surprisingly,littleemphasisisputonacademicinstruction.”，可知日本的學(xué)前教育提供的答案并不是美國(guó)人所期望的。令人驚訝的是，在大多數(shù)日本學(xué)前教育中，很少?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)術(shù)教育指導(dǎo)。可判斷出美國(guó)人相信日本的學(xué)前教育強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)術(shù)指導(dǎo)。相信C符合題意。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第二段，“91percentofJapaneserespondentschoseprovidingchildrenwithagroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Sixty-twopercentofthemoreindividuallyoriented，Americanslistedgroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.”，可知91%的日本受訪者認(rèn)為，讓孩子們有團(tuán)體經(jīng)歷是日本社會(huì)讓孩子接受學(xué)前教育的三大理由之一，62%的美國(guó)受訪者將團(tuán)隊(duì)經(jīng)歷列為他們的三大選擇之一?？膳袛喑龃蠖鄶?shù)接受調(diào)查的美國(guó)人認(rèn)為學(xué)齡前兒童也應(yīng)該重視團(tuán)隊(duì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。相信B符合題意。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第一段，“Japaneseschoolsdonotteachreading,writing,andmathematics,butratherskillssuchaspersistence,concentration,andtheabilitytofunctionasamemberofagroup.”，可知日本的學(xué)校不教授閱讀、寫作和數(shù)學(xué)等學(xué)業(yè)知識(shí)，而是教授諸如堅(jiān)持、專注和團(tuán)隊(duì)意識(shí)等能力?？膳袛喑鲈谌毡镜膶W(xué)前教育中，關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)在于塑造孩子的性格。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章最后一句，“SeveralmoreprogressiveprogramshaveintroducedfreeplayasawayoutfortheheavyintellectualizinginsomeJapanesekindergartens.”，可知一些更先進(jìn)的項(xiàng)目引入了自由游戲，作為一些日本幼兒園擺脫沉重的課業(yè)負(fù)擔(dān)的方法?？膳袛喑鋈毡镜膶W(xué)前教育引入了自由玩耍的項(xiàng)目，目的是為了減輕孩子的學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

5.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章最后一段，“SomeJapaneseparentsbelievethatiftheiryoungchildrenattendauniversity-basedprogram,itwillincreasethechildren’schancesofeventuallybeingadmittedtotop-ratedschoolsanduniversities.”，可知一些日本父母認(rèn)為，如果他們的孩子參加一個(gè)大學(xué)的項(xiàng)目，這將使孩子未來更有可能被一流學(xué)校和大學(xué)錄取?？膳袛喑鲆恍┤毡靖改赴押⒆铀偷酱髮W(xué)附屬的幼兒園，原因在于這能增加他們上一流大學(xué)的機(jī)會(huì)，從而接受最好的教育。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

11.單選題

Nooneexpectedhimto（）againsthisformeremployer.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.deduce

B.testify

C.certify

D.allege

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)deduce“推論，推斷”；B選項(xiàng)testify“證明，證實(shí)”；C選項(xiàng)certify“證明，保證”；D選項(xiàng)allege“宣稱，斷言”。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有B選項(xiàng)可以和against搭配，testifyagainstsb作不利于某人的證明。句意：沒人指望他會(huì)指證他的前雇主。由選項(xiàng)意思和固定搭配可知，B選項(xiàng)符合句意。

12.單選題

Theperiodofhistorywhichiscommonlycalled“modern”hasamentaloutlookwhichdiffersfromthatofthemedievalperiodinmanyways.Ofthese,twoare（1）:thediminishingauthorityoftheChurch,andtheincreasingauthorityofscience.（2）,othersareconnected.Thecultureof（3）ismorelaythanclerical.StatesincreasinglyreplacetheChurchasthegovernmentalauthoritythatcontrolsculture.Thegovernmentofnationsis,atfirst,mainly（4）kings;then,asinancientGreece,thekingsaregraduallyreplacedbydemocraciesortyrants.ThepowerofthenationalState,andthefunctionsthatitperforms,（5）throughoutthewholeperiod(apartfromsomeminorfluctuations);butatmosttimestheStatehaslessinfluenceontheopinionsofphilosophersthantheChurch（6）intheMiddleAges.Thefeudalaristocracy,（7）,northoftheAlps,hasbeenable,tillthefifteenthcentury,toholditsownagainstcentralgovernments,losesfirstitspoliticalandthenitseconomicimportance.Itisreplacedbytheking（8）richmerchants;thesetwosharepowerindifferentproportionsindifferentcountries.Thereisatendencyfor（9）tobecomeabsorbedintothearistocracy.FromthetimeoftheAmericanandFrenchRevolutionsonwards,democracy,inthemodernsense,becomesanimportantpoliticalforce.Socialism,（10）democracybasedonprivateproperty,firstacquiresgovernmentalpowerin1917.Thisformofgovernment,however,ifitspreads,mustobviouslybringwithitanewformof（11）:theculturewithwhichweshallbeconcernedisinthemain“l(fā)iberal”,（12）,ofthekindmostnaturallyassociatedwithcommerce.（13）thereareimportantexceptions,especiallyinGermany;FichteandHegel,totaketwoexamples,haveanoutlookwhichistotallyunconnectedwithcommerce.But（14）arenottypicaloftheirage.

Therejectionofecclesiasticalauthority,whichisthenegativecharacteristicofthemodernage,beginsearlierthan（15）characteristic,whichistheacceptanceof（16）.IntheItalianRenaissance,scienceplayedaverysmallpart;theoppositiontotheChurch,inmen’sthoughts,wasconnectedwithantiquity,andlookedstilltothepast,buttoamoredistantpastthan（17）theearlyChurchandtheMiddleAges.Thefirstseriousirruptionof（18）wasthepublicationoftheCopemicantheoryin1543;but（19）didnotbecomeinfluentialuntilitwastakenupandimprovedbyKeplerandGalileointheseventeenthcentury.Thenbeganthelong（20）betweenscienceanddogma,inwhichtraditionalistsfoughtalosingbattleagainstnewknowledge.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.moreimportant

B.theleastimportant

C.lessimportant

D.themostimportant

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Withthesetwo

B.Ofthesetwo

C.Amongthese

D.Aboutthese

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.medievalperiod

B.Christiantime

C.moderntimes

D.scientifictime

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.inthehandsof

B.athandof

C.athandsof

D.inthehandof

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.growingsteady

B.growsteadily

C.growssteadily

D.growsteady

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.has

B.had

C.is

D.was

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.that

B.forwhich

C.which

D.what

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.inallegianceto

B.beingallergicto

C.inalliancewith

D.inallianceof

問題9選項(xiàng)

A.theking

B.theChurch

C.theAlps

D.therichmerchants

問題10選項(xiàng)

A.asopposingto

B.inoppositeto

C.asopposedto

D.inoppositionbetween

問題11選項(xiàng)

A.culture

B.government

C.democracy

D.socialism

問題12選項(xiàng)

A.however

B.furthermore

C.moreover

D.thatistosay

問題13選項(xiàng)

A.Forthis

B.Tothis

C.Atit

D.Byit

問題14選項(xiàng)

A.suchexamples

B.theseoutlooks

C.suchexceptions

D.thesetwofigures

問題15選項(xiàng)

A.thepositive

B.apositive

C.thepessimistic

D.apessimistic

問題16選項(xiàng)

A.churchauthority

B.scientificauthority

C.liberalism

D.socialism

問題17選項(xiàng)

A.thatof

B.thatin

C.of

D.in

問題18選項(xiàng)

A.thepublication

B.anauthority

C.science

D.atheory

問題19選項(xiàng)

A.thispublication

B.thistheory

C.theirruption

D.science

問題20選項(xiàng)

A.compromise

B.opposition

C.fight

D.period

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:B

第6題:B

第7題:C

第8題:C

第9題:D

第10題:C

第11題:A

第12題:D

第13題:B

第14題:C

第15題:A

第16題:B

第17題:A

第18題:C

第19題:B

第20題:C

【解析】（1）邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)空格前一句，“whichdiffersfromthatofthemedievalperiodinmanyways”，可知現(xiàn)代的精神面貌在很多方面與中世紀(jì)不同，空格下文提到在這些方面中，有兩個(gè)方面應(yīng)該是最重要的。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

（2）固定搭配。根據(jù)空格后“connected”可知，題目考查固定搭配“beconnectedwith”，意為“和……聯(lián)系”，文意為其他方面與這兩個(gè)方面相互聯(lián)系。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（3）邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)空格后的“ismorelaythanclerical”，可知這種文化是比教權(quán)主義更加世俗的。根據(jù)上文提到了這種文化是教會(huì)主義的削弱和科學(xué)權(quán)威的提升，可知應(yīng)該是指現(xiàn)代文化。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（4）固定搭配。根據(jù)空格前“Thegovernmentofnationsis”，可知起初，國(guó)家的政府主要由國(guó)王掌握管理。固定搭配“inthehandsof”意為“由……掌握”。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（5）考查語法。根據(jù)語法知識(shí)，副詞修飾動(dòng)詞，可排除A和D項(xiàng)。根據(jù)空格前的“performs”可知，句子應(yīng)該為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，主語為“ThepowerofthenationalState,andthefunctions”，所以謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用原形grow，選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

（6）語法題。根據(jù)題意，可知國(guó)家對(duì)哲學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)的影響比中世紀(jì)教會(huì)帶來的影響更小，所以空格中提到的是中世紀(jì)教會(huì)的影響，要用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)，選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

（7）語法題。根據(jù)文章，“Thefeudalaristocracy…h(huán)asbeenable…toholditsownagainstcentralgovernments…”，可知空格前后兩句的關(guān)系為修飾關(guān)系，空格后一句是用來修飾空格前的“Thefeudalaristocracy”。兩句有逗號(hào)隔開，可知空格所在的句子為非限制性定語從句，由關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（8）固定搭配。inalliancewith“與……聯(lián)盟”，inallegianceto“獻(xiàn)身于”，beingallergicto“對(duì)是過敏的”；沒有固定搭配inallianceof。句意：取而代之的是，國(guó)王和富商聯(lián)盟。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（9）邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)空格上文，“thesetwosharepowerindifferentproportionsindifferentcountries.”，這兩種階層在不同的國(guó)家有不同的權(quán)力?！皌hesetwo”是指國(guó)王和富商。根據(jù)空格后“tobecomeabsorbedintothearistocracy”，可知這類人有被吸收成為貴族階級(jí)的趨勢(shì)，所以這類人應(yīng)該是富商。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

（10）固定搭配。asopposedto“與……截然相反，對(duì)照”；inoppositeto“反對(duì)，在……對(duì)面”；沒有搭配asopposingto；inoppositionbetween“在……間的對(duì)立面”。句意：社會(huì)主義與民主主義相反，民主主義是基于私有的民主，而社會(huì)主義在1917年首次獲得政府權(quán)利。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（11）邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)空格后的theculture可知，上文應(yīng)該提到的是帶來一種新的文化形式，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（12）連詞詞義辨析。however“然而，可是”；furthermore“此外，而且”；moreover“而且，此外”；thatistosay“就是，換言之”。句意：我們所關(guān)心的的文化主要是“自由主義者”，換言之，就是自然而然地和商業(yè)聯(lián)系起來的一種文化。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

（13）固定搭配。空格后的exceptions和介詞to構(gòu)成固定搭配，意為“針對(duì)……的例外情況”。句意：針對(duì)這種文化會(huì)與商業(yè)自然而然聯(lián)系起來的這種情況，也存在很多重要的例外，特別是在德國(guó)。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

（14）邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but可知，空格前后存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，空格前提到了文化不與商業(yè)聯(lián)系的例外情況，所以空格后句意應(yīng)為：這樣的例外在他們的年代并不典型。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（15）邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)空格前，“whichisthenegativecharacteristicofthemodernage”，可知提到了現(xiàn)代的消極特征，那么與空格的“積極特征”形成對(duì)應(yīng)，消極特征比積極特征開始得早得多。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（16）邏輯關(guān)系?？崭袂疤岬搅朔穸ń虝?huì)的權(quán)威是現(xiàn)代的消極特征，根據(jù)空格后文提到的文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期，科學(xué)發(fā)揮了重大作用，可知空格中指代“對(duì)科學(xué)權(quán)威的接受”。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

（17）語法題。根據(jù)單詞than可知前后存在比較關(guān)系，用指示代詞that指代thepast，使前后具有可比性?？崭窈蟮脑缙诮烫煤椭惺兰o(jì)年代對(duì)that起限定修飾作用，所以用介詞of連接，使其充當(dāng)后置定語。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

（18）邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)空格后文“thepublicationoftheCopernicantheory”，可知哥白尼理論的發(fā)表是一種科學(xué)的介入。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

（19）邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but可知前后存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，內(nèi)容形成對(duì)應(yīng)?？崭袂疤岬搅烁绨啄崂碚摚崭窈罄^續(xù)闡述哥白尼理論直到17世紀(jì)被開普勒和伽利略采用和改善才變得有影響力。所以空格指代哥白尼理論。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

（20）名詞詞義辨析。compromise“妥協(xié)，折衷”；opposition“反對(duì)”；fight“斗爭(zhēng)”；period“周期，時(shí)期”。句意：這開始了科學(xué)和教條之間的長(zhǎng)期斗爭(zhēng)，傳統(tǒng)主義在與新知識(shí)的戰(zhàn)斗中失敗了。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

13.單選題

Thisnewlyestablishedinstitutionhastofaceawholerangeofcrimesand（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.femininity

B.prescriptions

C.delinquencies

D.authenticity

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)femininity“女性氣質(zhì)”；B選項(xiàng)prescription“處方，藥方”；C選項(xiàng)delinquency“不法行為，違法行為”；D選項(xiàng)authenticity“真實(shí)性，確實(shí)性”。由and可知空格處與crimes（罪行，犯罪）具有同樣的感情色彩，因此選C。句意：這個(gè)新成立的機(jī)構(gòu)必須面對(duì)一系列的罪行和違法行為。

14.單選題

Lessthantwomonthsintoherbreastcancertreatment,AlexandraJn-CharleswascalledintoanewroomatSUNYDownstateMedicalCenter,wheretwotreatingphysicians,thechiefmedicalofficerandanattorneyrepresentingthehospitaltoldherthatmistakeshadbeenmade.

Theskinlesions(病變)onherchest,theysaid,hadbeencausednotbyherillnessbutbythemachinethatwassupposedtocureher.The32-year-oldhadreceivednearly30radiotherapysessions,butatthispointitdidn’treallymakesensetocountthem,becauseaprogrammingerrorhadcausedeachinstallmenttodeliveratleastthreetimestheprescribedamountofradiation.

Jn-Charles,whodiedtwoandahalfyearsafterthismeetingin2005,wouldeventuallycometoexemplifytheemergenceofaccidentalover-radiationinU.S.hospitals.Theworstoffhavereportedskindamage,inexplicablehairlossandribs(肋骨)bucklingbeneaththeirchests—debilitatinginjuriessufferedwhileundergoingscreeningortreatmentforsomethingthatwouldotherwisekillthem.Asteeppriceforsurvival.

Thesetragediesgotothecoreofanissueaspressingasitisuncomfortabletothinkabout:Haveadvancesintechnology,improvedtreatmentmethodsandmorecomprehensivescreeningprotocolsledtosystematic,excessiveirradiationofpatients?

Theanswer,accordingtoagrowingnumberofhealthexperts,isyes.Forexample,theCTscan,whichhasbecomecommonplaceinresponsetorisingcancerrates,isitselfthoughttoincreasethelikelihoodthatapersondevelopscancer.ThescansdeliverseveralhundredtimesmoreradiationthananX-ray—evenwhenguidelinesanddosagesarefollowedprecisely.“Whatwedoasphysiciansarguablyharmspeople,”JamesEhrlich,aclinicalassociateprofessorattheUniversityofColoradoandanadviserforPremierMicronutrientCorp.,toldNewsweek.

Ajarringexampleofthatcamein2010,whenWaltBogdanichpublishedanextensivereviewinTheNewYorkTimesthatlistednumerouspatientswhoseliveshadbeendestroyedbymistakesinhospitalimagingandradiotherapy.Shortlyafterthearticleserieswenttopress,theFoodandDrugAdministrationbegantorampupitseffortstolimitexcessiveexposure,eventuallylaunchingitsInitiativetoReduceUnnecessaryRadiationExposureFromMedicalImaging.

AlongwithorganizationsliketheAmericanCollegeofRadiology,theFDAnowsupportsanumberofso-calleddoseregistriesthatallowfacilitiestocompareradiationdoseindexestoregionalandnationalvalues.Todate,hundredsoffacilitiesacrosstheU.S.haveenrolled.

ButtheFDA’sregulatoryauthorityisgenerallyfocusedonequipmentmanufacturers,andcomplianceonthestatelevelisneverguaranteed.Andevencompliantfacilitiesruntheriskofover-radiatingpatients:A2012paperbytheInstituteofMedicinefoundthatmedicalimagingisoneoftheleadingenvironmentalcausesofbreastcancer_____.

1.TheskindamageonJn-Charles’chestwascausedby_____.

2.WhatdoestheauthorwanttoexplainbyexemplifyingJn-Charles?

3.WhatcanbelearntabouttheCTscan?

4.Whatdoestheword“rampup”mean?

5.TheauthorthinksFDA’ssolutiontoreduceradiationexposureis_____.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.breastcancer

B.advancedtechnology

C.over-radiation

D.treatmentmethods

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thereisnoneedtowastesomuchmoneyfortotreatbreastcancer.

B.Untilnow,breastcancerisstillanincurableillnessaroundtheworld.

C.Thereisanincreasingnumberofyoungpeoplesufferingfromcancer.

D.ThereareincidentsofexcessiveirradiationofpatientsinAmerica.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Itisadouble-edgedswordinthetermofcancer.

B.Ithasbeenarguedinthemedicalprofession.

C.Itismuchsafertobeusedtotreatbreastcancer.

D.Theradiationdosagescanbecontrolledeasily.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Heatup.

B.Drawout.

C.Intensify.

D.Putup.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.ineffective

B.loose

C.harmful

D.unnecessary

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第二段第一句話Theskinlesionsonherchest,theysaid,hadbeencausednotbyherillnessbutbythemachinethatwassupposedtocureher.The32-year-oldhadreceivednearly30radiotherapysessionbutatthispointitdidn’treallymakesensetocountthem,becauseaprogrammingerrorhadcausedeachinstallmenttodeliveratleastthreetimestheprescribedamountofradiation“他們說：她胸部的皮膚損傷不是因?yàn)樗牟《且驗(yàn)閼?yīng)該治好她的機(jī)器。這位32歲的患者接受了近30次放療但在這一點(diǎn)上，沒有真正的意義去計(jì)算它們，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)程序錯(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致每個(gè)裝置提供了至少三倍于規(guī)定的輻射量”，第二步，綜合理解，由此可知答案選C選項(xiàng)“過度放療”。

A選項(xiàng)“乳腺癌”，見正確選項(xiàng)解析，可知Ａ選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，屬于反向干擾；

B選項(xiàng)“先進(jìn)的科技”，定位到文章第四段第二句話Haveadvancesintechnology,improvedtreatmentmethodsandmorecomprehensivescreeningprotocolsledtosystematic,excessiveirradiationofpatients?“技術(shù)的進(jìn)步、治療方法的改進(jìn)和更全面的篩查方案是否導(dǎo)致了對(duì)患者的系統(tǒng)性、過度照射？”文章雖然有提到先進(jìn)技術(shù)，但這不是Jn-Charles胸部受傷的原因，這里屬于出處錯(cuò)誤；

D選項(xiàng)“治療方法”，見正確選項(xiàng)解析，是因?yàn)槌绦蝈e(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致患者接受了三倍的輻射，所以才造成患者出現(xiàn)灼傷，如果按照規(guī)定輻射來可能不會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種情況，所以不能選D選項(xiàng)，屬于曲解文意。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第三段第一句話Jn-Charles,whodiedtwoandahalfyearsafterthismeetingin2005,wouldeventuallycometoexemplifytheemergenceofaccidentalover-radiationinU.S.hospitals.“在這次會(huì)議結(jié)束兩年半后的2005年，Jn-Charles去世了，他最終成為美國(guó)醫(yī)院意外過度輻射的典型例子”，由此可知答案選D選項(xiàng)“在美國(guó)也有病人接受過度照射的案例”。

A選項(xiàng)“沒有必要浪費(fèi)這么多錢去治療乳腺癌”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不能選；

B選項(xiàng)“到目前為止，乳腺癌在世界范圍內(nèi)仍是一種不治之癥”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不能選；

C選項(xiàng)“越來越多的年輕人患癌癥”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不能選。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第五段第二句Forexample,theCTscan,whichhasbecomecommonplaceinresponsetorisingcancerrates,isitselfthoughttoincreasethelikelihoodthatapersondevelopscancer.“例如，CT掃描在應(yīng)對(duì)不斷上升的癌癥發(fā)病率時(shí)已變得司空見慣，但它本身被認(rèn)為會(huì)增加一個(gè)人患癌癥的可能性”，第二步綜合理解，從這里可知，在檢測(cè)是否患癌癥時(shí)，醫(yī)生一般會(huì)用CT，但是CT會(huì)讓使用者更容易得癌，所以說CT是把有利有弊的雙刃劍，正確答案選A選項(xiàng)“對(duì)于癌癥來說，這是一把雙刃劍”。

B選項(xiàng)“醫(yī)學(xué)界對(duì)此一直爭(zhēng)論不休”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，不選；

C選項(xiàng)“用于治療乳腺癌要安全得多”，定位到第五段倒數(shù)第二句話ThescansdeliverseveralhundredtimesmoreradiationthananX-ray—evenwhenguidelinesanddosagesarefollowedprecisely.“這種掃描產(chǎn)生的輻射量是X射線的數(shù)百倍——即使嚴(yán)格遵循指導(dǎo)方針和劑量”由此可知C選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤這里屬于反向干擾；

D選項(xiàng)“輻射劑量很容易控制”，雖然這里有提到劑量，但是沒有提到劑量是否容易控制，而且文章病例是因?yàn)檫^度輻射而造成的，所以文章暗含著其實(shí)劑量不容易控制，這里屬于無中生有。

4.詞匯推斷題。第一步，句中前后信息連接，rampup前面接的是一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)后面接的是努力，第二步，上下文語義推測(cè)，整段的大意是一個(gè)令人吃驚的案例發(fā)表之后獲得很大的關(guān)注，然后某機(jī)構(gòu)出來推動(dòng)限制使用輻射，避免患者過多暴露在輻射中，由上下文意可知，該機(jī)構(gòu)在收到反饋之后是加大自己的努力，從這里可知答案選C選項(xiàng)“增強(qiáng)，強(qiáng)化”。

A選項(xiàng)“加熱，升溫”，不