化學(xué)反應(yīng)過量與少量

23233322233323322322222233222332233322442244222232223332323322323223222222222232223332323332223332332232222223322233223332244224422223222333232332232322322222222223222333222222322222322223222323232222232232222322244223244242324223242422422422232224242324222322242232242324223223222322223322321、（量過量與硝的應(yīng)Fe+4HNO（?。?Fe(NO)+NO↑+2HO2Fe(NO)+Fe=3Fe(NO)3Fe+8HNO（?。?3Fe(NO)+2NO↑+4HO2、與酸濃變）應(yīng)Cu+4HNO（濃）=Cu(NO)+2NO↑+2HO3Cu+8HNO（?。?3Cu(NO)+2NO↑+4HO3、與酸濃變）應(yīng)Zn+2HSO（濃）=ZnSO+SO↑+2HOZn+H2SO（?。?ZnSO+H↑注意：常常結(jié)合定量計算考查硫酸的性質(zhì)。4、化鐵液與氣少、量的應(yīng)6FeBr+3Cl=2FeCl+4FeBr2FeBr+3Cl=2FeCl+3Br2FeBr+3Cl=2FeCl+2Br注意：該反應(yīng)是離子方程式書寫和定量判斷產(chǎn)物的熱點。5、化鐵液與氣少、量的應(yīng)FeI+Cl=FeCl+I

NaS+2FeCl=2NaCl+2FeCl+S↓NaS+FeCl=2NaCl+FeS13、氧鐵氫酸少、量的應(yīng)2Fe(OH)+2HI=2Fe(OH)+I+2HOFe(OH)+2HI=FeI+2HO14、氧鐵體鹽（量過）反Fe(OH)（膠體）+3滴HCl→褐色沉淀Fe(OH)+3HCl=FeCl+3HO15、膠氫化（量過）液反硅膠+3滴NaOH→白色沉淀SiO?nHO+2NaOH=NaSiO+(n+1)HO16、化溶中滴入氧鈉少、量溶AlCl+3NaOH=Al(OH)↓+3NaClAl(OH)+NaOH=NaAlO+2HOAlCl+4NaOH=NaAlO+3NaCl+2HO注意：氯化鋁溶液中逐滴滴入氫氧化鈉方法因為控制不好氫氧化鈉的用量，不能用該方法制備氫氧化鋁。2FeCl+Cl=2FeCl

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17偏酸溶中滴入酸（量過）2FeI+3Cl=2FeCl+2I6、化鐵液與水少、量的應(yīng)FeI+Br=FeBr+I

NaAlO+HO+HCl=Al(OH)↓+NaClAl(OH)+3HCl=AlCl+3HONaAlO+4HCl=AlCl+NaCl+2HO2FeBr+Br=2FeBr

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注意：偏鋁酸鈉溶液中逐滴加入鹽酸的方法因為2FeI+3Br=2FeBr+2I7、化溶與碘質(zhì)少、量的應(yīng)KS+I=2KI+S↓KI+I=KI

控制不好鹽酸的用量，不能用該方法制備氫氧化鋁。18偏酸溶中入氧碳（量過）2NaAlO+3HO+CO=2Al(OH)↓+NaCO8、單（量過）濃氧鈉液反

NaCO+HO+CO=2NaHCO

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NaAlO+2HO+CO=Al(OH)↓+NaHCO

33S+6NaOH濃）=2NaS+NaSO+3HONaS+（x-1）S=NaSx9、水亞酸鈉少、量溶的應(yīng)NaSO+Cl+HO=2NaCl+HSOHSO+NaSO=NaSO+HO+SO↑10、溴與硫鈉少量過）液反NaSO+Br+HO=2NaBr+HSOHSO+NaSO=NaSO+HO+SO↑11、碘與硫鈉少量過）液反NaSO+I+HO=2NaI+HSOHSO+NaSO=NaSO+HO+SO↑12、硫鈉少、量）液氯鐵液反

注意：可以用此方法制備氫氧化鋁。19、礬液逐加氫化（量過）溶2KAl(SO)+3Ba(OH)=2Al(OH)↓+KSO+2BaSO↓2Al(OH)↓+KSO+Ba(OH)=BaSO↓+2KAlO+4HOKAl(SO)+2Ba(OH)=2BaSO↓+KAlO+2HO注意：本反應(yīng)在離子方程式書寫、結(jié)合圖像進(jìn)行計算方面多有考查。20、清灰中入氧碳少、量Ca(OH)+CO=CaCO↓+HOCaCO+HO+CO=Ca(HCO)Ca(OH)+2CO=Ca(HCO)21、白的溶中入冰少、量Ca(ClO)+HO+CO=CaCO↓+2HClOCaCO+HO+CO=Ca(HCO)1

222323223323223322232342422424224342233342423432234223223434234342424342434242342422332322232322332322332223234242242422434223334242343223422322343423434242434243424234242233232322343422233232342344342422344232323223424222323323224333223243423222243423322222243223322224232332224323322222323233232232323222323223232323232233232323223233232232注1次氯酸鈣溶液通入二氧化碳的現(xiàn)象與澄清石灰水中通入二氧化碳的現(xiàn)象一樣，但是對二者的產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行光照，就會出現(xiàn)不同的結(jié)果，次氯酸光照分解反復(fù)出氧氣的同時自身變成鹽酸。鹽酸可以溶解碳酸鈣、碳酸氫鈣，并放出二氧化碳。注2對次氯酸鈣溶液通入二氧化碳后的產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行光照是考試的熱點。22、碳鈉液滴鹽酸少、量NaCO+HCl=NaHCO+NaClNaHCO+HCl=NaCl+HO+CO↑NaCO+2HCl=2NaCl+HO+CO↑注意：碳酸鈉和碳酸氫鈉的混合物中，滴入鹽酸，首先是碳酸鈉先反應(yīng)生成碳酸氫鈉，然后碳酸氫鈉再與鹽酸反應(yīng)。23、氫化溶中入碳?xì)淙埽窟^）Ba(OH)+NaHCO=BaCO↓+NaOH+HONaOH+NaHCO=NaCO+HO

29、酸鎂液滴澄石水少、量Mg(HCO)+Ca(OH)=MgCO↓+CaCO↓+2HOMgCO+Ca(OH)=Mg(OH)↓+CaCO↓Mg(HCO)+2Ca(OH)=Mg(OH)↓+2CaCO↓+2HO30磷溶中入氧鈉液（量過）HPO+NaOH=NaHPO+HONaHPO+NaOH=NaHPO+HONaHPO+NaOH=NaPO+HOHPO+2NaOH=NaHPO+2HOHPO+3NaOH=NaPO+3HO31氫化溶中入酸液（量過）3NaOH+HPO=NaPO+3HO2NaPO+HPO=3NaHPONaHPO+HPO=2NaHPO2NaOH+HPO=NaHPO+2HONaOH+HPO=NaHPO+HO32、清灰中入酸液少、量3Ca(OH)+2HPO=Ca(PO)↓+6HOBa(OH)+2NaHCO=BaCO↓+NaCO+2HO

Ca(PO)+HPO=3CaHPO

424、碳?xì)淙苤腥霘浠埽窟^）2NaHCO+Ba(OH)=BaCO↓+NaCO+2HONaCO+Ba(OH)=BaCO↓+2NaOHNaHCO+Ba(OH)==BaCO↓+NaOH+HO25、氫化溶中入碳?xì)淙埽窟^）Ba(OH)+NHHCO=BaCO↓+NH?HO+HONH?HO+NHHCO=(NH)CO+HOBa(OH)+2NHHCO=(NH)CO+BaCO↓+2HO26、碳?xì)淙苤腥霘浠埽窟^）2NHHCO+Ba(OH)=(NH4)CO+BaCO↓+2HO(NH)CO+Ba(OH)=BaCO↓+2NH?HONHHCO+Ba(OH)=BaCO↓+NH?HO+HO27、碳?xì)淙艿螝溲踱c液少、量Ca(HCO)+NaOH=CaCO↓+NaHCO+HONaHCO+NaOH=NaCO+HOCa(HCO)+NaOH=CaCO↓+NaCO+2HO28、氫化溶中入碳?xì)淙埽窟^）2NaOH+Ca(HCO)=CaCO↓+NaCO+2HO

CaHPO+HPO=Ca(HPO)Ca(OH)+HPO=CaHPO↓+2HOCa(OH)+2HPO=Ca(HPO)+2HO注意：澄清石灰水中滴入少量磷酸會產(chǎn)生沉淀，隨著磷酸的滴入會發(fā)生沉淀的轉(zhuǎn)移直至沉淀的消失，用互滴法可以鑒別磷酸和澄清石灰水。33、硫溶中入氧鈉液少、量HS+NaOH=NaHS+HONaHS+NaOH=NaS+HOHS+2NaOH=NaS+2HO34氫化溶通硫氫體（量過）2NaOH+HS=NaS+2HONaS+HS=2NaHSNaOH+HS=NaHS35、清灰中入氧硫少、量Ca(OH)+SO=CaSO↓+HOCaSO+HO+SO=Ca(HSO)Ca(OH)+2SO==Ca(HSO)注意：二氧化碳與二氧化硫都可以使澄清石灰水變渾濁，氣體過量后都澄清，因此不能說使澄清石灰水變渾濁的一定是二氧化碳。36亞酸液滴澄石水（量過）NaCO+Ca(HCO)=CaCO↓+2NaHCO

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2HSO+Ca(OH)=Ca(HSO)+2HONaOH+Ca(HCO)=CaCO↓+NaHCO+HO

Ca(HSO)+Ca(OH)=2CaSO↓+2HO2

244242422442424242422424424223332223223222323332323223223324424242244242424242242442422333222322322232333232322322333243323223323243243224242323422432342424Ba(OH)+NaHSO=BaSO↓+NaOH+HONaOH+NaHSO=NaSO+HOBa(OH)+2NaHSO=BaSO↓+NaSO+HO38、硫氫溶中入氫化溶（量過）2NaHSO+Ba(OH)=BaSO↓+NaSO+HONaSO+Ba(OH)=BaSO↓+2NaOHNaHSO+Ba(OH)=BaSO↓+NaOH+HO注意：此方程式的考查是高考的熱點，滴加溶液的順序不同，導(dǎo)致量就不同，產(chǎn)物就不同。39、亞酸溶滴鹽酸少、量NaSO+HCl=NaHSO+NaClNaHSO+HCl=NaCl+HO+SO↑NaSO+2HCl=2NaCl+HO+SO↑40氫氧鈉液逐滴氯鋁液（量過）4NaO