大學(xué)英語(yǔ)(二)最全復(fù)習(xí)資料

2011年自考英語(yǔ)(二)章節(jié)復(fù)習(xí)資料匯總重點(diǎn)單詞擴(kuò)充講解：organizational:a組織上的由此我們可以聯(lián)想到：organize:v組織；organization:n組織；organizer:n組織者請(qǐng)看下列習(xí)題，選擇該組詞里恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空：.Lastweek,ourschoolaspringouting..Thetaskcallsforthehighestskill..ChinahasjoinedWorldTrade..Heistheofthespeechcontest.Answers:organized,organizational,Organization,organizerobjective:n目標(biāo)；a客觀的，反義詞subjective:主觀的predict:v預(yù)言、預(yù)示；由此我們可以聯(lián)想到:prediction:n預(yù)言；predictable:a可預(yù)測(cè)的;predictor:n預(yù)言家simplify:v簡(jiǎn)化由此我們可以聯(lián)想到：simple:a簡(jiǎn)單的；simply:ad簡(jiǎn)單地，僅僅地；simplification:n簡(jiǎn)化；simplified:a被簡(jiǎn)化的。Exercisesfortheabovewords:.Themachineisinoperationbutcomplexinstructure..ShakespearesRomeoandJulietintheoriginalisbeyondourcapacitywhileeditionisquiteeasy..Thereisnopointinarguingaboutit,becauseitisaquestionofprocedure..Theofworkingprocessfreedtheworkersfroheavylabor.Answers:simple;simplified;simply;simplificationtendency:n趨勢(shì)、傾向；tend:v傾向于…，tendtodosthe.g.oldpeoplehavethetendencyofgettingfatter.Oroldpeopletendtogetfatter.managerial:a經(jīng)理的、經(jīng)營(yíng)上的；由此我們可以聯(lián)想到：manage:v管理、經(jīng)營(yíng)；management:n;manager:n經(jīng)營(yíng)者，管理者；manageable:a可管理的、可經(jīng)營(yíng)的。argue:v爭(zhēng)辯、爭(zhēng)論，常用固定搭配：arguwithsbabout/oversth由于某事而同某人爭(zhēng)論；arguesbintodoingsth說(shuō)服某人做某事；arguesboutofdoingsth說(shuō)服某人不要做某事。e.g.1>.Theyoungcouplealwaysarguewitheachotherovertheirchild'seducation.2>.Iarguedhimoutofgoingonsuchadangerousjourney.define:v給…下定義；definition:n定義profitability:n賺錢，獲利由此我們可以聯(lián)想到：profit:n利潤(rùn)；profitable:a有利可圖的，有好處的；profitless:a沒有利潤(rùn)的。.Hehasmadeafromrunningasmallrestaurant..Thedealwastoallofus..Theyvalueddifferently,whichledtodisagreementastothecorrectnessofdecision.Answer:profit,profitable;profitability.correctness:n正確性；字根：correct:a正確的；v糾正，correction:n糾正；incorrect:a不正確的。unintended:a非計(jì)劃中的,由此我們可以聯(lián)想到：intend:v打算，計(jì)劃；intention:n；intended:a計(jì)劃中的課文難句講解、分析Adecisionisachoicemadefromamongalternativecoursesofactionthatareavailable.(pl)譯：決策就是從幾種可以選擇的做法中作出選擇。分析：該句是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。madefromamongalternativecoursesofactionthatareavailable是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)修飾achoice;其中thatareavailable是定語(yǔ)從句修飾coursesofaction.像這樣一環(huán)修飾一環(huán)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)在英文中很普遍，因此為了看懂句子大家必須學(xué)會(huì)分析。這是整個(gè)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中很重要的能力！Thereasonformakingadecisionisthataproblemexists,goalsorobjectivesarewrong,orsomethingisstandinginthewayofaccomplishingthem.(p1)譯：做出決策的原因是因?yàn)榇嬖趩?wèn)題，目標(biāo)或目的有錯(cuò)誤，或者有某種東西防礙著它們的實(shí)現(xiàn)。分析：該句又是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。That引導(dǎo)三個(gè)并列的表語(yǔ)從句，①aproblemexists,②goalsorobjectivesarewrong：?somethingisstandinginthewayofaccomplishingthem。短語(yǔ)：makeadecision:做出決策；standintheway:阻擋、防礙Oftenmanagersmustmakeabestguessatwhatthefuturewillbeandtrytoleaveaslittleaspossibletochance,butsinceuncertaintyisalwaysthere,riskaccompaniesdecisions.(p2)譯：通常管理者必須對(duì)未來(lái)的情況做出最佳預(yù)測(cè)，從而使偶然性盡可能少地發(fā)生，但因?yàn)椴淮_定性總是存在，所以決策常伴隨著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。分析：前半句是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)。whatthefuturewillbe是at的賓語(yǔ)；aslittleaspossible做leave的賓語(yǔ)；since引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，相當(dāng)于because.Ifthereisnochoice,thereisnodecisiontobemade.(p3)譯：如果沒有選擇，就不會(huì)有決策。分析：這是一句很簡(jiǎn)單的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，但它有一個(gè)很重要的考點(diǎn)：tobemade。這是動(dòng)詞不定式做定語(yǔ)修飾decision,有將來(lái)意味。比如：Thelastquestiontobediscussedtodayishowtodividetheworkamongourselves.Formanagers,everydecisionhasconstraintsbasedonpolicies,procedures,laws,precedents,andthelike.(p3)譯：對(duì)于管理者而言，每次決策都受到政策、程序、法律以及慣例等因素制約。分析：這句話的考點(diǎn)是basedonpolicies,procedures,laws,precedents,andthelike。同樣是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)修飾constraints。其中詞組：base..on以…為基礎(chǔ)。如：ThefilmisbasedonsshortstorybyJackLondon.Butthetendencytosimplifyblindsthemtootheralternatives.(p4)譯：但是這種簡(jiǎn)化的傾向使得他們看不到其他可供選擇的方法。分析：該句主語(yǔ)thetendencytosimplify,謂語(yǔ)blinds;them是賓語(yǔ)。tosimplify是定語(yǔ)，修飾thetendency；tootheralternatives是賓補(bǔ)。其中短語(yǔ)：blindsbtosth:使..看不見…；weshouldn,tletourprejudicesblindustothefacts.Becauseindividuals(andorganizations)frequentlyhavedifferentideasabouthowtoattainthegoals,thebestchoicemaydependonwhomakesthedecision.(p6line4-6)譯：因?yàn)閭€(gè)人(和組織)關(guān)于如何達(dá)到目的常有不同的觀點(diǎn)，哪種是最優(yōu)的選擇可能要看是誰(shuí)做出決策。分析：這是一個(gè)由because弓I導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句。其中howtoattainthegoals做介詞about的賓語(yǔ)，whomakesthedecision做介詞on的賓語(yǔ)。Someoftheseobjectivesaremoreimportantthanothers,buttheorderanddegreeofimportanceoftenvaryfrompersontopersonandfromdepartmenttodepartment.(p7line2-4)譯：其中有一些目標(biāo)比其它的更而耍，但其順序和市要程度因人和不同的部門而異。分析：請(qǐng)注意比較級(jí)moreimportantthan,詞組：varyfrompersontoperson譯成中文：因人而異，可以推出：因季節(jié)而異varyfromseasontoseason...Whenpresentedwithacommoncase,salesmanagerstendtoseesalesproblems,productionmanagersseeproductionproblems,andsoon.(p7line5-7)譯：當(dāng)面對(duì)同一件日常事情時(shí)，銷售經(jīng)理傾向于看銷售問(wèn)題，而生產(chǎn)經(jīng)理則會(huì)看生產(chǎn)相關(guān)的問(wèn)題，等等。分析：前半部分為常考內(nèi)容，它是when+過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)部分。其中詞組：bepresentedwith=befacedwith當(dāng)面對(duì)...Whenfacedwithdifficulties,weshouldbebrave..F^opleoftenassumethatadecisionisanisolatedphenomenon.(p9)譯：人們經(jīng)常假設(shè)一項(xiàng)決策是孤立的現(xiàn)象。分析：句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單：主謂賓(從句)。其中assume:=imagine;isolated:adj孤立的。phenomenon:n現(xiàn)象；復(fù)數(shù)變化較特殊：phenomena重點(diǎn)單詞、詞組詳講interview:n/v采訪、面試；interviewer:n采訪者；interviewee:n被采訪者e.g.1>.Who'sthemostfamouspersonyou'veeverinterviewedonTV?2>.InaTVinterviewlastnight,shedeniedshehadanyintentionofresigning.criticism:n批評(píng)，評(píng)論；criticize:v批評(píng)；critical:a批評(píng)的、挑剔的、關(guān)鍵的；critic:n評(píng)論家，請(qǐng)?zhí)钐羁础?>Heisaliterary.2>Weareatatimeinourhistory.3>Hecan'ttake.4>Theboywasbyhisfatherforbeinglateforschool.Answers:critic,critical,criticism,criticizedindifference:n冷漠、漠不關(guān)心；indifferent:a冷漠的，反義詞：enthusiastic:熱情的cf:different:a不同的，名詞：difference;反義詞：same.inefficiency:n無(wú)效，由此聯(lián)想得到：efficient:a高效率的;efficiency:ninefficient:a低效率的conservative:a保守的、保存的；conserve:v保存；conservation:napplytosbforsth:向某人申請(qǐng)某物e.g.Thestudentappliedtotheembassyforavisa.takethetroubletodosth:不辭勞苦、費(fèi)力地做某事e.g.IfyoutookthetroubletolistentowhatIwassaying,you'dknowwhatIwastalkingabout.putoneselfinsomebody'splace:設(shè)身處地...Ifyouputyourselfinyourmother'splace,youwillunderstandwhysheissoworriedaboutyou.inhand:手頭上有，進(jìn)行中I'vegotenoughmoneyinhandtobuyanewcar.turndown:調(diào)小，降低，拒絕TurndowntheTV,forthebabyissleeping.Heturneddownthejobbecausethepayisn'tgoodenough.課文難句分析Thekeywordsherearepreparationandconfidence,whichwillcarryyoufar.(p2)譯：這里的關(guān)鍵詞是準(zhǔn)備和自信，它們將使你前程遠(yuǎn)大。分析：whichwillcarryyoufar非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,修飾preparationandconfidence。另夕卜請(qǐng)注意：key關(guān)鍵的；preparation是prepare的名詞；confidence:n信心。Confident:a有信心的；self-confidence:自信心。Findoutallyoucanaboutthejobyouareapplyingforandtheoriginationyouhopetoworkfor.(p4)譯：了解你所申請(qǐng)的工作和你希望為之工作的組織。分析：youareapplyingfor定語(yǔ)，修飾thejob;youhopetoworkfor定語(yǔ)修飾theorigination。詞組:applytosbforsth向某人申請(qǐng)什么。Itshowsanunattractiveindifferencetoyouremployerandtoyourjob.(P6)譯：它表明你對(duì)雇主和你的工作的態(tài)度冷漠，不感興趣。分析：it主語(yǔ)；shows謂語(yǔ)；anunattractiveindifference賓語(yǔ)；toyouremployerandtoyourjob間接賓語(yǔ)。Showsthtosb=showsbsth.另夕卜，請(qǐng)注意：indifference:冷漠,漠視。Hewantssomebodywhoishard-workingwithapleasantpersonalityandarealinterestinthejob.(p7)分析：whoishard-workingwithapleasantpersonalityandarealinterestinthejob全部都是定語(yǔ)，修飾somebody。注意介詞with表示帶有。。；haveinterestinsth對(duì)…有興趣。Anythingthatyoufindoutabouttheprospectiveemployercanbeusedtoyouradvantageduringtheinterviewtoshowthatyouhavebotheredtomastersomefactsaboutthepeoplewhoyouhopetoworkfor.(p8)譯：你找到的任何有關(guān)未來(lái)雇主的信息在面試中都能為你所用，以表示你費(fèi)了心思去掌握一些關(guān)于你希望為其工作的人的事實(shí)。分析：從這個(gè)句子的長(zhǎng)度大家也能看出這是一個(gè)復(fù)雜句。主體結(jié)構(gòu)為：anythingcanbeusedtoyouradvantage,thatyoufindoutabouttheprospectiveemployer是定語(yǔ)從句；duringtheinterview狀語(yǔ)；toshowthatyouhavebotheredtomastersomefactsaboutthepeoplewhoyouhopetoworkfor是目的狀語(yǔ)；whoyouhopetoworkfor是另外一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾thepeople.詞組：toyouradvantage:對(duì)你有利；workforsb為某人工作。Donotbeafraidtoaskforclarificationofsomethingthathasbeensaidduringtheinterviewifyouwanttobesurewhatwasimplied,butdobepolite.(P10)譯：面試中如果你想確切地知道某些話的含義，不要害怕請(qǐng)對(duì)方解釋清楚，但一定要有禮貌。分析：基本句型：notbeafraidtodosth;不要害怕去做某事；askforclarification要求澄清；thathasbeensaidduringtheinterview定語(yǔ)，修飾something;whatwasimplied賓語(yǔ)；dobepolite:其中do為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，如：dobecareful!Idoloveyou!Hedoeslietous!Havetheletterinvitingyouforaninterviewreadytoshowincasethereisanydifficultyincommunication.(p16)譯：拿著邀請(qǐng)你面試的通知書，以防萬(wàn)一交談出現(xiàn)困難時(shí)顯示。分析：這是一個(gè)祈使句。Have動(dòng)詞，拿著；theletter賓語(yǔ)；invitingyouforaninterview現(xiàn)在分詞做定語(yǔ)；readytoshow狀語(yǔ)；incasethereisanydifficultyincommunication條件狀語(yǔ)從句；詞組：thereissomedifficultyinsth/doingsth在..方面有困難。如:WehavesomedifficultyspeakingEnglishfluently.Thereislittlelikelihoodthatapaneloffivewantstogothroughtheprocessofallshakinghandswithyouinturn.(p20)譯：由五個(gè)人構(gòu)成的專門小組幾乎不可能輪流與你握手。分析：這句話的重點(diǎn)在于thatapaneloffiveantstogothroughtheprocessofallshakinghandswithyouinturn是一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句，是對(duì)littlelikelihood的解釋。其中：likelihood:n可能性，相當(dāng)于possibility;gothrough經(jīng)歷;inturn:輪流。Wouldyoumindrephrasingthequestion,please?(p23)譯：您介意換個(gè)說(shuō)法來(lái)問(wèn)這個(gè)問(wèn)題嗎？分析：考點(diǎn)minddoingsth.如：WouldyoumindturningdowntheTV?語(yǔ)法：介紹as的相關(guān)用法as是一個(gè)乍一看簡(jiǎn)單，但實(shí)際在英語(yǔ)中用法很復(fù)雜的小詞。從詞類上講，可以用作介詞、副詞、連詞以及關(guān)系代詞；從語(yǔ)法功能角度來(lái)看，可以構(gòu)成介詞賓語(yǔ)，引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，方式狀語(yǔ)從句，讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，比較狀語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句。此外as還出現(xiàn)在很多固定搭配中，如：asif,asthough,aslongas,asto,asfor,soasto,etc.請(qǐng)看下列例句，并請(qǐng)分析出as的具體用法。IworkasanEnglishteacherinamiddleschool.Runasfastasyoucan.Youngasheis,heknowsmorethanI.JustasIwasleaving,thetelephonerang.PleasedoasIhavetoldyou.AsIamtheoldestchildinmyfamily,Imusttakecareoftheotherchildren.SuchpeopleasyouhavedescribedarerarenowLearnnewwordsandphrases.astronomer:n天文學(xué)家；astronomy:n天文學(xué).explode:v爆炸，由此聯(lián)想：explosive:a爆炸性的/n炸藥：explosion:n爆炸.Whenthebomb,manypeoplewereseriouslywounded..Theunexpectedfrightenedthelittlegirl..Itmightbepossibletoconvert是轉(zhuǎn)變energyintoheat.Answers:exploded,explosion,explosivedensity:n密度：聯(lián)想產(chǎn)生：dense:a密度大的，反義詞：sparse;densely:ad高密度地；densely-populated人口稠密的；sparsely-populated人口稀疏的.Thefogkeptthetravelersfromfindingthecorrectdirection..Thebusinessareaofthecityispopulated..Thisliquidhasamuchgreaterthanwater.Answers:dense,densely,densityshrink:v收縮、退縮、縮水.Asaresultofcarelesswashing,thejackethasshrunktoachild'ssize..Thegirlshrinksatthesightofblood.measurement:n衡量、測(cè)量；由此聯(lián)想：measure:n措施/v衡量、測(cè)量;measurable:a可衡量的，可測(cè)量的.Wemusttaketoprotectourenvironment..Wehavecomewithindistanceofsuccess..Qocksgiveusaoftime..Theretherainfallisnotininchesbutinfeet.Answers:measures,measurable,measurement,measuredmplication:n含義、暗示；imply:v暗示basis:n基礎(chǔ)、根據(jù)，由此可以聯(lián)想得到：base:n底部；v以…為底，為根據(jù)；basic:a基礎(chǔ)的，根本的；basically:ad根本上來(lái)說(shuō),.IfyouwanttoimproveyourEnglish,youmusthaveasolid..Thefurnitureofoutdormisreally:twobeds,twochairsandtables..Thechargesarefalsefortheyarenotonprovenfacts..Sncenobetterplancanbeworkedout,wehavetoadopttheworkableone.Answers:basis,basic,based,basicallyobservatory:n天文臺(tái)；由此可以聯(lián)想得到：observe:v觀察；observation:n觀察；observer:n觀察家convincing:a有說(shuō)服力的，使人信服的；convince:v使人信服；convinced:a感到有說(shuō)服力的，常見搭配：convincesbofsth;convincesbthat.Hegaveusaconvincingspeech..Heconvincedmefhissincerity.operate:v運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、操作、動(dòng)手術(shù)；operation:n手術(shù)，操作；operator:操作者researchinto對(duì).?進(jìn)行研究SheisresearchingintopossiblecuresforAlDS.swallowup:吞沒、耗盡Manysmallbusinesseshavebeenswallowedupbylargecompanies.applytosb/sth：適用于某人/某事,請(qǐng)對(duì)比:applytosbforsth向某人申請(qǐng)某事；applyAtoB將A應(yīng)用于B.Ybushouldapplywhatyouhavelearnedtoyourwork..Iappliedtohimforanewjob..Thestudymethoddoesn*tapplytoeveryoneAnalyzetheimportantsentencesamongthetextWell,ifsdifficulttoanswerthisquestion,sincethetermswewouldnormallyusetodescribeascientificphenomenonareinadequatehere.(pl)譯：哦，這個(gè)問(wèn)題很難回答，因?yàn)槲覀兺ǔＳ脕?lái)描述一種科學(xué)現(xiàn)象的現(xiàn)有術(shù)語(yǔ)在這里不夠用。句子分析：it是形式主語(yǔ)，toanswerthisquestion是句子主語(yǔ)；since引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，wewouldnormallyusetodescribeascientificphenomenon是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾terms;inadequate:不充分的，不合格的。Astronomersandscientiststhinkthatablackholeisaregionofspacenotathingintowhichmatterhasfallenandfromwhichnothingcanescape--notevenlight.(p1)譯：天文學(xué)家和科學(xué)家認(rèn)為黑洞是一個(gè)空間區(qū)域，而不是一個(gè)物體，物質(zhì)會(huì)掉進(jìn)黑洞而沒有物體可以從中逃脫出來(lái)，即使是光也不行。句子分析：intowhich和fromwhich引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，介詞：into和fall搭配；from和escape搭配。這種介詞+which的定語(yǔ)從句的形式請(qǐng)多注意。Thetheoryisthatsomestarsexplodewhentheirdensityincreasestoaparticularpoint.(p2)譯：(關(guān)于黑洞形成的)理論就是一些星球的密度增長(zhǎng)到某個(gè)特定的點(diǎn)就會(huì)爆炸。句子分析：這是一個(gè)主系表結(jié)構(gòu)句。that用來(lái)引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，不可省略。其中又包含一個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。toaparticularpoint是達(dá)到某一個(gè)特定的點(diǎn)的含義。Butifthestarisverylarge(muchbiggerthanoursun)thisprocessofshrinkingmaybesointensethatablackholeresults.(p2)譯：但如果星球很大(比我們的太陽(yáng)還要大得多)，其收縮過(guò)程可能很劇烈，以致于產(chǎn)生了黑洞。句子分析：這是一個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，so.dhat表示如此…以致，是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。如：I'msotiredthatIcanevensleeponmywayhome.Imaginetheearthreducedtothesizeofamarble,butstillhavingthesamemassandastrongergravitationalpull,andyouhavesomeideaoftheforceofablackhole.(p2)譯：假想?下地球收縮到彈球兒那么大，但仍具有同樣的質(zhì)量和更強(qiáng)的吸引力，你就會(huì)對(duì)黑洞的力量又某種概念。句子分析:該句的主要結(jié)構(gòu)為imagine…andyou事實(shí)上相當(dāng)于ifyouimagine..,youwillhavesomeidea....這種句子結(jié)構(gòu)在歷年的考試中曾出現(xiàn)過(guò)。請(qǐng)記?。浩硎咕?and+陳述句=if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句。如：Hurryupandyoucancatchthelasttrain!另夕卜，該句還有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)成分reducedtothesizeofamarble和havingthesamemassandastrongergravitationalpull用來(lái)修飾theearth.前者為過(guò)去分詞，而后者為現(xiàn)在分詞。詞組：havesomeideaofsth對(duì)...有所了解Itisonlyrecentlythatastronomershavebegunspecificresearchintoblackholes.(p3line13-14)譯：只是近來(lái)科學(xué)家才開始對(duì)黑洞進(jìn)行具體的研究。句子分析：本句的核心結(jié)構(gòu)為itis..that的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)onlyrecently。詞組：researchintosth對(duì)..進(jìn)行研究。Themostconvincingevidenceofblackholescomesfromresearchintobinarystarsystems.(p4)譯：有關(guān)黑洞最有說(shuō)服力的證據(jù)來(lái)自對(duì)雙星體系的研究。句子分析：該句主語(yǔ)evidence,謂語(yǔ)comesfrom；賓語(yǔ)researchintobinarystarsystemsoThemostconvincing是定語(yǔ)，修飾evidence.其中請(qǐng)注意8nvincing:令人信服的，通常修飾物的形容詞多以?ing結(jié)尾；而修飾人的多以-ed結(jié)尾。如：Ifeelexcitedafterhearingthesurprisingnews.Matterfromtheonewhichwecanseeisbeingpulledtowardsthecompanionstar.(p4)譯：我們所看到的星球的物質(zhì)正在被吸引到伴星去。句子分析：主語(yǔ)matter;謂語(yǔ)isbeingpulled,這是一個(gè)進(jìn)行被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；towardsthecompanionstar介詞賓語(yǔ)：fromtheonewhichwecansee定語(yǔ)。Ontheotherhand,scientistshavesuggestedthatveryadvancedtechnologycouldonedaymakeuseoftheenergyofblackholesformankind.(p5line4-6)譯：另一方面，科學(xué)家也提出有一天高科技會(huì)利用黑洞的力量為人類服務(wù)。句子分析：請(qǐng)注意在本句中suggest不是建議的含義，是指出、指明的意思。advanced高級(jí)的、先進(jìn)的；makeuseofsth利用…，該詞組可以拓展成：makegooduseof好好加1以利用；makefulluseof充分力口以利用。Theyshowusaworldwhichoperatesinatotallydifferentwayfromourownandtheyquestionourmostbasicexperienceofapaceandtime.(p5)譯：他們展示給我們一個(gè)不同于我們自己的世界運(yùn)行方式的世界，并對(duì)我們最基本的時(shí)空經(jīng)驗(yàn)提出了質(zhì)疑。句子分析：這個(gè)句子復(fù)雜在于：從which引導(dǎo)的很長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句，特別注意;operate：v操作；inaway以某種方式；bedifferentfrom同…不同；question:v質(zhì)疑，詢問(wèn)Learnnewwordsandphrasesresolve:v旋轉(zhuǎn)，常見搭配關(guān)系為：resolvearoundsb/sth圍繞..轉(zhuǎn)。Shespendsallofhertimeresolvingaroundherfamily.Theearthresolvesaroundthesun.solar:a太陽(yáng)的，日光的solarenergy太陽(yáng)能；solarsystem太陽(yáng)系；solarmonth陽(yáng)歷月concerned:a有關(guān)的、擔(dān)心的Herjobissomethingconcernedwithcomputer.Heisconcernedabouttheresultoftheexam.colored:a有色的，對(duì)比；colorful:a豐富多彩的Ilikeorange-coloredcoat.Everybodylikescolorfullife.religion:n宗教，religious:a虔誠(chéng)的；請(qǐng)對(duì)比：region:n地區(qū)；regional:a地區(qū)的circumstance:n情況、境遇；Undernocircumstancescanwewastetime.agreatmany=anumberof=many很多，修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞。而agreatdealof+u.nAgreatmanystudentsareabsenttoday.Ihavewastedagreatdealoftime.aboveall:首先、首要Afterthewar,helongedabovealltoseehiswifeandfamily.asarule:通常、一般而言Asarule,Ionlywatchsportsnews.Analyzetheimportantsentencesamongthetext:Firstofall,letusconsidertheearthasaplanetrevolvingaroundthesun.(P1)譯：首先，讓我們把地球看作是圍繞太陽(yáng)運(yùn)行的一顆行星。句子分析：firstofall首先，詞組:8nsidersthassth把…當(dāng)作…，與之類似的詞組還有：lookupsthassth;reviewsthassth;treatsthassth..：revolvingaroundthesun是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)修飾aplanet0Thesenineplanets,togetherwiththesun,makeupwhatiscalledoursolarsystem.(p1)譯：這九大行星和太陽(yáng)一起構(gòu)成我們所說(shuō)的太陽(yáng)系。句子分析:該句主語(yǔ)為:Thesenineplanets；謂語(yǔ)是makeup；whatiscalledoursolarsystem是賓語(yǔ)；togetherwiththesun是狀語(yǔ)，而并非句子主語(yǔ)。關(guān)于該語(yǔ)法內(nèi)容請(qǐng)見本講后面的grammar一主謂一致Howthiswonderfulsystemstartedandwhatkeptitworkingwithsuchwonderfulaccuracyislargelyamystery (p1)譯：這個(gè)奇妙的星系是怎樣起源的？什么使它保持極其精確的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，很大程度上現(xiàn)在還是一個(gè)謎。句子分析：這也是一個(gè)主語(yǔ)很復(fù)雜的句子：Howthiswonderfulsystemstartedandwhatkeptitworkingwithsuchwonderfulaccuracy是主語(yǔ)，’它是——個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句。關(guān)于該語(yǔ)法內(nèi)容請(qǐng)見本講后面的grammar…主謂一致。Thetotalwaterareaisaboutthreetimesaslargeasthelandarea.(p4)譯：水域的總面積大約是陸地面積的三倍大。句子分析：該句的核心句型是A+be+倍數(shù)+as+adj+as+B.e.g.TheAtlanticOceanisonlyhalfasbigasthePacificOcean.Thesecurrentsareimportantbecausetheyaffectedtheclimateofthelandareasclosetowheretheyflowandalsobecausetheycarrylargequantitiesofmicroscopeanimalandvegetablelifewhichformsalargepartofthefoodforfishes.(p5)譯：這些海洋之所以重要是因?yàn)樗麄冇绊懼鹘?jīng)區(qū)域的附近陸地的氣候，也是因?yàn)樗鼈償y帶大量的微生物，植物，而這些構(gòu)成魚類食品的一大部分。句子分析:這是一個(gè)由because引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句，其中closetowheretheyflow是定語(yǔ),修飾thelandareas；詞組:largequantitiesof+c.n/u.n;whichformsalargepartofthefoodforfishes是定語(yǔ)從句修飾animalandvegetablelifeo其中l(wèi)ife是指生命，不可數(shù)名詞。Thecircumstancesunderwhichdifferentpeoplelivemakeadifferencebetweenthewayinwhichtheyliveandthewayinwhichwelive,anditoughttobeourbusinesstotrytounderstandthosedifferentcircumstancessothatwecanbetterunderstandpeopleofotherlands.(p8)譯：不同民族的生活環(huán)境造就了他們和我們極為不同的生活方式，我們應(yīng)該做的是去了解他們不同的生活環(huán)境以便可以更好理解其他地區(qū)的人們。句子分析:該句中的underwhich和inwhich又是介詞+which的定語(yǔ)從句用法，修飾Thecircumstances和theway；sothat引導(dǎo)的時(shí)目的狀語(yǔ)從句。其中：makeadiference;使...不同，產(chǎn)生差異；business是指責(zé)任;Aboveall,weshouldavoiddecidingwhatwethinkaboutpeopledifferentfromourselveswithoutfirsthavinglearnedagreatdealaboutthemandthekindoflivestheyhavetolive.譯：其中很重要的實(shí)在沒有對(duì)于與我們不同的人們和他們必須過(guò)的那種生活有大量的了解之前，我們應(yīng)該避免對(duì)他們有先入為主的看法。句子分析：Aboveall是狀語(yǔ)，意思是最重要的，首先；we生語(yǔ)；shouldavoid謂語(yǔ)；decidingwhatwethinkaboutpeopledifferentfromourselves賓語(yǔ)；withoutfirst...狀語(yǔ)。differentfromourselves是定語(yǔ)，修飾people;havinglearned動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)態(tài)，表示這個(gè)動(dòng)作早于deciding發(fā)生。重要詞組：aboveall;avoiddoing;agreatdealItistruetosaythatthemorewelearnaboutotherpeople,thebetterweunderstandtheirideasandasarule,thebetterwelikethosepeoplethemselves.譯：確實(shí)我們了解其他人越多，我們就越能理解他們的觀點(diǎn)，通常我們就更喜歡那些人。句子分析:該句的主要結(jié)構(gòu)為:themore..themore..thebetterBS：越…就越…；如：Thelongeryoukeepthiswine,thebetterittastes.ThebusierIam,thehappierIam.Grammar主謂一致主謂一致是指句中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上須保持一致。我們一般遵從三個(gè)原則：1、語(yǔ)法一致的原則：是指主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與其相呼應(yīng)。2、意義一致的原則：指謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于主語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的概念，而不取決于表面的語(yǔ)法標(biāo)志，主要表現(xiàn)為某些集體名詞后可跟動(dòng)詞單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)。如果這些集體名詞指整體概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；指具體成員時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)。3、就近原則：是指謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于離它最近的詞語(yǔ)，而無(wú)須考慮其他的詞。主謂一致的熱點(diǎn).由manya或morethan+單數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。ManyaforeignerhasbeentotheGreatWall.Morethanonestudenthasvisitedtheexhibition.."..…的幾分之幾”和“…的百分之幾”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)取決于of后的名詞。Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthissea.percentofthestudentsinourclassaregirls.."anumberof+名詞復(fù)數(shù)"作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)；"thenumberof+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。Anumberofpupilslikereadingpicture-books.Thenumberofthestudentsinourclassis55..并列主語(yǔ)如果指的是同一人、同一物或同一概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，這時(shí)and后面的名詞前沒有冠詞。ThesecretaryofthePartybranchanddirectorofthatfactoryoftenworkswiththeworkers..成對(duì)的名詞，如breadandbutter涂黃油的面包，sodaandwater汽水,coffeeandmilk加牛奶的咖啡,aimandend目的，saltandwater鹽開水等，雖然有and連接，但仍表單一概念，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。Aknifeandforkisonthetable..由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)的前面分別有each,every或n。修飾時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。Nostudentandnoteacherisinvitedtotheparty.Inourcountryeveryboyandeverygirlhasrighttoreceiveeducation..主語(yǔ)是單數(shù),其后跟有togetherwith,alongwith（與….一道）,aswellas（和；也），nolessthan（和….一樣），ratherthan（而不），以及with,not,like,but,except,besides,including等引起的短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。HeaswellashissisterisaLeaguemember..在定語(yǔ)從句中主語(yǔ)是關(guān)系代詞who,that,which,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞的數(shù)一致。whoamyourteacher,willteachyoueverythingIknow..主語(yǔ)是一些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞,如clothes,trousers,glasses,compasses,scissors,shoes,socks,gloves等時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。但這類表示成雙的東西的名詞前有apairof修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。Mytrousersarebeingwashednow.Thereisapairofshoesinthebox..表示度量、價(jià)格、時(shí)間的復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞組作主語(yǔ)時(shí)一般被看作一個(gè)整體,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。Tendollarsisnotenough.Threemonthshaspassedsinceheleft..主語(yǔ)是以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞以及news,works（工廠）等都屬形式復(fù)數(shù)，而意義單數(shù)的名詞，其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。另外means一詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形應(yīng)視具體情況而定。Mathematicsseemstobedifficulttolearn.Anewmeansofteachingisbeingusedinthatschool..主語(yǔ)是用作書名、劇名、報(bào)紙名、國(guó)名等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)形式。TheUnitedStatesisadevelopedcountry..主語(yǔ)是family,team,group,crowd,class,committee等集合名詞時(shí)，如果作為一個(gè)整體看待，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式，如指的是全體人員時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.."oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語(yǔ)從句”之前有theonly,thevery,the等限定詞和修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Sheistheonlyoneofthesewomenwhoplaystheviolin..主語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)代詞who,what,which,不定代詞all,more,most,any,none等以及名詞half,part,therest等既可表示復(fù)數(shù)意義又可表示單數(shù)意義，其謂語(yǔ)視情況而定。HalfofthevisitorsarefromEurope.Halfofthefruitisbad..主語(yǔ)是表示數(shù)量的“oneandahalf+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”，其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。主語(yǔ)是“oneortwo+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”，其謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.ThereareoneortwothingsI'dliketoknowabout..the+形容詞或分詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如指一類人。其謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，如指抽象概念，其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。如：Thericharenotalwayshappy.Thenewissuretoreplacetheold..由notonly...butalso,neither..nor,either..or,not..but以及or連接的并列主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與最靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上保持一致。Notonlyyourfather'sfriendsbutalsoyourfatherlikessmoking..在倒裝句中以及在Therebe..結(jié)構(gòu)中，如主語(yǔ)是并列的，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞往往和其后面的第一個(gè)主語(yǔ)取得數(shù)上的一致。Whereisyourmotherandyoungersister?Thereisapen,twopencilsandfivebooksonthedesk..動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactoryisnotdecidedyet.Learnnewwordsandphrasesweaken:v削弱、減弱，字根：weak:a虛弱的構(gòu)詞形式：adj/n+en或en+adj/n=vShorten,enlarge,enable,enrich,loosen,tightenetc.nationwide:a全國(guó)范圍的，通過(guò)該詞我們可以得到：worldwide:全世界范圍的，regionwide,etc.egal:a合法的,反義詞：illegal,不合法的;legalize:v使…合法化。TheNetherlandsbecamethefirstcountrytolegalizeeuthanasia.ensure:v確保、擔(dān)保，常見用法如下：.Thepolicecanensurethewitnessfromdanger..Wecanensurethattheworkwillbedoneintherightway.oppose:v反對(duì)、對(duì)抗；名詞：opposition,形容詞：opposed.Whathesaidwastotallyopposedtothefacts..Manypeopleopposebuildinganewhighwaybecauseofthegreatcost.tradition:n傳統(tǒng)，由此可以聯(lián)想到:traditional:a;traditionally:ad;反義詞為：modern.Chinesemedicineisbelievedtobeeffectiveformanydiseases..It*simportanttokeepupthefineofplainlivingandhardwork..Christmasisaholidayforafamilytogettogether.Answers:Traditional,tradition,traditionallyconsideration:n考慮、體諒、照顧，由此可以聯(lián)想到：Consider:v考慮；considerate:a體諒的，beconsiderateof;considerable:a相當(dāng)多的。請(qǐng)練習(xí)一下：.Losing30poundschangedherappearance..Itisveryofyoutosendmeabirthdaycard..Thematterisreceivingtheseriousofthemanager..Heleftbehindhimaamountofdebt.Answers:considerably,considerate,consideration,considerabledisabled:a殘疾的，傷殘的，由此可以聯(lián)想到：able:a有能力的；beabletodosth;unable:a沒有能力的；enable:v使人能夠enablesbtodosth;ability:n能力簌isable:v使人殘疾.Aslongastheyarephysically,theytendtoliveontheirown..Thetobeclearlyheardisextremelyimportantforanyspeaker..I'dliketogotothecinema,butI'mto..Biucationshouldeverystudenttodevelopmorally,intellectuallyandphysically..Acaraccidenthimfromplayingfootball..Specialcareshouldbegiventothe.Answers:able,ability,unable,enable,disabled(v),disabled(a)prohibition:n禁止、禁令，prohibit:vprohibitsbfromdoingsth;sensitive:a敏感的，besensitivetosb/sth;同根詞：sensible:a明智的，besensibleofsth.Iamsensitivetoyourcriticism敏感的..It*ssensibleofyoutomakesuchadecision.AnalyzetheimportantsentencesamongthetextAffectedwithaseriousdisease,VanWendelwasnolongerabletospeakdearlyandheknewtherewasnohopeofrecoveryandthathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating.(p2)譯：因患有嚴(yán)重的疾病，VanWendel再也不能清楚地講話了，他知道他已經(jīng)沒有康復(fù)的可能，其病情正在迅速惡化。句子分析：Affectedwithaseriousdisease是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)做原因狀語(yǔ)，可以改寫成原因狀語(yǔ)從句：becausehewasaffectedwithaseriousdisease,???另夕卜，therewasnohopeofrecovery和thathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating都是動(dòng)詞knew的賓語(yǔ)。詞組：beaffectedwithsth患有??疾病。如：Allthecowsinthefarmareaffectedwithmad-cowdisease.hopeofrecovery:康復(fù)的希望。VanWendel'slastthreemonthsoflifebeforebeinggivenafinal,lethalinjectionbyhisdoctorwerefilmedandshowedonTVlastyearintheNetherlands.(p3)譯：VanWendel在他的醫(yī)生給她進(jìn)行最后結(jié)束生命的那一陣之前的后三個(gè)月的生活被拍成了電影并于去年在荷蘭的電視上首次播映。句子分析：該句的主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)，were之前均是。其中，核心名詞VanWendeFslastthreemonthsoflife,后面的beforebeinggivenafinal,lethalinjectionbyhisdoctor是動(dòng)名訶的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)做定語(yǔ)。film這里當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用，拍電影。Theprogrammehassincebeenboughtby20countriesandeachtimeitisshown,itstartsanationwidedebateonthesubject.(p3)譯：這個(gè)節(jié)目此后被二十個(gè)國(guó)家所購(gòu)買。每次放映，都引起一場(chǎng)關(guān)于這個(gè)主題的全國(guó)性的大討論。句子分析：這是一個(gè)常考句子?？键c(diǎn)一：since:adv從那以后；考點(diǎn)二：eachtime是名詞作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，前面不用介詞：考點(diǎn)三：debateonsth關(guān)于…的討論。However,doctorswhocarryouteuthanasiaunderstrictguidelinesintroducedbytheDutchF^rliamenttwoyearsagoareusuallynotprosecuted.(p4)譯：然而，在荷蘭議會(huì)兩年前提出的議案的指導(dǎo)原則下執(zhí)行安樂死的醫(yī)生，通常是不會(huì)被起訴的。句子分析：該句核心內(nèi)容有三點(diǎn)：carryout…實(shí)施，執(zhí)行；under..guidelines在…原貝U下，under是按照，根據(jù)的意思；introducedbytheDutchParliamenttwoyearsago是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)，修飾guidelines。Shoulddoctorsbeallowedtotakethelivesofothers?(p5)譯：醫(yī)生應(yīng)該被允許去結(jié)束他人的性命嗎？句子分析：該句中主要核心內(nèi)容是：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞。如：Inhotdays,flowersmustbewateredeveryday.QcelySaunders,PresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovement,arguesthateuthanasiadoesn'ttakeintoaccountthattherearewaysofcaringforthedying.(p8)譯：CS是國(guó)家收容所委員會(huì)的主席和收容運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)起人，認(rèn)為安樂死并沒有考慮到照顧臨終病人有多種方式。句子分析：主語(yǔ)QcelySaunders,PresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovement是主語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)后面是?個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，而其中又包括一個(gè)小的賓語(yǔ)從句。重要詞組：takesthintoaccount=takesthinto8nsideration將?.考慮在內(nèi)。如：whenjudginghisperformance,don*ttakehisageintoaccount.另一個(gè)詞組：carefor關(guān)心某人。It*sveryeasyinsocietynowfortheelderly,thedisabledandthedependenttofeelthattheyareburdens,andthereforethattheyoughttooptout.(p8)譯：這很容易使老人們，殘疾人和依靠別人生存的人感覺到他們是負(fù)擔(dān)，因此應(yīng)該選擇離開人世。句子分析：該句it是形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式，tofeelthattheyareburdens,andthereforethattheyoughttooptout。另外還請(qǐng)注意:theelderly,thedisabledandthedependent是屬于：the+adj所構(gòu)成的固定表達(dá)方式，相當(dāng)于elderlypeople,disabledpeopleanddependentpeoole,是復(fù)數(shù)概念，因此若作主語(yǔ)句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Inourcountry,theoldaretakengoodcareofbytheyoung.詞組：optout選擇放棄。如：IthinkI'lloptoutthegame.Whatthosepeoplewhoopposeeuthanasiaaretellingmeisthatdyingpeoplehaven*ttheright.(p9)譯：那些反對(duì)安樂死的人是在告訴我們將死的人們沒有這種權(quán)利。句子分析：乍一看，這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句子，但若仔細(xì)分析，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，這是一環(huán)套一環(huán)的結(jié)構(gòu)。句子主體結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)是：Whatthosepeoplearetellingmeisthatdyingpeoplehaven'ttheright.主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句，Whatthosepeoplearetellingme：表語(yǔ)是一個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句：thatdyingpeoplehaven'ttheright.另夕卜,whoopposeeuthanasia是定語(yǔ)，修飾thosepeople;請(qǐng)注意下列兒個(gè)詞的用法：oppose”反對(duì)；dyingpeople即將死去的人們；havetherighttodosth有權(quán)力去做某事。Buttherearesituationswheredeathisafriend.(p9)譯：但是在?種情況下死亡是朋友。句子分析：該句唯一的考點(diǎn)為：where;此時(shí)它引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，相當(dāng)于inwhich.關(guān)于定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞選擇的問(wèn)題，主要取決于先行詞在從句中所作成分，請(qǐng)對(duì)比:.Thehouse-■->which