詞素結構課件

Chapter3MorphologicalstructureofEnglishwordsChapter31Objectives:

Discussmorphemes,theirclassificationandidentification;Explaintherelationshipbetweenmorphemesandword-formationTeachingfocus:DefinitionofmorphemesDefinitionofallomorphsTypesofTypesofmorphemesfreemorphemeboundmorphemeDefinitionsofroot,stemandbase

Objectives:21.MorphemeWhatisamorpheme？Itistheminimalmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Oritisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.

語素是最小的有意義的單位。它是語言中最小的構詞單位1.MorphemeWhatisamorpheme？32.MorphandallomorphThedefinitionofmorphs：Thephoneticororthographicstringsorsegmentswhichrealizemorphemesaretermed‘morphs’.

語素的語音或拼寫法的體現(xiàn)叫形素。Morphsareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.形素是口語中最小的意義載體。2.MorphandallomorphThedefi4Whatisanallomorph?Anallomorphisoneofthevariantsofthesamemorpheme.語素/形位變體是同一個語素的不同形式。ForexampleWhatisanallomorph?Anallomo5

Whenthepluralmarker{s}isaddedtocat,dog,andhorse,itispronounceddifferentlyas/-s,-z,-iz/andthushasthreephonologicalforms;thethreeformsarejustthevariantsofthesamemorpheme{s},i.e.theallomorphsofmorpheme{s}.Whenthepluralmarker{s}i63.Classificationsofmorphemes

Freevs.boundmorphemesintermsoftheircapacityofoccurringaloneDerivationalvs.inflectionalmorphemes

applyingtoaffixesonlyContent/lexicalvs.grammaticalmorphemeonasemanticandsyntacticbasis3.Classificationsofmorpheme7

Freevs.boundmorphemes

自由語素與粘著語素Morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesarefree.Freemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.自由語素是能獨立運用的語素，它有完整的意義，在句中充當一個自由的語法單位。E.g.,man,wind,open,tour

Freevs.boundmorphemes

自由語素8Morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwordsortoperformaparticulargrammaticalfunction.粘著語素不能獨立成詞，只能依附于其他語素上以構成詞或擔當一定的語法功能。Morphemeswhichcannotoccura9Freemorphemesareallroots/freeroots,whicharecapableofbeingusedaswordsorasword-buildingelementstoformnewwords.自由語素都是詞根,也叫自由詞根,能用作詞或作為構成新詞的構詞要素。Boundmorphemesconsistofeitherroots(boundroots)oraffixes.粘著語素包括詞根（粘著詞根）和詞綴。E.g.,boundroot:-dict-,-ced-affix:-ion,-ist,-icFreemorphemesareallroots/10Amultitudeofwordsmadeupofmerelyboundmorphemes,eg:ante-ced-ent.-ced-是詞根，‘接近’，ante-是前綴，‘在…前’，-ent是后綴，‘人，物’，Amultitudeofwordsmadeu11Derivationalvs.inflectionalmorphemes

派生語素與屈折語素Whatarederivationalandinflectionalmorphemes?Derivationalvs.inflectional12Derivationalmorphemesareusedtoderivenewwordswhentheyareaddedtoanothermorpheme.InEnglishderivatives

andcompoundsareallformedbysuchmorphemes.

派生語素附著于其它語素可派生出新詞。英語中派生詞和合成詞都是由這樣的語素構成的。Derivationalmorphemesareuse13Inflectionalmorphemesindicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.Inflectionalmorphemesareconfinedtosuffixes.屈折語素作為語法標記表示詞的語法意義，屈折語素只限于詞綴。Inflectionalmorphemesindicat14What’sthedifferencebetweenthem?

InflectionalDoesn’tchangemeaningorpartofspeechofthestem.(work—works)Indicatessyntacticrelationsbetweendifferentwordsinasentence.(grammaticalmeaning)Occurswithallmembersofsomelargeclassofmorphemes.Occursatmarginsofwords.(radio—radios)

DerivationalChangesmeaningorpartofspeechofthestem.(like--dislike,sleep—asleep)Indicatessemanticrelationswithintheword.(specificlexicalmeaning，e.g.,un-)OccurswithonlysomemembersofaclassofmorphemesOccursbeforeanyinflectionalsuffixesadded.

What’sthedifferencebetween15Content/lexicalvs.grammaticalmorphemesLexical詞匯/content實義morphemesaremorphemesusedfortheconstructionofnewwordsasincompoundwords(blackbirdiscoinedonthebasisof2lexicalmorphemes:blackandbird.),andderivationalmorphemessuchas–ship,-ize.Grammaticalmorphemesfunctionprimarilyasgrammaticalmarkers.Theyencompassbothinflectionalaffixes(-books)andfreemorphemes(in,and,do,have,they…functionalwords)Content/lexicalvs.grammati163.4IdentifyingMorphemesHowtoidentifymorphemes?Theyshouldbeidentifiablebytheirforms,meaninganddistribution.e.g.,mono-morphemic:skydouble-morphemic:chill+y,boy+ishtriple-morphemic:un+dress+ed,care+less+nessfour-morphemic:un+fruit+ful+nessover-four-morphemic:un+gentle+man+li+ness3.4IdentifyingMorphemesHowt17Inwhatsituationdomorphemesmismatchbetweenformandmeaning?1)Inconsistentinformandmeaning:singer(onewho)erclearer(thecomparativedegree)eraser(oneobject)2)Meaninglessinisolationbutmeaningfulinsomewordscran-huckle-berryboysen-

3)Difficulttodefinethemeaning-ceiveinconceive/perceive/receive

Inwhatsituationdomorphemes183.5MorphemeandWord-formation

Inword-formation,morphemesarelabeledroot,stem,baseandaffix.

在構詞法中,語素被分為詞根、詞干、詞基和詞綴。

3.5MorphemeandWord-formatio19AffixAffixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.Allaffixesareboundmorphemes.詞綴都是粘著語素，依附在詞根上構成新詞或表示詞的語法意義。Twotypesofaffixes:

InflectionalaffixesandDerivationalaffixes屈折詞綴和派生詞綴AffixAffixesareformsthata20Inflectionalaffixes(orinflectionalmorphemes)servetoindicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.表示詞的語法意義的是屈折詞綴。Theyexpressthefollowingmeanings:Inflectionalaffixes(orinfle21Plurality名詞復數(shù)Thegenitivecase名詞所有格Thecomparativeandsuperlativedegrees形容詞/副詞比較級、最高級Theverbalendings動詞詞尾變化e.g.-sinchairs,pens;-esinboxes,tomatoes;-eninoxene.g.’sinboy’s,children’se.g.-erinwordslikesmaller;-estinwordslikesmallest.a.-(e)sinwordslikeeats,teachesshowsthethirdpersonsingularpresenttense.b.-inginwordslikeeating,showsthepresentparticipleorgerund.c.-(e)dinwordslikeworkedshowsthepasttenseorpastparticiple.Plurality名詞復數(shù)e.g.-sinchairs22DerivationalaffixesorderivationalmorphemesTheycanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.

Derivationalaffixesorderiva23(1)Prefixesareaffixesbeforetheroot.e.g.，unjust,rewrite.Asarule,mostprefixesmodifythemeaningofroots,butnottheirpartsofspeech.

(2)SuffixesareaffixesaftertherootBytheadditionofthesuffix,thewordisusuallychangedfromonepartofspeechintoanother,e.g.liberation,modernize.(1)Prefixesareaffixesbefor24Root,stem,base

詞根、詞干、詞基Arootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.

詞根是所有屈折詞綴和派生詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。Root,stem,base

詞根、詞干、詞基A25Astemisthatpartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.詞干是所有屈折詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。Astemisthatpartofthewor26Abasereferstoaformtowhichaffixesofanykind(bothderivationalandinflectional)canbeadded.Itcanbearootorastem.詞基是任何一種詞綴都可加在上面的形式。Abasereferstoaformtowhi27詞根、詞干、詞基詞根是所有屈折詞綴和派生詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。詞干是所有屈折詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。詞基是任何一種詞綴都可加在上面的形式。它與詞根有區(qū)別，因為它是可以從派生角度進行分析的形式，在上面可以加上派生詞綴。但是詞根則不容許做進一步的分析。詞基與詞干也是不同的，因為派生詞綴和屈折詞綴都可以加在詞基上，而只有屈折詞綴可以加在詞干上。詞根、詞干、詞基詞根是所有屈折詞綴和派生詞綴被去掉后所剩余的28Task:Analysethewordintermsofroot,stemandbase.e.g.,(root/base)(derivationalsuffix)

desireable(derivationalprefix)(base)

undesirable(a.)

(stem/base)(inflectionalsuffix)

undesirable(n.)s(root/stem/base)(inflectionalsuffix)

desire(v.)dTask:Analysethewordinterm291.desire(v.):是詞根（不可再分解），是詞干（可以加屈折詞綴，如過去時態(tài)-ed），是詞基。2.desirable(adj.):不是詞根（可再分解）；不是詞干（不可以加屈折詞綴），是詞基（既可以加詞綴，又能再分解下去）。3.undesirable(n.):不是詞根（可再分解）；是詞干（可以加屈折詞綴，如名詞復數(shù)-s），也是詞基。1.desire(v.):是詞根（不可再分解），是詞干30AssignmentAnswerthequestion:Whatisthedifferencebetweengrammticalandlexicalmorphemes,andinflectionalandderivationalmorphemes?Giveexamplestoillustratetheirrelationships.AssignmentAnswerthequestio31Chapter3MorphologicalstructureofEnglishwordsChapter332Objectives:

Discussmorphemes,theirclassificationandidentification;Explaintherelationshipbetweenmorphemesandword-formationTeachingfocus:DefinitionofmorphemesDefinitionofallomorphsTypesofTypesofmorphemesfreemorphemeboundmorphemeDefinitionsofroot,stemandbase

Objectives:331.MorphemeWhatisamorpheme？Itistheminimalmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Oritisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.

語素是最小的有意義的單位。它是語言中最小的構詞單位1.MorphemeWhatisamorpheme？342.MorphandallomorphThedefinitionofmorphs：Thephoneticororthographicstringsorsegmentswhichrealizemorphemesaretermed‘morphs’.

語素的語音或拼寫法的體現(xiàn)叫形素。Morphsareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.形素是口語中最小的意義載體。2.MorphandallomorphThedefi35Whatisanallomorph?Anallomorphisoneofthevariantsofthesamemorpheme.語素/形位變體是同一個語素的不同形式。ForexampleWhatisanallomorph?Anallomo36

Whenthepluralmarker{s}isaddedtocat,dog,andhorse,itispronounceddifferentlyas/-s,-z,-iz/andthushasthreephonologicalforms;thethreeformsarejustthevariantsofthesamemorpheme{s},i.e.theallomorphsofmorpheme{s}.Whenthepluralmarker{s}i373.Classificationsofmorphemes

Freevs.boundmorphemesintermsoftheircapacityofoccurringaloneDerivationalvs.inflectionalmorphemes

applyingtoaffixesonlyContent/lexicalvs.grammaticalmorphemeonasemanticandsyntacticbasis3.Classificationsofmorpheme38

Freevs.boundmorphemes

自由語素與粘著語素Morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesarefree.Freemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.自由語素是能獨立運用的語素，它有完整的意義，在句中充當一個自由的語法單位。E.g.,man,wind,open,tour

Freevs.boundmorphemes

自由語素39Morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwordsortoperformaparticulargrammaticalfunction.粘著語素不能獨立成詞，只能依附于其他語素上以構成詞或擔當一定的語法功能。Morphemeswhichcannotoccura40Freemorphemesareallroots/freeroots,whicharecapableofbeingusedaswordsorasword-buildingelementstoformnewwords.自由語素都是詞根,也叫自由詞根,能用作詞或作為構成新詞的構詞要素。Boundmorphemesconsistofeitherroots(boundroots)oraffixes.粘著語素包括詞根（粘著詞根）和詞綴。E.g.,boundroot:-dict-,-ced-affix:-ion,-ist,-icFreemorphemesareallroots/41Amultitudeofwordsmadeupofmerelyboundmorphemes,eg:ante-ced-ent.-ced-是詞根，‘接近’，ante-是前綴，‘在…前’，-ent是后綴，‘人，物’，Amultitudeofwordsmadeu42Derivationalvs.inflectionalmorphemes

派生語素與屈折語素Whatarederivationalandinflectionalmorphemes?Derivationalvs.inflectional43Derivationalmorphemesareusedtoderivenewwordswhentheyareaddedtoanothermorpheme.InEnglishderivatives

andcompoundsareallformedbysuchmorphemes.

派生語素附著于其它語素可派生出新詞。英語中派生詞和合成詞都是由這樣的語素構成的。Derivationalmorphemesareuse44Inflectionalmorphemesindicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.Inflectionalmorphemesareconfinedtosuffixes.屈折語素作為語法標記表示詞的語法意義，屈折語素只限于詞綴。Inflectionalmorphemesindicat45What’sthedifferencebetweenthem?

InflectionalDoesn’tchangemeaningorpartofspeechofthestem.(work—works)Indicatessyntacticrelationsbetweendifferentwordsinasentence.(grammaticalmeaning)Occurswithallmembersofsomelargeclassofmorphemes.Occursatmarginsofwords.(radio—radios)

DerivationalChangesmeaningorpartofspeechofthestem.(like--dislike,sleep—asleep)Indicatessemanticrelationswithintheword.(specificlexicalmeaning，e.g.,un-)OccurswithonlysomemembersofaclassofmorphemesOccursbeforeanyinflectionalsuffixesadded.

What’sthedifferencebetween46Content/lexicalvs.grammaticalmorphemesLexical詞匯/content實義morphemesaremorphemesusedfortheconstructionofnewwordsasincompoundwords(blackbirdiscoinedonthebasisof2lexicalmorphemes:blackandbird.),andderivationalmorphemessuchas–ship,-ize.Grammaticalmorphemesfunctionprimarilyasgrammaticalmarkers.Theyencompassbothinflectionalaffixes(-books)andfreemorphemes(in,and,do,have,they…functionalwords)Content/lexicalvs.grammati473.4IdentifyingMorphemesHowtoidentifymorphemes?Theyshouldbeidentifiablebytheirforms,meaninganddistribution.e.g.,mono-morphemic:skydouble-morphemic:chill+y,boy+ishtriple-morphemic:un+dress+ed,care+less+nessfour-morphemic:un+fruit+ful+nessover-four-morphemic:un+gentle+man+li+ness3.4IdentifyingMorphemesHowt48Inwhatsituationdomorphemesmismatchbetweenformandmeaning?1)Inconsistentinformandmeaning:singer(onewho)erclearer(thecomparativedegree)eraser(oneobject)2)Meaninglessinisolationbutmeaningfulinsomewordscran-huckle-berryboysen-

3)Difficulttodefinethemeaning-ceiveinconceive/perceive/receive

Inwhatsituationdomorphemes493.5MorphemeandWord-formation

Inword-formation,morphemesarelabeledroot,stem,baseandaffix.

在構詞法中,語素被分為詞根、詞干、詞基和詞綴。

3.5MorphemeandWord-formatio50AffixAffixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.Allaffixesareboundmorphemes.詞綴都是粘著語素，依附在詞根上構成新詞或表示詞的語法意義。Twotypesofaffixes:

InflectionalaffixesandDerivationalaffixes屈折詞綴和派生詞綴AffixAffixesareformsthata51Inflectionalaffixes(orinflectionalmorphemes)servetoindicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.表示詞的語法意義的是屈折詞綴。Theyexpressthefollowingmeanings:Inflectionalaffixes(orinfle52Plurality名詞復數(shù)Thegenitivecase名詞所有格Thecomparativeandsuperlativedegrees形容詞/副詞比較級、最高級Theverbalendings動詞詞尾變化e.g.-sinchairs,pens;-esinboxes,tomatoes;-eninoxene.g.’sinboy’s,children’se.g.-erinwordslikesmaller;-estinwordslikesmallest.a.-(e)sinwordslikeeats,teachesshowsthethirdpersonsingularpresenttense.b.-inginwordslikeeating,showsthepresentparticipleorgerund.c.-(e)dinwordslikeworkedshowsthepasttenseorpastparticiple.Plurality名詞復數(shù)e.g.-sinchairs53DerivationalaffixesorderivationalmorphemesTheycanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.

Derivationalaffixesorderiva54(1)Prefixesareaffixesbeforetheroot.e.g.，unjust,rewrite.Asarule,mostprefixesmodifythemeaningofroots,butnottheirpartsofspeech.

(2)SuffixesareaffixesaftertherootBytheadditionofthesuffix,thewordisusuallychangedfromonepartofspeechintoanother,e