安徽工業(yè)大學(xué)《軟件工程》(全)課件

SoftwareEngineering

Bornin1968,BecauseofSoftwareCrisis

(highcosts,slowdelivery,lowquality)SoftwareEngineeringB概況一點(diǎn)擊此處輸入相關(guān)文本內(nèi)容點(diǎn)擊此處輸入相關(guān)文本內(nèi)容整體概述概況三點(diǎn)擊此處輸入相關(guān)文本內(nèi)容點(diǎn)擊此處輸入相關(guān)文本內(nèi)容概況二點(diǎn)擊此處輸入相關(guān)文本內(nèi)容點(diǎn)擊此處輸入相關(guān)文本內(nèi)容概況一點(diǎn)擊此處輸入相關(guān)文本內(nèi)容點(diǎn)擊此處輸入相關(guān)文本內(nèi)容整體概Bilinguallanguageteaching雙語教學(xué)（中英，中俄，中韓）板書、講授、作業(yè)、考試采用兩種語言的混雜，比例是外語不低于20%是基礎(chǔ)英語、科技英語、專業(yè)英語的延續(xù)，體現(xiàn)英語教學(xué)的不斷線。是英語的應(yīng)用，不是為了學(xué)習(xí)英語，經(jīng)過近20年的英語學(xué)習(xí)，現(xiàn)在是大家應(yīng)用英語的時候了。雙語軟件工程是為了學(xué)習(xí)軟件工程的知識，是為了達(dá)到國際水平而開設(shè)的。Bilinguallanguageteaching雙語教StateinvestigateProgramlanguage：1.會C語言2.除C語言外，會C++3.還會Java,C#Practices：1.生成過exe文件2.制作過setup文件3.做過網(wǎng)站StateinvestigateProgramlangStateinvestigate聽說過：1.軟件工程2.瀑布型模型3.構(gòu)件4.OCX，DLL，COM，J2EE5.SOA6.云計算Stateinvestigate聽說過：Purpose教我們?nèi)绾巫鲕浖凑展こ袒姆椒ㄩ_發(fā)軟件PurposeWhatissoftware?（什么是軟件）ComputerprogramsandassociateddocumentationandConfigurationData程序、相關(guān)文檔和數(shù)據(jù)Softwareproductsmaybedevelopedforaparticularcustomerormaybedevelopedforageneralmarket訂制和通用Whatissoftware?（什么是軟件）ComputWhatissoftwareengineering?

（什么是軟件工程）Softwareengineeringisanengineeringdisciplinewhichisconcernedwithallaspectsofsoftwareproduction（涉及軟件所有方面的工程原則）Softwareengineersshouldadoptasystematicandorganisedapproachtotheirworkanduseappropriatetoolsandtechniquesdependingontheproblemtobesolved,thedevelopmentconstraintsandtheresourcesavailable（采用系統(tǒng)方法、工具和管理技術(shù)）Whatissoftwareengineering?

Whatisthedifferencebetweensoftwareengineeringandcomputerscience?Computerscienceisconcernedwiththeoryandfundamentals;softwareengineeringisconcernedwiththepracticalitiesofdevelopinganddeliveringusefulsoftwareComputersciencetheoriesarecurrentlyinsufficienttoactasacompleteunderpinningforsoftwareengineering計算機(jī)科學(xué)是基礎(chǔ)理論，支撐軟件工程WhatisthedifferencebetweenWhatisthedifferencebetweensoftwareengineeringandsystemengineering?Systemengineeringisconcernedwithallaspectsofcomputer-basedsystemsdevelopmentincludinghardware,softwareandprocessengineering.SoftwareengineeringispartofthisprocessSystemengineersareinvolvedinsystemspecification,architecturaldesign,integrationanddeployment軟件工程是系統(tǒng)工程的分支WhatisthedifferencebetweenWhatisasoftwareprocess?

（什么是軟件過程）AsetofactivitieswhosegoalisthedevelopmentorevolutionofsoftwareGenericactivitiesinallsoftwareprocessesare:Specification、Development、Validation、Evolution軟件開發(fā)和升級的一系列活動：描述、開發(fā)、測試和升級Whatisasoftwareprocess?

（什Whatisasoftwareprocessmodel?

（什么是軟件過程模型）Asimplifiedrepresentationofasoftwareprocess,presentedfromaspecificperspective（簡單概括）ExamplesofprocessperspectivesareWorkflowperspective（工作流）Data-flowperspective（信息流）Role/actionperspective（角色/行為）Genericprocessmodels Waterfall（瀑布型）Evolutionarydevelopment（進(jìn)化型）Formaltransformation（形式化型）Integrationfromreusablecomponents（面向復(fù)用型）WhatisasoftwareprocessmodWhatarethecostsofsoftwareengineering?

（什么是軟件工程成本）Roughly60%ofcostsaredevelopmentcosts,40%aretestingcosts.Forcustomsoftware,evolutioncostsoftenexceeddevelopmentcostsCostsvarydependingonthetypeofsystembeingdevelopedandtherequirementsofsystemattributessuchasperformanceandsystemreliabilityDistributionofcostsdependsonthedevelopmentmodelthatisusedWhatarethecostsofsoftwareWhataresoftwareengineeringmethods?

（什么是軟件工程方法）Structuredapproachestosoftwaredevelopmentwhichincludesystemmodels,notations,rules,designadviceandprocessguidanceModeldescriptions（模型描述）

DescriptionsofgraphicalmodelswhichshouldbeproducedRules（規(guī)則）ConstraintsappliedtosystemmodelsRecommendations（建議）AdviceongooddesignpracticeProcessguidance（過程指南）WhatactivitiestofollowWhataresoftwareengineeringWhatisCASE(Computer-AidedSoftwareEngineering)（輔助工具）Softwaresystemswhichareintendedtoprovideautomatedsupportforsoftwareprocessactivities.CASEsystemsareoftenusedformethodsupportUpper-CASE（高端工具）ToolstosupporttheearlyprocessactivitiesofrequirementsanddesignLower-CASE（低端工具）Toolstosupportlateractivitiessuchasprogramming,debuggingandtestingWhatisCASE(Computer-AidedSWhataretheattributesofgoodsoftware?

（優(yōu)良軟件的特性是什么？）Thesoftwareshoulddelivertherequiredfunctionalityandperformancetotheuserandshouldbemaintainable,dependableandusableMaintainability（可維護(hù)）Dependability（可信賴）Efficiency（有效）Usability（可用）WhataretheattributesofgooWhatarethekeychallengesfacingsoftwareengineering?（面臨的挑戰(zhàn)）Copingwithlegacysystems,copingwithincreasingdiversityandcopingwithdemandsforreduceddeliverytimesLegacysystems（遺留系統(tǒng)）Old,valuablesystemsmustbemaintainedandupdatedHeterogeneity（多樣性）SystemsaredistributedandincludeamixofhardwareandsoftwareDelivery（交付）ThereisincreasingpressureforfasterdeliveryofsoftwareWhatarethekeychallengesfaIssuesofprofessionalresponsibility

（職業(yè)道德）Confidentiality

（機(jī)密）Engineersshouldnormallyrespecttheconfidentialityoftheiremployersorclientsirrespectiveofwhetherornotaformalconfidentialityagreementhasbeensigned.Competence

（工作競爭力）Engineersshouldnotmisrepresenttheirlevelofcompetence.Theyshouldnotknowinglyacceptworkwhichisoutwiththeircompetence.IssuesofprofessionalresponsIssuesofprofessionalresponsibility

（職業(yè)道德）Intellectualpropertyrights

（知識產(chǎn)權(quán)）Engineersshouldbeawareoflocallawsgoverningtheuseofintellectualpropertysuchaspatents,copyright,etc.Theyshouldbecarefultoensurethattheintellectualpropertyofemployersandclientsisprotected.Computermisuse

（計算機(jī)濫用）Softwareengineersshouldnotusetheirtechnicalskillstomisuseotherpeople’scomputers.Computermisuserangesfromrelativelytrivial(gameplayingonanemployer’smachine,say)toextremelyserious(disseminationofviruses).IssuesofprofessionalresponsCodeofethics–principles

（代碼道德）1.PUBLIC（公眾感）

Softwareengineersshallactconsistentlywiththepublicinterest.2.CLIENTANDEMPLOYER

（客戶和顧主）Softwareengineersshallactinamannerthatisinthebestinterestsoftheirclientandemployerconsistentwiththepublicinterest.3.PRODUCT

（產(chǎn)品）Softwareengineersshallensurethattheirproductsandrelatedmodificationsmeetthehighestprofessionalstandardspossible.Codeofethics–principles

（Codeofethics–principles

（代碼道德）JUDGMENT（判斷力）Softwareengineersshallmaintainintegrityandindependenceintheirprofessionaljudgment.5. MANAGEMENT（管理能力）Softwareengineeringmanagersandleadersshallsubscribetoandpromoteanethicalapproachtothemanagementofsoftwaredevelopmentandmaintenance.6.PROFESSION（職業(yè)感）Softwareengineersshalladvancetheintegrityandreputationoftheprofessionconsistentwiththepublicinterest.Codeofethics–principles

（Codeofethics–principles

（代碼道德）7. COLLEAGUES（對待同事）Softwareengineersshallbefairtoandsupportiveoftheircolleagues.8.SELF（自我要求）Softwareengineersshallparticipateinlifelonglearningregardingthepracticeoftheirprofessionandshallpromoteanethicalapproachtothepracticeoftheprofession.Codeofethics–principles

（Keypoints(主要知識點(diǎn))Softwareengineeringisanengineeringdisciplinewhichisconcernedwithallaspectsofsoftwareproduction.Softwareproductsconsistofdevelopedprogramsandassociateddocumentation.Essentialproductattributesaremaintainability,dependability,efficiencyandusability.Thesoftwareprocessconsistsofactivitieswhichareinvolvedindevelopingsoftwareproducts.Basicactivitiesaresoftwarespecification,development,validationandevolution.Keypoints(主要知識點(diǎn))SoftwareengiKeypointsCASEtoolsaresoftwaresystemswhicharedesignedtosupportroutineactivitiesinthesoftwareprocesssuchaseditingdesigndiagrams,checkingdiagramconsistencyandkeepingtrackofprogramtestswhichhavebeenrun.Softwareengineershaveresponsibilitiestotheengineeringprofessionandsociety.Theyshouldnotsimplybeconcernedwithtechnicalissues.Professionalsocietiespublishcodesofconductwhichsetoutthestandardsofbehaviourexpectedoftheirmembers.KeypointsCASEtoolsaresoftwHomeworkwhatissoftware?whatisSoftwareEngineering?whatissoftwareprocess?whatarethecostsofSoftwareEngineering?whatisCASE?whatissoftwareengineeringcodeofethicsandprofessionalpractice?Homeworkwhatissoftware?SoftwareProcesses(軟件過程)Coherentsetsofactivitiesforspecifying,designing,implementingandtestingsoftwaresystems（定義、設(shè)計、實現(xiàn)和測試等一系列活動）SoftwareProcesses(軟件過程)CoherGenericsoftwareprocessmodels

（一般軟件過程模型）Thewaterfallmodel（瀑布模型）Evolutionarydevelopment（進(jìn)化式模型）Formalsystemsdevelopment（形式化模型）Reuse-baseddevelopment（面向復(fù)用模型）GenericsoftwareprocessmodelWaterfallmodel（瀑布模型）需求定義系統(tǒng)和軟件設(shè)計編碼和單元測試集成和系統(tǒng)測試運(yùn)行和維護(hù)Waterfallmodel（瀑布模型）需求定義系統(tǒng)和軟件Waterfallmodelproblems

（瀑布模型的問題）Inflexiblepartitioningoftheprojectintodistinctstages（僵化的階段劃分）Thismakesitdifficulttorespondtochangingcustomerrequirements（不適應(yīng)需求變化）Therefore,thismodelisonlyappropriatewhentherequirementsarewell-understood（適用于需求明確的系統(tǒng)）Waterfallmodelproblems

（瀑布模型Evolutionarydevelopment

（進(jìn)化開發(fā)）Exploratorydevelopment（演化開發(fā)）Objectiveistoworkwithcustomersandtoevolveafinalsystemfromaninitialoutlinespecification.Shouldstartwithwell-understoodrequirementsThrow-awayprototyping（拋棄開發(fā)）Objectiveistounderstandthesystemrequirements.ShouldstartwithpoorlyunderstoodrequirementsEvolutionarydevelopment

（進(jìn)化開發(fā)Evolutionarydevelopment

（進(jìn)化開發(fā)）Evolutionarydevelopment

（進(jìn)化開Evolutionarydevelopment

（進(jìn)化開發(fā)）Problems（問題）Lackofprocessvisibility（過程不可見）Systemsareoftenpoorlystructured（系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)不好）Specialskills(e.g.inlanguagesforrapidprototyping)mayberequired（需要一些技巧）Applicability（適用于）Forsmallormedium-sizeinteractivesystems中等規(guī)模的交互系統(tǒng)Forpartsoflargesystems(e.g.theuserinterface)大系統(tǒng)的一部分Forshort-lifetimesystems生命周期短的系統(tǒng)Evolutionarydevelopment

（進(jìn)化開Formalsystemsdevelopment

（形式化系統(tǒng)開發(fā)）Basedonthetransformationofamathematicalspecificationthroughdifferentrepresentationstoanexecutableprogram（基于數(shù)學(xué)模型）Transformationsare‘correctness-preserving’soitisstraightforwardtoshowthattheprogramconformstoitsspecification（正確轉(zhuǎn)換）Embodiedinthe‘Cleanroom’approachtosoftwaredevelopment（凈室方法）Formalsystemsdevelopment

（形式Formalsystemsdevelopment

（形式化系統(tǒng)開發(fā)）需求定義形式化描述形式化轉(zhuǎn)換集成和系統(tǒng)測試Formalsystemsdevelopment

（形Formaltransformations

（形式化轉(zhuǎn)換）形式描述可執(zhí)行系統(tǒng)Formaltransformations

（形式化轉(zhuǎn)換Formalsystemsdevelopment

（形式化系統(tǒng)開發(fā)）Problems（問題）NeedforspecialisedskillsandtrainingtoapplythetechniqueDifficulttoformallyspecifysomeaspectsofthesystemsuchastheuserinterfaceApplicability（適用于）CriticalsystemsespeciallythosewhereasafetyorsecuritycasemustbemadebeforethesystemisputintooperationFormalsystemsdevelopment

（形Reuse-orienteddevelopment

（面向復(fù)用的開發(fā)）BasedonsystematicreusewheresystemsareintegratedfromexistingcomponentsorCOTS(Commercial-off-the-shelf)systems（現(xiàn)成商業(yè)系統(tǒng)）ProcessstagesComponentanalysis（構(gòu)件分析）Requirementsmodification（需求修改）Systemdesignwithreuse（系統(tǒng)設(shè)計）Developmentandintegration（開發(fā)和集成）ThisapproachisbecomingmoreimportantbutstilllimitedexperiencewithitReuse-orienteddevelopment

（面向Reuse-orienteddevelopment

（面向復(fù)用的開發(fā)）需求定義構(gòu)件分析需求調(diào)整系統(tǒng)設(shè)計設(shè)計和集成系統(tǒng)測試Reuse-orienteddevelopment

（面Processiteration（過程反復(fù)）SystemrequirementsALWAYSevolveinthecourseofaprojectsoprocessiterationwhereearlierstagesarereworkedisalwayspartoftheprocessforlargesystemsIterationcanbeappliedtoanyofthegenericprocessmodelsTwo(related)approachesIncrementaldevelopmentSpiraldevelopmentProcessiteration（過程反復(fù)）SystemIncrementaldevelopment

（增量開發(fā)）Ratherthandeliverthesystemasasingledelivery,thedevelopmentanddeliveryisbrokendownintoincrementswitheachincrementdeliveringpartoftherequiredfunctionalityUserrequirementsareprioritisedandthehighestpriorityrequirementsareincludedinearlyincrementsOncethedevelopmentofanincrementisstarted,therequirementsarefrozenthoughrequirementsforlaterincrementscancontinuetoevolveIncrementaldevelopment

（增量開發(fā)）Spiraldevelopment

（螺旋開發(fā)）ProcessisrepresentedasaspiralratherthanasasequenceofactivitieswithbacktrackingEachloopinthespiralrepresentsaphaseintheprocess.Nofixedphasessuchasspecificationordesign-loopsinthespiralarechosendependingonwhatisrequiredRisksareexplicitlyassessedandresolvedthroughouttheprocessSpiraldevelopment

（螺旋開發(fā)）ProceSpiralmodelofthesoftwareprocess

（螺旋開發(fā)）Spiralmodelofthesoftwarep總結(jié)進(jìn)化式模型是新手和新的不熟悉項目的首選瀑布模型有經(jīng)驗的人對熟悉的系統(tǒng)形式化轉(zhuǎn)換往往針對協(xié)議一類便于形式化的系統(tǒng)面向復(fù)用是成功的商業(yè)系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)在軟件開發(fā)面臨：1.平臺的不同2.工具的不同總結(jié)進(jìn)化式模型是新手和新的不熟悉項目的首選Automatedprocesssupport(CASE)（計算機(jī)輔助工具）Computer-aidedsoftwareengineering(CASE)issoftwaretosupportsoftwaredevelopmentandevolutionprocessesActivityautomation（自動化）GraphicaleditorsforsystemmodeldevelopmentDatadictionarytomanagedesignentitiesGraphicalUIbuilderforuserinterfaceconstructionDebuggerstosupportprogramfaultfindingAutomatedtranslatorstogeneratenewversionsofaprogramAutomatedprocesssupport(CASCasetechnology

（計算機(jī)輔助工具技術(shù)）Casetechnologyhasledtosignificantimprovementsinthesoftwareprocessthoughnottheorderofmagnitudeimprovementsthatwereoncepredicted（工具作用尚未達(dá)到預(yù)期）Softwareengineeringrequirescreativethought-thisisnotreadilyautomatable（創(chuàng)造性行為）Softwareengineeringisateamactivityand,forlargeprojects,muchtimeisspentinteaminteractions.CASEtechnologydoesnotreallysupportthese（人之間交互太多）Casetechnology

（計算機(jī)輔助工具技術(shù)）CaCASEclassification

（計算機(jī)輔助工具分類）ClassificationhelpsusunderstandthedifferenttypesofCASEtoolsandtheirsupportforprocessactivitiesFunctionalperspective(功能觀點(diǎn)）ToolsareclassifiedaccordingtotheirspecificfunctionProcessperspective（過程觀點(diǎn)）ToolsareclassifiedaccordingtoprocessactivitiesthataresupportedIntegrationperspective（集成觀點(diǎn)）Toolsareclassifiedaccordingtotheirorganisationintointegratedunits CASEclassification

（計算機(jī)輔助工具分CASEintegration

（計算機(jī)輔助工具集成）Tools（工具）Supportindividualprocesstaskssuchasdesignconsistencychecking,textediting,etc.Workbenches（工作平臺）Supportaprocessphasesuchasspecificationordesign,NormallyincludeanumberofintegratedtoolsEnvironments（環(huán)境）Supportallorasubstantialpartofanentiresoftwareprocess.NormallyincludeseveralintegratedworkbenchesCASEintegration

（計算機(jī)輔助工具集成）TKeypoints（主要知識點(diǎn)）Softwareprocessesaretheactivitiesinvolvedinproducingandevolvingasoftwaresystem.TheyarerepresentedinasoftwareprocessmodelGeneralactivitiesarespecification,designandimplementation,validationandevolutionGenericprocessmodelsdescribetheorganisationofsoftwareprocessesIterativeprocessmodelsdescribethesoftwareprocessasacycleofactivitiesKeypoints（主要知識點(diǎn)）SoftwareprocKeypoints（主要知識點(diǎn)）RequirementsengineeringistheprocessofdevelopingasoftwarespecificationDesignandimplementationprocessestransformthespecificationtoanexecutableprogramValidationinvolvescheckingthatthesystemmeetstoitsspecificationanduserneedsEvolutionisconcernedwithmodifyingthesystemafteritisinuseCASEtechnologysupportssoftwareprocessactivitiesKeypoints（主要知識點(diǎn)）Requirements

1.

whatarethefoursoftwareprocessmodels?2.

whatisthewaterfallmodel?Advantagesanddisadvantages?3.

whatarethetwokindmodelsofevolutionarymodel?Advantagesanddisadvantages?4.

whatisthereuse-basedmodel?Advantagesanddisadvantages?5.

whatisformalsystemdevelopmentmodel?Advantagesanddisadvantages?Homework

HomeworkProjectmanagement

項目管理Organising,planningandschedulingsoftwareprojects軟件項目的組織、計劃和進(jìn)度安排Projectmanagement

項目管理Organis角色模擬假設(shè)馬鞍山股份鋼鐵公司投資1億元人民幣，開發(fā)全公司的ERP(EnterpriseResourcePlanning)管理系統(tǒng),你作為項目負(fù)責(zé)人，請問你如何開展工作，寫出提綱。角色模擬假設(shè)馬鞍山股份鋼鐵公司投資1億元人民幣，開發(fā)全公司的給出參考

項目規(guī)劃和計劃人員組成

進(jìn)度安排成本預(yù)算（經(jīng)費(fèi)分配）風(fēng)險管理給出參考Topicscovered

包含主要內(nèi)容Managementactivities管理行為Projectplanning計劃管理Projectscheduling進(jìn)度管理Riskmanagement風(fēng)險管理Topicscovered

包含主要內(nèi)容ManagemenTheproductisintangible不可見性Theproductisuniquelyflexible彈性Softwareengineeringisnotrecognizedasan

engineeringdisciplinewiththesamestatusas

mechanical,electricalengineering,etc.Thesoftwaredevelopmentprocessisnot

standardised無標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Manysoftwareprojectsare'one-off'projects一次性Softwaremanagementdistinctions

軟件管理特點(diǎn)Theproductisintangible不可見Projectstaffing

人員管理MaynotbepossibletoappointtheidealpeopletoworkonaprojectProjectbudgetmaynotallowfortheuseofhighly-paidstaffStaffwiththeappropriateexperiencemaynotbeavailableAnorganisationmaywishtodevelopemployeeskillsonasoftwareprojectManagershavetoworkwithintheseconstraintsespeciallywhen(asiscurrentlythecase)thereisaninternationalshortageofskilledITstaffProjectstaffing

人員管理MaynotbProjectplanstructure

項目計劃結(jié)構(gòu)IntroductionProjectorganisationRiskanalysisHardwareandsoftwareresourcerequirementsWorkbreakdownProjectscheduleMonitoringandreportingmechanismsProjectplanstructure

項目計劃結(jié)構(gòu)IMilestonesintheREprocess

軟件工程中的里程碑MilestonesintheREprocess

軟Projectscheduling

項目進(jìn)度SplitprojectintotasksandestimatetimeandresourcesrequiredtocompleteeachtaskOrganizetasksconcurrentlytomakeoptimal

useofworkforceMinimizetaskdependenciestoavoiddelays

causedbyonetaskwaitingforanothertocompleteDependentonprojectmanagersintuitionandexperienceProjectscheduling

項目進(jìn)度SplitpSchedulingproblems

進(jìn)度問題EstimatingthedifficultyofproblemsandhencethecostofdevelopingasolutionishardProductivityisnotproportionaltothenumberofpeopleworkingonataskAddingpeopletoalateprojectmakesitlaterbecauseofcommunicationoverheadsTheunexpectedalwayshappens.AlwaysallowcontingencyinplanningSchedulingproblems

進(jìn)度問題EstimaBarchartsandactivitynetworks

橫道圖和活動網(wǎng)絡(luò)GraphicalnotationsusedtoillustratetheprojectscheduleShowprojectbreakdownintotasks.Tasksshouldnotbetoosmall.TheyshouldtakeaboutaweekortwoActivitychartsshowtaskdependenciesandthethecriticalpathBarchartsshowscheduleagainstcalendartimeBarchartsandactivitynetworTaskdurationsanddependenciesTaskdurationsanddependencieActivitynetwork

活動網(wǎng)絡(luò)Activitynetwork

活動網(wǎng)絡(luò)Activitytimeline

橫道圖Activitytimeline

橫道圖Staffallocation

人員分配Staffallocation

人員分配Riskmanagement

風(fēng)險管理Riskmanagementisconcernedwithidentifyingrisksanddrawingupplanstominimisetheireffectonaproject.Ariskisaprobabilitythatsomeadversecircumstancewilloccur.ProjectrisksaffectscheduleorresourcesProductrisksaffectthequalityorperformanceofthesoftwarebeingdevelopedBusinessrisksaffecttheorganisationdevelopingorprocuringthesoftwareRiskmanagement

風(fēng)險管理RiskmanagTheriskmanagementprocess

風(fēng)險管理過程RiskidentificationIdentifyproject,productandbusinessrisksRiskanalysisAssessthelikelihoodandconsequencesoftheserisksRiskplanningDrawupplanstoavoidorminimisetheeffectsoftheriskRiskmonitoringMonitortherisksthroughouttheprojectTheriskmanagementprocess

風(fēng)險Riskidentification

風(fēng)險識別Technologyrisks技術(shù)風(fēng)險Peoplerisks人員風(fēng)險Organisationalrisks機(jī)構(gòu)風(fēng)險Requirementsrisks需求風(fēng)險Estimationrisks估算風(fēng)險Riskidentification

風(fēng)險識別TechnoRiskanalysis

風(fēng)險分析AssessprobabilityandseriousnessofeachriskProbabilitymaybeverylow,low,moderate,highorveryhigh風(fēng)險的可能性大小Riskeffectsmightbecatastrophic,serious,tolerableorinsignificant風(fēng)險影響大小Riskanalysis

風(fēng)險分析AssessprobaRiskplanning

風(fēng)險規(guī)劃ConsidereachriskanddevelopastrategytomanagethatriskAvoidancestrategies避免風(fēng)險TheprobabilitythattheriskwillariseisreducedMinimisationstrategies減小風(fēng)險TheimpactoftheriskontheprojectorproductwillbereducedContingencyplans應(yīng)急計劃Iftheriskarises,contingencyplansareplanstodealwiththatriskRiskplanning

風(fēng)險規(guī)劃ConsidereacRiskmonitoring

風(fēng)險監(jiān)控Assesseachidentifiedrisksregularlytodecidewhetherornotitisbecominglessormoreprobable風(fēng)險出現(xiàn)的可能性變大還是變小Alsoassesswhethertheeffectsoftheriskhavechanged風(fēng)險影響的后果是否改變Eachkeyriskshouldbediscussedatmanagementprogressmeetings重大風(fēng)險在會上討論Riskmonitoring

風(fēng)險監(jiān)控AssesseacKeypoints主要知識點(diǎn)Goodprojectmanagementisessentialforprojectsuccess好的管理是項目成功的必要Theintangiblenatureofsoftwarecausesproblemsformanagement軟件不可見性Managershavediverserolesbuttheirmostsignificantactivitiesareplanning,estimatingandscheduling計劃、評估和進(jìn)度安排Planningandestimatingareiterativeprocesses

whichcontinuethroughoutthecourseofa

project計劃和評估是反復(fù)行為Keypoints主要知識點(diǎn)GoodprojectmAprojectmilestoneisapredictablestatewhere

someformalreportofprogressispresentedtomanagement.里程碑是可見的Risksmaybeprojectrisks,productrisksorbusinessrisks項目、產(chǎn)品、業(yè)務(wù)風(fēng)險Riskmanagementisconcernedwithidentifyingriskswhichmayaffecttheprojectandplanningtoensurethattheserisksdonotdevelopintomajorthreats鑒別、分析和解決風(fēng)險Keypoints主要知識點(diǎn)AprojectmilestoneisaprediHomework

1.

whatarethecontentsofprojectmanagement?2.

P62.T4.63.

whatarethecontentsofriskmanagement?4.

whatarethecharacteristicsofsoftwareprojectmanagement?Homework

SoftwareRequirements

軟件需求Descriptionsandspecificationsofasystem系統(tǒng)的描述和規(guī)格：準(zhǔn)確地回答系統(tǒng)作什么。SoftwareRequirements

軟件需求Desc軟件設(shè)計工作的起點(diǎn)

一、什么是軟件需求分析？為了便于理解分為：用戶需求系統(tǒng)需求軟件設(shè)計描述

功能需求非功能需求領(lǐng)域需求。二、如何描述需求？自然語言結(jié)構(gòu)化自然語言PDL軟件設(shè)計工作的起點(diǎn)RoleImitation

角色模擬1假設(shè)需要開發(fā)一個籃球比賽的游戲軟件，現(xiàn)在你作為一個系統(tǒng)分析員（SystemAnalyst），去國家隊找教練(Coach)做需求分析，請花5分鐘的時間作一個提問的提綱。以便采訪得到更大的信息量。RoleImitation

角色模擬1假設(shè)需要開發(fā)一個籃球?qū)嶓w（唯物）人教練、球員、裁判、仲裁物籃球、場地、記分牌規(guī)則比賽規(guī)則、比賽時間抽象名詞力度、角度、速度實體（唯物）人Reference

參考GuardGuardCenterForwardForwardReference

參考GuardGuardCenterFo相關(guān)名詞：投球（Shot）

規(guī)定進(jìn)攻時間（ShotClock）

三分線（Three-PointLine）罰球（FreeThree）犯規(guī)（Foul）

球場（Court）

比賽時鐘（GameClock）

投籃（Shoot）

搶籃板（Rebound）

推進(jìn)（Advance）運(yùn)球（Dribble）

傳球（Pass）

球（Ball）比賽時間（Duration）

選手（Player）相關(guān)名詞：Balldiametervolumedribble()shoot()pass()advance()

球類CenterName…..shootball()passball()

中鋒類staysnearbasket,shootsfromcloserangeBalldiameterdribble(RoleImitation

角色模擬2假設(shè)現(xiàn)在為馬鋼三鋼廠開發(fā)一個工藝數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)。工藝過程是：1。轉(zhuǎn)爐煉鋼（4座）2。合金微調(diào)站（4座）3。LF爐（3座）4。連鑄（4座）5。成品6。統(tǒng)計RoleImitation

角色模擬2假設(shè)現(xiàn)在為馬鋼三鋼廠RoleImitation

角色模擬2請用快速原型法搭建一個界面，以便用于和用戶交流，做更為詳細(xì)的需求分析。RoleImitation

角色模擬2請用快速原型法搭建一安徽工業(yè)大學(xué)《軟件工程》(全)課件安徽工業(yè)大學(xué)《軟件工程》(全)課件Objectives

教學(xué)目的TointroducetheconceptsofuserandsystemrequirementsTodescribefunctionalandnon-functionalrequirementsToexplaintwotechniquesfordescribingsystemrequirementsToexplainhowsoftwarerequirementsmaybeorganisedinarequirementsdocumentObjectives

教學(xué)目的TointroducethTopicscovered

主要內(nèi)容Functionalandnon-functionalrequirementsUserrequirementsSystemrequirementsThesoftwarerequirementsdocumentTopicscovered

主要內(nèi)容FunctionalWhatisarequirement?

什么是需求分析Itmayrangefromahigh-levelabstractstatementofaserviceorofasystemconstrainttoadetailedmathematicalfunctionalspecificationThisisinevitableasrequirementsmayserveadualfunctionMaybethebasisforabidforacontract-thereforemustbeopentointerpretation用于投標(biāo)Maybethebasisforthecontractitself-thereforemustbedefinedindetail用于后來的設(shè)計BoththesestatementsmaybecalledrequirementsWhatisarequirement?

什么是需求分析Typesofrequirement

需求類型Userrequirements用戶需求Statementsinnaturallanguageplusdiagramsoftheservicesthesystemprovidesanditsoperationalconstraints.WrittenforcustomersSystemrequirements系統(tǒng)需求Astructureddocumentsettingoutdetaileddescriptionsofthesystemservices.WrittenasacontractbetweenclientandcontractorSoftwarespecification軟件設(shè)計描述Adetailedsoftwaredescriptionwhichcanserveasabasisforadesignorimplementation.WrittenfordevelopersTypesofrequirement

需求類型UserRequirementsreaders

需求分析的讀者Requirementsreaders

需求分析的讀者Functionalandnon-functionalrequirements

功能需求和非功能需求Functionalrequirements功能需求Statementsofservicesthesystemshouldprovide,howthesystemshouldreacttoparticularinputsandhowthesystemshouldbehaveinparticularsituations.Non-functionalrequirements非功能需求constraintsontheservicesorfunctionsofferedbythesystemsuchastimingconstraints,constraintsonthedevelopmentprocess,standards,etc.Domainrequirements領(lǐng)域需求RequirementsthatcomefromtheapplicationdomainofthesystemandthatreflectcharacteristicsofthatdomainFunctionalandnon-functionalFunctionalrequirements

功能需求DescribefunctionalityorsystemservicesDependonthetypeofsoftware,expectedusersandthetypeofsystemwherethesoftwareisusedFunctionaluserrequirementsmaybehigh-levelstatementsofwhatthesystemshoulddobutfunctionalsystemrequirementsshoulddescribethesystemservicesindetailFunctionalrequirements

功能需求DeNon-functionalrequirements

非功能需求Definesystempropertiesandconstraintse.g.reliability,responsetimeandstoragerequirements.ConstraintsareI/Odevicecapability,systemrepresentations,etc.（輸入、響應(yīng)、存儲）ProcessrequirementsmayalsobespecifiedmandatingaparticularCASEsystem,programminglanguageordevelopmentmethod（語言、代碼和窗體名規(guī)范）Non-functionalrequirementsmaybemorecriticalthanfunctionalrequirements.Ifthesearenotmet,thesystemisuselessNon-functionalrequirements

非功Non-functionalclassifications

非功能需求分類Productrequirements產(chǎn)品需求Requirementswhichspecifythatthedeliveredproductmustbehaveinaparticularwaye.g.executionspeed,reliability,etc.Organisationalrequirements機(jī)構(gòu)需求Rcessstandardsused,