復(fù)習(xí)-european private law匯總版課貌似比較重要大家自行參閱周四字幕吧

【考 (一)：Asfarastheexam,justfocusonthepartItoldyouyesterday.(周四的(二 接下來他說了下推薦的答題思路(eg.)Atthebeginning,startwithanintroductionofyouranswer,(eg.)givingageneralviewoftheleveloftheharmonizationoftortorcontractlaw.Thenyoucangotoanswerthespecificpartofthequestion,forexample,speakaboutmemberstates’liability.Anditisappreciatedifyoucanremembersomecaselaw.Inmemberstates’liability,itiscrucialtorememberthecaselaw,becauseitisonlybasedoncaselaw.Soyouhavethemodelanswers,andthefinalquestionswillbemoreorlessthesamestructure.（前幾年的試題和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案可以參考下，考題的structure應(yīng)該差Sofocusonmemberstatesliabilities,thepassenger-carrierliability,andthelevelofharmonizationoncontractlaw,tortlaw,onsaleslaw,thedirectiveofconsumerfield,andyouwon’thaveproblems.(提到的幾個(gè)點(diǎn)但不知道是不是重點(diǎn)，).(三)指導(dǎo)，感的同學(xué)可以直接給他發(fā)郵件。他知道雖然在政法找到英文資料很不容易，但是還是要tryEU的 awDay1【老師第二天提及是否需要記住第一天講的歷史的問題老師回答：(1)Inessence,yeah,ifyoucouldwritedown,maybeifyouwillberequestedtoyzethestateoftheartofthelevelofharmonizationofcontractlaw,youmightindicatethemostrelevantstepsinthewaytowardstheharmonization,forexample,thefirstEuropeanparliamentresolutions,thefirstcommunicationtheEuropeancommissionwhichisdated2001,theactionplanof2003,thedraftcommonframeofreference(DCFR),thefeasibilitystudy,andthedirectivethatIwillshowyoutoday,whichisinessence,theonlyconcreteresultsthatwehadattheendofthelongjourneythroughtheharmonizationofcontractlaw,maybeyouwillbeaskedinyourfinalexamtomakeacriticalassessmentoftheleveloftheharmonizationofcontractlawinEurope,andyouwillbecalled,ifyoucould,tosummarizeinhalfapage,orinsomelinesthemostrelevantsteps,Iindicatedyou(2)DCFR的PDFThisisthePDFversionoftheDCFR,andasyoucanseeithas648pages,thisisthedivisionalwesawyesterdayindifferentbooks,thisistheintroductionwhichisreallyinteresting,sinceparticularlyinthispart,itlsyou,itexplainsyouwhattheDCFRis,andthereasonofsummaryofthestepsthatarenecessarytogetit.Soyoumightreadthispartofthedraft,whiighthelpyou,insummarizingthelessonIdeliveredyesterday,anditisthesecondpart,thepurposesoftheDCFR,butalsothispartfrompage3topage9.Itcouldbeaninterestinggrading.】ThewaytowardstheHarmonizationofEuropeanContractEuropeanEuropeanUnionContractEuropeanContractEuropeanEuropeanUnionIusWhytheHarmonizationofEuropeanContractlawisIfyouhave27differentcontractlawsystems,itwillbeverydifficulttocreateaninternalThelinkwithcompetitionlaw.Thereisaverystrongandimportantlinkbetweentheharmonizationofprivatelaw,notonlycontractbutproperty,tort,andthecreationofaperfectlycompetitiveinternalmarket.ThisistherightkeyforyoutolooktheharmonizationofprivatelawthroughoutEurope.PrivatelawisveryimportantsinceitarriveswherecompetitionlawcannotWhethertheharmonizationofpriva awespeciallythecontractlawisatahighlevelrightnow?NOespeciallythefieldofcontractlawitisdifferentfrommemberstatetomemberstatewehavesomestageswhichhavecommonprinciples.Thememberstateshavetotallydifferentsystems,somemberstateshavetorenouncesomeofthecommonprinciplestoreachtheagreementwiththeothermemberstatestoreachtheharmonization.itisnoteasy.(不同國家的法EUcontractITITCOMESFROMTHEEUINSTITUTIONS,THROUGHTHEWORKOFTHEBUREAUCRACYINBRUSSELSANDTHEMEDIATIONOFPOLITICALPOWERS.PRIVATELAWWHICHDERIVESFROMTHEEUINSTITUTIONSISINDICATEDACQUISITISBASICALLYBASEDONTHEEUFUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLES,ONTHERULESEMBODIEDINTHETREATYANDONTHEECJ’SCASELAWTheeffortoftheEuropeanUniontoharmonizeEUprivaawareveryfragmentary.Theystillhavenothingtodowithgeneralofcontractlawandprivaaw.Wedon’thaveandIthinkthatwewillneverhavetheEuropeanUnionCivilCode私法碎片化，沒有統(tǒng)一的合同法或私法的規(guī)定，都不會(huì)有民)EUROPEANIUSSETSETOFRULESWHICHCOMESFROMALOWERLEVEL,INTHESENSE,REPRESENTTHERESULTOFTHEACTIVITYOFSCHOLARSANDLEGALThefunctionistogetwheretheEuropeanlawstilldoesn’tEuropeanIusCommuneintheFieldofContractLexmercatoriaLexmercatoria(fromtheLatinfor"merchantlaw")isthebodyofcommerciallawusedbymerchantsthroughoutEuropeduringthemedievalperiod.ItevolvedsimilartoEnglishcommonlawasasystemofcustomandbestpractice,whichwasenforcedthroughasystemofmerchantcourtsalongthemaintraderoutes.Itfunctionedastheinternationallawofcommerce.Itemphasizedcontractualfreedom,alienabilityofproperty,whileshunninglegaltechnicalitiesanddecidingcasesexaequoetbonoLexmercatoria(fromtheLatinfor"merchantlaw")isthebodyofcommerciallawusedbymerchantsthroughoutEuropeduringthemedievalperiod.ItevolvedsimilartoEnglishcommonlawasasystemofcustomandbestpractice,whichwasenforcedthroughasystemofmerchantcourtsalongthemaintraderoutes.Itfunctionedastheinternationallawofcommerce.Itemphasizedcontractualfreedom,alienabilityofproperty,whileshunninglegaltechnicalitiesanddecidingcasesexaequoetbono（按公平合理原則）.Adistinctfeaturewasthereliancebymerchantsonalegalsystemdevelopedandadministeredbythem.Statesorlocalauthoritiesseldominterfered,anddidnotinterferealotindomestictrade.Underlexmercatoria,tradeflourishedandstatestookinlargeamountsoftaxation.（Lexmercatoria是中世紀(jì)歐洲商人用的 很少干預(yù)。在lexmercatoria之下，貿(mào)易繁榮LexMercatoriaissometimesusedinLexMercatoriaissometimesusedininternationaldisputesbetweencommercialentities.Mostoftenthosedisputesaredecidedbyarbitratorswhichsometimesareallowed(explicitlyofimplied)toapplylexmercatoriaprinciples.Therefore,somelegalpractitionersassumethatthereisawholesetoflegalprinciplesnamed"lexmercatoria"ininternationalortransnationalcommerciallaw.Whatremainsoflexmercatoriapreceptstodayisaqualifiedfaithinself-regulationbymerchants,andareluctancetosurrendertheefficiencyofmerchantpracticetostateconfinement.UnidroitTheInternationalInstitutefortheUnificationofPrivaaw,alsoknownasUNIDROIT,isanindependentinterernmentalorganizationbasedinRome,Italy.Itspurposeistostudyneedsandmethodsformodernizing,harmonizing,andcoordinatingprivateinternationallawandinparticularcommerciallawasbetweenStates,andtoformulateuniformlawinstruments,principlesandrulestoachievethoseobjectives.國際性：UnidroitisnotlimitedtotheEU,italsoworksattheinternationallevel.Itisimportantforyoutoknow,besidestheEU’seffort,therearealsootherimportantpartiestrytoharmonizecontractlawininternationallevel.自治性：Unidroitisnotlaw,isjustamodellaw.BecauseUnidroitisnotpoliticalpower,isnotentitledtomakeformallaw.IfyouwanttomakeanagreementwithCanada,youcanrelyonUnidroitPrinciples,youcansayinyourcontractweapplyUnidroitPrinciples,itdependsonyourprivateautonomy.Sothewillofthepartiesisthefirstsourceofinternationalcontractlaw.UNIDROITPRINCIPLESrepresentaprivatecodificationelaboratedbyinternationalworkinggroup,comprisingexpertsandrepresentativesofdifferentlegalsystems.ThisworkinggrouptriedSummarizecontractualrulesandusageswhichseemstobecommontomostpartofthelegalsystems.Defineandgiveanexactcontenttothelexmercatoria,whichseemstobetoovagueandProposesomeinnovativesolutions（創(chuàng)新解決方案）tomeettheneedsofinternationalTheneweditionoftheUNIDROITPrinciples(2010)consistsof211Articleswhicharedividedin10Chapters.PREAMBLE(PurposeoftheTheseThesePrinciplessetforthgeneralrulesforinternationalcommercialTheyshallbeappliedwhenthepartieshaveagreedthattheircontractbe ernedbygeneralprinciplesoflaw,thelexmercatoriaorthelike.Theymaybeappliedwhenthepartieshavenotchosenanylaw erntheirTheymaybeusedtointerpretorsupplementinternationaluniformlawinstruments.Theymayalsobeusedtointerpretorsupplementdomesticlaw.Theymayserveasamodelfornationalandinternationallegislators.（ppt只有這句是老TheeffortsoftheEUinstitutionstoharmonizecontractEPEP1989EuropeanParliamentResolutionof26May1989onactiontobringintoline（使一致）theprivatelawoftheMemberStates(這是歐洲合同法統(tǒng)一的開端，注意這里resolutionprivaawcontractlaw)EP1994EuropeanParliamentResolutionof6May1994ConcerningthecodificationofprivatelawandtheCommissiononEuropeancontractlaw（1994年的內(nèi)容則同時(shí)包含privaawcontractlaw）背景（了解即可，把英文也粘上了，可看可不看從，EP就想制定一個(gè)歐盟的民，1994年，EP再次表露這個(gè)想法，直到現(xiàn)在EP還有這個(gè)想法，但是這在實(shí)踐中是很難達(dá)到的但是EP執(zhí)意要制定一個(gè)堅(jiān)持要讓EuropeanCommission做一些事情。theCommission。Itisimportanttopointoutthatfromthebeginning,whichis1989,theEuropeanParliamentwantedaEuropeanUnioncivilcode,becausetheywantedtheallprivaawtoberegulatedattheEuropeanlevel.In1994,theEuropeanparliamentagainexpresseditsintentiontogetaEuropeancivilcode.Youshouldunderstandthatthisprojectisverydifficulttobuild.ItisclearthatthecivilcoderemindsinthemindofEPalsotoday.Itisprettypracticalimpossibletoreachanagreementbetweenmemberstatesinordertomakethemtoestablishedonlyonecivilcode.ButtheEuropeanParliamentinsistedandcalledtheEuropeanCommissiontodosomething,thematteristheEuropeanparliamentisapoliticalbodyoftheEuropeanUnionwhenthelegislativeengineoftheEUistheCommission,sotheParliamentalwayshavetopassthroughtheCommissioninordertopromotealegislativeinitiative.TheEuropeanParliamentaskedtheEuropeanCommissiontomakeaEuropeanUnioncivilcode.Butfrom1989to1994theEuropeanCommissionsaidnothing,didn’tpretendactlikeitdiditanythingcomingfromtheEuropeanParliament,thatiswhytheparliamentinitssecondresolutionsaidthecommunityhasalreadyharmonizedseveralareasofprivaaw,yesitistruebutitwasaveryfragmentandspecificapproach.WhereasParliamentin1989askedthatastartbemadeonthenecessarypreparatoryworkforthedrawingupofacommonEuropeancodeofprivaaw.TheCommissionhasnotyetundertakenthispreparatorywork,soitisblamingtheEuropeanCouncil1999：16OctoberVII.GreaterconvergenceTheEuropeanCouncilinvitestheCouncilandtheCommissiontopreparenewprocedurallegislationincross-bordercases,inparticularonthoseelementswhichareinstrumentaltosmoothjudicialcooperationandtoenhancedaccesstolaw,visionalmeasures,takingofevidence,ordersformoneypaymentandtimelimits.（程序法在這個(gè)會(huì)議上EuropeanCouncil請(qǐng)求theCouncil和theCommission準(zhǔn)備新的 作的要素，例如臨時(shí)措施、取得、賠償順序和時(shí)間限制等）Asregardstosubstantivelaw,anoverallstudyisrequestedontheneedtoapproximateMemberStateslegislationincivilmattersinordertoeliminateobstaclestothegoodfunctioningofcivilproceedings.TheCouncilshouldreportbackby2001.（實(shí)體法：在實(shí)體法方面，需要一個(gè)全面的研究，使歐盟更接近成員國在民事問題上的，減少民事程序中的，theCouncil2001年做反饋報(bào)告Sointhatcaseyoulearn,theCommissionwasinvitedtostudythepossibilitytohavecommonEuropeanprivaterules.TheCommissiondidn’treact,wedon’thaveanyreactionoftheCommission,thatiswhyintheyear2000,theEuropeanParliamentagainasktheCommissiontodosomething.（由此可見theCommission被邀請(qǐng)制定歐盟統(tǒng)一私法的可能性，但是theCommission2000年，EPtheCommission） EP2000：EuropeanParliamentresolutionof16March2000concerningtheCommission'sworkprogramme2000DespiteParliament'srighttoasktheCommissiontosubmitanyappropriateproposalsonmattersonwhichitconsidersthommunityactisrequiredforthepurposeofimplementingtheTreaty,theCommissionhassofarshownverylittlediligenceinfollowingupParliament'srequestsbypresentingalegislativeproposalTheyraiseaverysignificantdisagreementtheyraiseafightingbetweentheEuropeanparliamentandtheEuropeancommissionsincetheEuropeancommissionistotallysilent.TheEuropeancommissionisnotinterestedinpreparingaEuropeancivilcode.（除了EP要求讓theCommission提交實(shí)施條約的適當(dāng)提議，theCommission對(duì)跟從EP的要求，提交法律建議顯示出極小的熱情，他們之間產(chǎn)生了明顯的，theCommission完全沉默，對(duì)制定民沒有） EuropeanCommission2001：CommunicationtotheCouncilandtheEuropeanParliamentonEuropeanContractLaw(11.7.2001)會(huì)上的內(nèi)容：Whatisthematterofthiscommunication?Itisonlyrelatedtothecontractlaw.TheEuropeanCommissionis(answeredit),butitisnarrowingthe.ItisnotaEuropeancivilcodeorEuropeanPrivaaw.ButitisclearthattheEUCommissiontakesintoconsiderationonlycontractlaw.（TheCommission回應(yīng)說，它只考慮制定統(tǒng)一的合同會(huì)議的地位：ItisforthefirsttimetheEuropeanCommissionintendstobringthedebateontheEuropeanContractLaw.ThisCommissionisrelevantsinceitgivesyoutheideaoftheprojectoftheharmonizationin2001.Thisisthestateoftheartofharmonizationin2001thatitisprettyidenticaltotheonewehaverightnow.Thelegislatorhasfollowedaselectiveapproach.（EuropeanCommissiontheCommission和統(tǒng)一計(jì)劃是相關(guān)的，這里陳述了統(tǒng)一的藝術(shù)，和我們現(xiàn)在的方式一樣，即者采用‘選例子：ForexampletherightoftheconsumerIfthisconsumer’sgoodsdoesnotworkbutIdon’tregulatethegeneralfeaturesofthecontractthroughwhichtheconsumerbuysthisgoods.Ijustlyouwhatrightsyouareentitledtouseifitdoesn’twork. EuropeanCommission2001:GreenPaperonEuropeanUnionConsumerProtectionOctoberThepurposeofthisgreenpaperistolaunchanextensivepublicconsultationonthefuturedirectionofEUconsumerprotectionTostimulateawellinformeddebateitsetsoutanysisofthecurrentsituationandpossibleoptionsforthefuture.(目的是召開一個(gè)關(guān)于未來TheCommissioninvitesinterestedpartiestocommentby15JanuaryEuropeanCommissionisngsomethingaccordingtoEuropeanParliament,butitisnotsufficient,becausethisistoolimited,anditisnotlimitedtocontractlaw,butfurtherlimitedtoconsumerprotection.ItisgoingfarawayfromtheindicationoftheEuropeanParliament.Let’sseehowtheEuropeanParliamentreactedtotheapproachofthe EP2001:EuropeanParliamentResolutionof15November2001ontheapproximationofcivilandcommerciallawoftheMemberSoagaintheEuropeanParliamentsaidtotheCommission,youarenotactinggood,youarenotfollowingmyindications.ononehandtheEuropeanParliamentsaidIdon’tagreewithyourprocess,itistoorestrictive;butontheotherhandbythewayweneedharmonizationofcontractlaw.Soforthemejustproceedwiththeharmonizationofcontractlaw.(一方面EP不同意EuropeanCommission的做法，另一方面強(qiáng)調(diào)合同法統(tǒng)一要繼續(xù)。) Thecouncil2001：ReportontheneedtoapproximateMemberStates'legislationinmattersof16November2001,n.TheEuropeanCouncilstressedouttheneedtoharmonizecivillaw,butoneofthemostimportantefforttoharmonizationofcontractlawisthecommunicationof2003oftheEuropeanCommissionwhichisthesocalled‘a(chǎn)nactionplan’. EuropeanCommission2003：Communicationof12February2003totheEuropeanParliamentandtheCouncil-AmorecoherentEuropeancontractlaw:Anactionplan內(nèi)容：Thecommissionsaidthatitconfirmsthe eofthatprocesssofar,noneedtoabandonthecurrentsector-specificapproach.SotheintentionoftheCommissionisnottochange,butatthesametime,ittakesintoconsiderationoftheideasofstartingtoembracetheprojectmadebyscholarsinordertoliberateattheinstitutionlevelaprojecttoharmonizecontractlaw.Nottomakelaw,buttostarttheproject.（這個(gè)會(huì)議上，theCommission確認(rèn)了到目前為止的成果，認(rèn)為沒有必要改變現(xiàn)有的方式，但是與此同時(shí)，theCommission考慮統(tǒng)一合同法的計(jì)劃，不是，而是計(jì)劃）Commonframeofreference:Thisisthefirsttimetalkingaboutcommonframeofreference.Acommonframeisacommonlegalframeworkforeachoperatorwhichhastodowithcontractlaw.Itisaninstrumentwhichmightbeusedbyalloperators,legislators,scholars,lawyersandprofessors.IthasthesamefunctionofUnidroitprinciples.In2003,theEuropeanCommissionwantedtodosomethingwhichissimilartotheUnidroitwork.AcommonframeworkofreferenceestablishingthecommonprinciplesandcommonterminologyintheendofEuropeancontractlaw.Itisanimportantsteptowardstheimprovementofthecontractlawacquis.ItwillbeaprobablyaccessiblewhichshouldhelpthecommunityinstitutionsensuringgreatercoherenceofexistingafutureacquisintheareaofEuropeanContractLaw.地位：ItisthemillstoneofharmonizationofEuropeanContractLawbecauseitisusedasamodel.TheEPmoreorlessagreesatnowwiththeCommission.10)10)EP2003：ResolutionEuropeanParliament'sResolutionof2September2003ontheCommunicationfromtheCommissiontotheEuropeanParliamentandtheCouncil—morecoherentEuropeancontractlaw—Anactionplan（EPtheCommission做法THEACTIONPLANOFTHECOMMISSIONISINHOWEVERITDOESNOTTAKEINTOACCOUNTINLARGEMEASUREREQUIREMENTSOFTHEPARLIAMENT:（的要求ITDOESNOTRESPONDTOTHEREQUESTOFPARLIAMENTTOITDOESNOTRESPONDTOTHEREQUESTOFPARLIAMENTTOCREATEADATABASECONTAININGDIFFERENTRULESOFLAWOFTHEMEMBERSTATESANDNATIONALCASELAW;ITISDIFFICULTTOUNDERSTANDTHEREASONWHYTHECOMMISSIONDOESNOTREALIZETHATTHECFRANDOTHERMEASURESMAYCOVERABROADERAREATHANTHEONEOFTHELAWOFCONTRACTS;THECOMMISSIONDOESNOTEXPLAINHOWITINTENDSTOCONNECTTHECOMMONFRAMEOFREFERENCETOCOMMUNITYLAWOR,ATLEAST,IT11)11)EuropeanCommission2004：CommunicationfromtheCommissionof11October2004theEuropeanParliamentandtheCouncil-EuropeanContractLawandtherevisionoftheacquis:thewayforwardThisCommunicationsetsouttheCommission’sfollow-uptothe2003ActionPlan1,inthelightofthereactionsfromEUinstitutions,MemberStatesandstakeholders.ItoutlineshowtheCommonFrameofReferenceCFRwillbedevelopedtoimprovethecoherenceoftheexistingandfutureacquis,andsetsoutspecificplansforthepartsoftheacquisrelevanttoconsumerprotection,inlinewiththeConsumerPolicyStrategy2002-2006.ItalsodescribesplannedactivitiesconcerningthepromotionofEU-widestandardcontracttermsandintendstocontinuethereflectionontheopportuneness（恰好的時(shí)機(jī)）ofoptionalItisthefirsttimeanditis2004inwhichtheEuropeanCommissionspeaksaboutaoptionalinstrument.Whatdoesoptionalinstrumentmeans?ItmaybetheCommonFrameworkoftheReferencecouldbeaninstrumentthatthepartyofthecontractmayuseitiftheywish.Itwillnotbecompulsorylaw.12)12)EuropeanCommission2005：CommissionReportof23September2005:FirstAnnualProgressReportonEuropeanContractLawandtheAcquisReviewThenetworkofstakeholderexpertsontheCFR(“CFR-net”)wasestablished.Itsparticipationensuresthattheresearchtakesintoaccountthepracticalcontextinwhichtherulesaretobeappliedandtheneedsofusers（CFR-net，CFR-net致力于保證相關(guān)Thecommunicationgivesagainmultipleoptionsonhowtoactonthecontractlawharmonization,averticalapproach,amorehorizontalapproach.13)13)EP2006：EuropeanParliamentResolutiononEuropeancontractlawandtherevisionofacquis:thewayforward–23marchThatuniformedinternalmarketcannotbefullyfunctionalwithoutfurtherstepstowardstheharmonizationoftheentire,soagainin2006theEPwantsaEuropeancivilcode.Andtheygivestothecommissionalotofother mendations.（EP還是希望制定歐洲民14)14)EP2006：EuropeanParliamentResolutiononEuropeanContractLaw-7SeptemberEPtalksabouttheCommonFrameworkofReference,supportinganapproachforawiderCommonFrameworkofReferenceongeneralcontractlawissuesandnotlimitedtoconsumerprotectionfieldonwhichtheEuropeanCommissionfocusesitsintentioninthecommunicationof2004and2005.15)15)EuropeanCommission2007：GreenPaperontheReviewoftheConsumerAcquisof8February2007ThenagaintheEuropeanCommission,oneyearlater,answeredbyworkingagainjustonaconsumerprotectionwiththelaunchofanothergreenpaper.16)16)EuropeanCommission2007：CommissionReportof25July2007:SecondProgressReportontheCommonFrameofReferenceTheEuropeanCommissionaddsthattheCommonFrameworkofReferencecouldbeabetterregulationinstrument,alongertermexercise.Soitisaexercise,itisnotalaw.Itisconsideredlikeaninstrumenttobeusedforpeoplewhowanttoexercisethemselvesintheharmonizationofcontractlaw.Anditwillbeusedtoprovidecleardefinitionsoflegalterms,fundamentalprinciplesandcoherentmodernrulesofcontractlaw.WhenandbyBylegislators,memberstate’slegislatorsorbypracticaloperatorswhenrevisingexistingandpreparingthenewsectorlegislation.ItiscontrarytowhattheEPhadalwayssaid.ThescopeofCommonFrameofReferenceisnotalargescaleharmonizationofprivaaworaEuropeancivilcode.ItisexactlythecontrarytowhattheEPwanted.17)17)EP2007：Resolutionof12December2007onEuropeanContractItdefinestheCommonFrameworkofReferenceasatoolbookoranaidbook.Itisaverybeautifulaidbook，butithasnotthestraightpowertobeacivilcode.TheintentionsoftheCommissionisnotdevelopedforthisuse.18)18)EP2008：Resolutionof3September2008ontheCommonFrameofReferenceforEuropeanContractLawTheEPin2008saidthatthefirstdraftoftheCommonFrameworkofReferencewasdeliveredbyscholarsat of2007.SothefirstversionoftheCommonFrameworkofReferencewasalreadypreparedbyacademicscholars.ThefirstdraftoftheCommonFrameworkofThefirstdraftoftheCommonFrameworkofReferenceisnotlaw,itisjust,butveryWhyitisveryimportant?Becauseitisthefirsttimewehavethedraftofcommonframeworkofreference.Wehavethefirstintersection(交集)betweentheEuropeancontractlawandtheEuropeaniuscommune.IftheItalianlegislatorwantstomaketheEUlawdealingwithcontract,itcouldusetheCommonFrameworkofReferencetomakethelawdevelopinlinewithEuropeanUnioncontractcommonprinciples,forexample.19)19)EuropeanCommission2008：ProposalforaDirectiveoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilonConsumerRights(8.10.2008)EuropeanCommissionexpressesagainitsinterestespeciallyinthatforconsumerprotection,elaboratingaproposalforadirectiveonconsumerrights,itwasjustaproposal,butitwasagainasignofthefactthattheEuropeanCommissionwasreallyfocusonconsumerprotection,notinvolvedinbuildingageneralcontractlawofEurope.20)20)EuropeanCommission2009：CommissionCommunicationof10June2009-Adoptionofacommonframe inthe EuropeancontractTheworkontheCommissionCFRiscurrentlyatthestageofassessmentoftheresultsdeliveredbytheacademicresearchgroup.TheCommissioniscommittedininformalconsultationswiththeCouncilandtheEuropeanParliamentduring2009beforefinalizingtheCommissionCFR,envisagedtobeadoptedin2010.FinalresearchreportincludingadraftcommonframeofreferenceinthefieldofEuropeancontractTheCommonFrameofReference(CFR)workonconsumercontractlawissueshas,togetherwiththeresultsofotherpreparatorywork,servedasastartingpointfortheGreenPaperonthereviewoftheconsumeracquisthattheCommissionadoptedon7February2007andfurtherfortheCommissionProposalforDirectiveonConsumerRightsadoptedon8October2008.InDecember2007,theDraftCFRpreparedbytheStudyGrouponaEuropeanCivilCodeandtheResearchGrouponECPrivaaw(AcquisGroup)wasdeliveredtotheCommission.21January2008,itwaspresentedintheEuropeanParliament.OnDecember2008,theresearchersdeliveredthefinalversionoftheacademicCFRtotheDRAFTCOMMONFRAMEOFIfyouthinkitissufficientresultingin30yearsofeffortoftheEuropeanUnioninstitutions.ItisareallygoodresultevenifitisnotlawthiscouldhavebeenthesectionoftheEuropeanprivaawdealingwithcontract.(雖然這不是法律但是也是歐盟機(jī)構(gòu)三十年來努力達(dá)到Butdoyouthink,forexample,thatwhenItalianpoliticiansaremakinglaws,theywillopenoneofthesebooks?NO,theydon’tevenknowtheyexist.Unfortunay,whenwetalkaboutthelawmakersorlegislatorswedon’thavetothinkthattheyareverygoodscholarsSotheymaynotevenpayattentiontodraftcommonframework.（但是在實(shí)踐中，成員國的時(shí)draftcommonframework）DividedPrinciples(underlining/ModelRulesSummaryofthebook：BookI—GeneralprovisionsBookII—ContractsandotherjuridicalactsBookIII—ObligationsandcorrespondingrightsBookIV—SpecificcontractsandtherightsandobligationsarisingfromthemBookV—BenevolentinterventioninanotheraffairsBookVI—Non-contractualliabilityarisingoutofdamagecausedtoanotherBookVII—Unjustifiedenri BookVIII—AcquisitionandlossofownershipofgoodsBookIX—ProprietarysecurityrightsinmovableassetsBookX—Trusts21)21)EuropeanCommission2010：COMMISSIONDECISIONof26April2010SettinguptheExpertGrouponaCommonFrameofReferenceintheareaofEuropeanContractLawThegroupshouldassisttheCommissioninpreparingaproposalforaCommonFrameofReferenceintheareaofEuropeancontractlaw,includingconsumerandbusinesscontractlaw,usingtheDraftCommonFrameofReferenceasastartingpointandtakingintoconsiderationotherresearchworksconductedinthisareaaswellastheUnionThegroupshould,inparticular,helptheCommissionselectthosepartsoftheDraftCommonFrameofReferencewhichareofdirectorindirectrelevancetocontractlaw,andrestructure,reviseandsupplementtheselectedcontents.Thegroupshouldbecomposedofhighlyqualifiedexpertswithcompetenceintheareaof,andinparticularcontractlaw,appointedinaalcapacity.22)22)EuropeanCommission2010：GreenPaperonpolicyoptionsforprogresstowardsaEuropeanContractLaw(July2010)ThepurposeofthisGreenPaperistosetouttheoptionsonhowtostrengthenthemarketbymakingprogressintheareaofEuropeancontractlawandtolaunchapublicconsultationontheseoptions.Dependingontheevaluationoftheresultsoftheconsultation,theCommissioncouldproposefurtheractionby of2011.23)23)EuropeanCommission2011：FeasibilityStudy（可行性研究）elaboratedbytheExpertGroupwork(Draftof19August2011)ThefeasibilityThefeasibilitystudyistheshortversionoftheDraftCommonFrameofReference.Itisatextof189articles,soitissmallerthantheseveralbooksoftheDCFR,whichstrivestoconstituteacompletesetofcontractrulescoveringthoseissueswhichatpracticallevel,arerelevantinacontractualrelationshipintheinternalmarketofEU.ExpertIn2010,TheCommissionhassetupanExpertGrouptostudythefeasibilityofauser-friendlyinstrumentofEuropeanContractLaw.TheGroupgatherstheexpertisefromtheUnion'sdifferentlegaltraditionsandstakeholders'interests.Memberswereselectedfromamongreputableexpertsintheareaof,inparticularcontractlaw,andareactingindependentlyandinthepublicAndnowitisfortheCommissiontodecidein2011howtousethelittleversionofDCFR.Anditisstillatoolbox.24)24)EuropeanC