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.9/22FormationMechanismandDistributionofPaleogene-NeogeneStratigraphicReservoirsinJiyangDepressionAbstractachievedinthecaseofnorockcore.Theformationofvarious.paperdefruitedfavorableareas,whichreservesintheseareasexceed1.5x108t.Researchresultsofthepapercombinedcloselywithexplorationpractice,andaccordingtopreviousresearchresults,31explorationwellshadbeendrilled,whichofthem17wellsweresuccessfullyfrom2006to2009.ThereisaccumulationprovedreservesWasupto2362x104t.andpredictreserveswasto3684x104t.Keywords：Paleogene;Neogene;unconformitystratigraphiereservoirs;Fomationmechanism;distributionpattern;Jiyangdepression1.Preface1.1Foundationndandsignifacanceofthetopic1.1.1ThemeoriginThethemeisfromtheSinopccproject：ForminganddistributionofTertiarystratigraphicreservoirofJiyangdepression.Themenumber：P06012,deadline：2006-20081.1.2Foundationandbaekgroundofthethemepaleogene-Neogene．Itwasfavourofformingstratigraphicreservoirbecauseofexistenceofseveralkindsofunconformity.B9500km2,paleogene-Neogenestratas．Since1980s,manyoverlapandunconformityreservoirshavebeenfounded,exploredreservesWasapparentlyincreasedwithdeepexploring.Bytheendof2006,exploredresourcehadbeenupto3.7×108twhichshowedalargeexploringpotential.But,infact,theresearchonstratigraphicreservoirislackorUttle,especially,systematically.Forexample,thesuccessfulratioofexplorationwelltestingwhichisthelowestinpaleogene-Neogeneinseparently53.5％and23.9％.Hereby,oilmigrationproblemandtrapvalidityareimportantaspectsforoverlapandunconformityreservoirexploring.Inshort,ithasthreeaspectsasfollowed：<1>ShallowcomprehensionaboutconductionofabilityofunconformityResearchonunconformityinpresentindicatedthatitisnotasimplesurfacethree-dimensionbodywhichisimportantformigrationofoilandgas．TherehassomedeepknowsaboutthebasinsinwestChinaandthemarinebasinsinChina.Theaccumulatingoilandgas.<2>Theremainuncertainmigrationandaccumulationprocessofoilandgasaboutstratigraphicreservoirremainuncertain.accumulationregularofoilandgasbecausefardistancetrapsandhydrocarbonresourcesmakeacomplicatedmigrationprocess.<3>ForecastingmodelofstratigraphicreservoirthatcouldbeusedtoguideexploreislackItisnecessitytofinelyevaluateandexplorestratigraphicreservoiralongwithdegreeofexploration.Mayorcontrollingfactorsremainuncertaininconstructionofforecastingmodelofstratigraphicreservoirs.1.1.3Aim,senseandapplicationvalueofthemedistributionofPaleogene-NeogeneinJiyangdepression.Byanalysisofuniformitystructure,theiraffectonstatigraphicreservoirformationwillbeidentify;Theaccumulationmodelwillbeestablishedthroughstudyonstaticgeologiccharacteristicofstatigraphicreservoir;Forecastmodeofoilextentwillbeachievedthroughresearchonoilextentandtopredictoilquality.ResearchresultsCannotonlybeusedtoeffectivelyguidestatigraphicreservoirExploring,toraisedrillingSuccessratio,providetechnicalsupportforincreasingoilpexploringofBohaiBayarea.Researchwillenormouslydeepenstatigraphicreservoir1.2Researchpresentathomeandabroad1.2.1PresentresearchanddevelopmentathomeandabroadUnconformityreservoirisoneofimportantexploringobjectsinceLevorsenproposedtheconceptofstratigraphictrapandthenpublishedpaperon‘‘Stratigraphicoilfield"in1936．ItturnsintostratigraphicreservoirandlithologyreservoirbasedonscholarsdeepenlyresearchtheLevorsenstratigraphiceservoir.Stratigraphictrapisformedasaresultoftheupdipreservoirdirectlycontigencewithunconformityabove.Accordingtotrapplace,accurrenceandbarrier,stratigraphicoilpoolsisdividedintooverlappool,unconformitybarberedpoolandancientburied-hillpool.unconformityanditseffectonoilaccumulating.Thesecondsectionisdevelopingpaaemofstratigraphictrap.Thethirdismechanismofmigratingandaccumulatingofoilandgas.Presentstudiesmainlyfocusonthethreesectionsabove．<1>Unconformityanditseffectonoilaccumulationandunconformitybarrierreservoirsisfirstunconformityresearchtarget.Oilgeologistsstartedtounderstandrelationshipbetweeninconformityandoilstratigraohyandrecentoilandgasaccumulationtheory,especially,thesequencestratigraohypayaimportantroleinpredictofgeologicaldiscontinuity.accumulationin1983.UnconformityisbenefittofindpetroleumbecauseitisfavourofoilandgasaccumulationeffectwerealsobedoneinTarimbasin,ordosbasin,BohaibaybasinandJungarbasin,aimportantandinnovationresultwerebeachieved.Fuguang[4,5],Wukongyou[l6,7]andZhangjianlin[8]hadnotedthatunconformityisaccumulationpassagewayofoilandgas.Itisrepresentfortectonicmovement,seaorlakesufacechange,andgeologicalterationtoearlierrocks．Theinhomogeneityofalterationandlateroverlapmakethea.rchitectureofunconformity.Therealethreelayersstructureinaidealunconformity:roofrockaboveunconformity,weatheredclayhorizonandsemi-weatheredrock．Unconformityformationisrelatedtodenudationtime,climate,elevation,tectonicmovementandlithology.Twolayersstructurelayerswereformedastheweatheredclayhorizonwaslack.Liuhua[16],Suifenggui[17],etc.dividedAccordingtolithologicdeployofunconformity.TheyrefcredthatthemigratingandPanzhongxiang[2'3],Liuxiaohant[11],Zhangkeyin[12],Chenzhonghong[14],Hedengfa,Aihuaguo[19],Wuyajun[20],Chenjianping[22'23],Zhangjiguang[2l],JohnS[26]etc.hadadeepresearchonunconformityandreferedthatunconformityhasanapparentcontrollingeffectonoilandgasaccumulation.Insummery,fivemainaspectsisincluded:destroyingreservoir.Basedonphysicalmodelingofoilmigration,LvxiuzhengBekelethoughttheoilmigrationisfollowedtherule"migrationthroughthinbed",namely,migrationthroughprevailingpassway,otherwiseanywhereinaconformity.<2>DevelopmentregularityofstratigraphictrapsOverlappedandunconformityispremiseofoverlapandunconformityreservoirExiting.so,thiskindreservoirdevelopedbasedonoverlappedandunconformitytrapformationfirst.Chensizhongproposedfourconditionsfordevelopingoverlapandunconformityunconformityoverlaps.secondisthatoilavvumulationareaisaboveandbelowunconformitynearbyhydrocarbonsourcerock.ThirdisthatTorquesubsidenceofdustpandepressioncausewiderangofoverlapandunconformityreservoir.Fourthisthatfavourableoverlapandunconformityreservoirliesinanti-cyclelitbofaciesfoldplay.Tongxiaoguangreferredfourmaincontrollingpre-Paleogene-Neogenebaserocks.Secondisstructureoffaulteddepressionandmovementstrength．Thirdisoverlapdistributionofoverlaplineandfeatureofoverlaplayaboveunconformity.Fourthisdistributionofunconformitysurface,permeabilityofoverburdenrocksaboveunconformity.Hujianyi[1lreferredthatunconformityisthebaseofformingoverlapandunconformitybarriertrap,butnotallgoodtrapexitsbearbyunconformityin1984and1986.Thebasicconditionofformingoverlapandunconformitybarriertraparesixelements：threelinesandthreesurfaces.Threelinesarelithologicwedgingline,layeroverlaplineandintendedzonecontourline.Threesurfaceareunconformitysurface,adjacentrocksurfaceofreservoirandfaultsurface.Itexitskindsoftraptypeswhensixelementsarraies.Peopledeeplyknowdevelopmentregularityofoverlapandunconformitytrapwithsequencestratigraphyspringup.Zhangshanwen[31]referthatmulti.typebreakcontroloverlapandunconformitytrap,baseonresearchingsequenceofZhungaerbasin,BohaibaybasinandSongliaobasinin2003.Lipilong[35-39]referthattectonicanddepositcontroloverlapandunconformitytrapin2003and2004.Tectonicmovementcausebasinupanddown,formedlargeareaexceedpeelzoneinedgeofbasin.Itisbenefittoformtrap．Tectonicformnosingstructuresinbasin.Itisbenefittoformtraps,Depositcontrolreservoirandbarrierlayerforming.Yishiwei[42]proposethatoilaccumulationcontrolledthreesurface,lakeextensivesurface,unconformitysurfaceandfaultsurface,accordingtoErlianbasin,Jizhongdepressionoverlapandinconformityreservoircharacteristic.Overlapandunconformityreservoirdistributionbeneficialaccumulatingphasebelt.<3>OilandgasmigrationandaccumulationmechanismofstratigraphictrapReservoirisresukofoilandgasmigratingandaccumulatinginlongdistance,migratingdynamic,passageway,path,distanceandaccumulationetc.fault-unconformityandfault-sand-unconformitycompoundtransmitsystemforoverlapandunconfortuitytrapin2003and2004．Lichunguang[44]referthatheavycrudeissecondarygas/oilaccompanytrap,basedonresearchingfeavycrudereservoirofDongyingdepressionin1999.ZhangjiazhentandWangyongshi[48]referthatY'Lhezhuangreservoirmainlyliein100maboveoldburialhilloldlayerreflectshaftin2005.Cappingformationandbarrierformationcontroltheaccumulationoftheareaoilandgas.accumulationSuifenggui[17]refersthatitiskeyforstratigraphictrapaccumulationthat‘T-S’transmitsystemvalidityandabilityconsistofoilsouresfault,sandandubconformityin2005inJiyangdepression.Layerunconformitystyleaffectsthestratigraphytrapformingandoilandgasmigration．Lvxiuxiangreferthatmigrationinuncomformityisthinbedmigrationthroughoilmigratingphysicalanalogin2000.Oilmigratesalongadvantagepath,butnotunconformitysurface.Allinone,therearemanyresearchesandoutcomeabouttrapdevelopandoil/gasaccumulationoflandfaciesbasinstratigraphyreservoirhomeandabroad.Buttraplithofacies.Accumulationregularknownlessthanothertypereservoir,especiallyhowunconformityaffectstratigraphicreservoirdevelop,accumulationprocess,modelanddistribution,becauseoflongdistancebetweentrapandhydrocarbon,complexmigtationprocess.1.2.2DevelopingtendencyOverlapandunconformityreservoirshowmoreandmoreimportantpositionwithdevelopmentofun-anticlinaltrapexploratorydevelopmentandrisingofdegreeofexplorationofpetroliferousbasin.Surveyshowedthatalthoughlargeofreseachandprobe,researchofoverlapandunconformityarelimitedatquality.But,thecommonunderstandingincludefollowingrespects:<1>Evaluationofstructure,carriersystemandbarrierabilityreservoir.Nowerability,analyzetherelationshipbetweenunconformityandoil/gasreservoir.<2>Mayorcontrollingfactorsanddevelopingregularityofoverlapandunconformityreservoir.formationindevelopsysteminhomeandabroad.BasedOllmanyresearch,thistypetrapismatching．becauseofexplorationphaseconfinement.<3>Oilandgasmigrationmechanismandaccumulationmodelofoverlappedandstratigraphicreservoir.Withlongdistancemigrationandaccumulation,reservoirdevelopmentrelatetoDynamic,fashion,path,distance,process,etc.Element.Theylimittheunderstandingcombinatingtypedissect,establishingaccumulatingmodel,effectivelyguideunconformityreservoirexploration.1.3Researchcontentandtechniqueroute1.3.1ResearchcontentThesubjectconfh'mfollowingthreeresearchcontentsinviewofkeyproblembasedonresearchpresentanddevelopmenttendency.<1>CharacteristicanddistributionofunconformityarchitecturesBasedonbasintheevolutionofbasinstructureanddeposition,throughstructuralgeologyandsedimentology,andcombinedlabanalysis,geophysicalinterpretation<2>Formationmechanismandaccumulationmodelofstratigraphicreservoiraccumulation.mechanismwereBasedonaboveresearch,sumupstratigraphyreservoiraccumulatingmechanismofPaleogene-Neogene,establishaccumulatingmodelthroughpositiveandnegativerespectsresearch.<3>DistributionpaRemandpredictoffavorableareaofstratigraphyreservoirBasedonresearchfindingsabove,itmainlyfocusonforecastingofstratigraphicreservoirnearbyunconformitiesbetweenPaleogene—Neogeneandpre—Paleogene,andbetweenNeogeneandPaleogene.1.3.2TechniquerouteUsingforreferencefromoutcomeofpredecessors,basedontypecharacteristicandcomprehensiveresearchandmathematicalstatisticsmethod,sumupaccumulationprocessandmodel,sumupmainelement,establishquantificationforcastmodeloftrapoilness,evaluatebenefitexploringarea.Figl-1:...濟(jì)陽(yáng)坳陷古近系一新近系地層油藏形成機(jī)制與分布規(guī)律摘要濟(jì)陽(yáng)坳陷古近系．新近系發(fā)育過程中,形成了多個(gè)規(guī)模不等的不整合,為地層油藏的發(fā)育提供了有利條件。近些年,濟(jì)陽(yáng)坳陷相繼發(fā)現(xiàn)了多個(gè)古近系．新近系地層油藏,探明儲(chǔ)量呈明顯上升趨勢(shì),充分展示了該類油藏具有較大的勘探潛力。但勘探實(shí)踐也表明,目前對(duì)不整合輸導(dǎo)與遮擋性能、地層油藏油氣運(yùn)聚過程與成藏模式、地層油藏分布規(guī)律等認(rèn)識(shí)程度還很低,這些認(rèn)識(shí)上的不足在較大程度上制約著地層油藏的深化勘探。本文基于區(qū)內(nèi)大量探井與地震資料分析、典型地區(qū)油藏解剖,分析了古近系。新近系不整合樣式結(jié)構(gòu)特征及其在油氣成藏中的作用,研究了古近系,新近系地層油藏形成過程與成藏模式,總結(jié)了盆緣地層油藏分布規(guī)律,探索建立了地層油藏含油高度量化預(yù)測(cè)模型,研究成果有效指導(dǎo)了地層油藏的勘探實(shí)踐。研究表明,濟(jì)陽(yáng)坳陷古近系．新近系不整合宏觀樣式有四種,分別為削超、削平、平超、平行。其中,削超樣式主要分布在凹陷邊坡地區(qū),平行樣式主要分布在凹陷內(nèi)部,其它類型樣式分布局限。垂向上發(fā)育三層結(jié)構(gòu),即不整合頂板巖石、風(fēng)化粘土層和半風(fēng)化巖石,風(fēng)化粘土層缺失時(shí)成為二層結(jié)構(gòu),部分半風(fēng)化巖石頂部因后期完全充填而形成一層致密"硬殼"。不整合結(jié)構(gòu)層在巖石學(xué)、礦物學(xué)、元素地球化學(xué)、風(fēng)化程度指標(biāo)上呈現(xiàn)出不同特征。以巖心分析為約束,應(yīng)用有序數(shù)列最優(yōu)分割與主成分分析方法,建立了不整合結(jié)構(gòu)測(cè)井量化判識(shí)圖版,實(shí)現(xiàn)了無(wú)巖心情況下的不整合結(jié)構(gòu)識(shí)別。不整合結(jié)構(gòu)的形成與原巖巖性、間斷時(shí)期、古地形、保存條件等因素密切相關(guān),上述多種因素在盆地發(fā)育過程中的相互耦合,控制著不整合結(jié)構(gòu)層的空間展布。不整合宏觀樣式與垂向結(jié)構(gòu)是決定不整合在油氣成藏中遮擋、儲(chǔ)集、控圈或輸導(dǎo)作用的關(guān)鍵。其中,遮擋作用主要取決于不整合結(jié)構(gòu)層中的風(fēng)化粘土層、半風(fēng)化巖石"硬殼"、頂板正常沉積的泥巖,當(dāng)上述結(jié)構(gòu)層存在時(shí),不整合起遮擋作用,不整合面上、下油氣運(yùn)聚相對(duì)獨(dú)立。儲(chǔ)集作用主要取決于不整合結(jié)構(gòu)層中的滲透性巖石,類型主要有不整合頂板砂礫巖、半風(fēng)化砂巖、半風(fēng)化碳酸鹽巖、半風(fēng)化火成巖以及半風(fēng)化變質(zhì)巖?？厝ψ饔门c不整合宏觀樣式以及不整合面上下滲透性、非滲透性結(jié)構(gòu)層的對(duì)接方式密切相關(guān)。其中,地層超覆圈閉形成于削超樣式、平超樣式的不整合中,不整合面上、下為滲透性結(jié)構(gòu)層、非滲透性結(jié)構(gòu)層對(duì)接；不整合遮擋圈閉則主要形成于削超樣式、削平樣式的不整合中,不整合面上、下為非滲透性結(jié)構(gòu)層、滲透性結(jié)構(gòu)層對(duì)接。輸導(dǎo)作用取決于不整合結(jié)構(gòu)中滲透層及其項(xiàng)部非滲透層的橫向連續(xù)性。由于陸相斷陷盆地以砂泥巖互層為主,泥巖層風(fēng)化后物性改善不大,不利于油氣沿不整合長(zhǎng)距離橫向輸導(dǎo),而只在局部地區(qū)起橫向或垂向輸導(dǎo)作用。古近系．新近系地層圈閉圈源距離較遠(yuǎn),油氣運(yùn)聚過程復(fù)雜,其成藏過程可概括為：它源供油,復(fù)式輸導(dǎo),晚期充注,壓．浮轉(zhuǎn)換驅(qū)動(dòng),非滲透不整合結(jié)構(gòu)層遮擋。盆緣地層油藏具有不整合樣式結(jié)構(gòu)控制地層圈閉類型及分布、源巖供烴能力控制油氣分布范圍及規(guī)模、正向構(gòu)造背景控制油氣富集區(qū)的分布規(guī)律。在有輸導(dǎo)體系存在的條件下,地層油藏含油高度受控于四大因素,即烴源巖排烴量、運(yùn)移距離、輸導(dǎo)層傾角、輸導(dǎo)層毛細(xì)管阻力。在單因素分析基礎(chǔ)上,通過多元回歸,建立了地層油藏含油高度預(yù)測(cè)模型?；诘貙佑筒胤植家?guī)律認(rèn)識(shí)與油藏含油高度預(yù)測(cè)模型,確定出了6個(gè)地層油藏有利目標(biāo)區(qū),預(yù)計(jì)儲(chǔ)量規(guī)模超過1.5xl08t。課題研究與實(shí)踐緊密結(jié)合。2006.20XX,以研究成果及認(rèn)識(shí)為指導(dǎo),部署探井31口,成功17口,累計(jì)探明儲(chǔ)量2362x104t,預(yù)測(cè)儲(chǔ)量3684x104t,勘探效果顯著。關(guān)鍵詞：古近系;新近系;不整合;地層油藏;形成機(jī)制;分布規(guī)律;濟(jì)陽(yáng)坳陷l.前言1.1選題依據(jù)及意義1.1.1課題來(lái)源課題來(lái)源于中國(guó)石化股份公司《濟(jì)陽(yáng)坳陷第三系不整合油氣藏形成與分布規(guī)律》科研項(xiàng)目。課題編號(hào)：P06012,研究期限：2006--20XX1.1.2選題依據(jù)和背景情況濟(jì)陽(yáng)坳陷構(gòu)造變動(dòng)頻繁,在古近系一新近系發(fā)育過程中,形成多個(gè)規(guī)模不等的不整合,具備了古近系一新近系地層油藏發(fā)育的基本地質(zhì)條件。根據(jù)最新資料,古近系一新近系地層油藏所處有利區(qū)帶面積9500km2,區(qū)帶剩余資源量16X108t。自1970年首次上報(bào)地層油藏探明儲(chǔ)量以來(lái),濟(jì)陽(yáng)坳陷在古近系一新近系相繼發(fā)現(xiàn)了多個(gè)地層超覆和不整合遮擋油氣藏,特別是進(jìn)入80年代后,隨著勘探力度的不斷加大,濟(jì)陽(yáng)坳陷地層油藏探明儲(chǔ)量有了明顯上升。截止到20XX底,濟(jì)陽(yáng)坳陷已累計(jì)探明古近系一新近系地層超覆和不整合遮擋油藏儲(chǔ)量3．7億噸,充分展示了該類油藏在濟(jì)陽(yáng)坳陷具有較大的勘探潛力。但勘探實(shí)踐中也反映了這樣一個(gè)不容置疑的客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)：由于地層圈閉一般位于盆地邊緣,巖相及不整合變化快,圈閉有效性地質(zhì)預(yù)測(cè)難度大；同時(shí)圈源距離較遠(yuǎn),油氣運(yùn)聚過程復(fù)雜,圈閉是否成藏及其含油程度預(yù)測(cè)難度大。如"十五"期間,濟(jì)陽(yáng)坳陷以古近系一新近系地層油藏為目標(biāo)的探井試油成功率只有35.7％,在各類型油藏勘探中是最低的。從已有的鉆探實(shí)踐分析看,"十五"期間地層超覆及不整合遮擋圈閉鉆探失利地質(zhì)原因主要為圈閉未成藏、圈閉無(wú)效、探井位于油藏低部位<或圈閉成藏但含油該高度預(yù)測(cè)不準(zhǔn)>,分別占到所有失利地質(zhì)原因的53.5％、23.9％、22.6％。對(duì)制約古近系一新近系地層油藏勘探的關(guān)鍵地質(zhì)問題進(jìn)一步分析,可歸納為以下三方面：一是不整合樣式結(jié)構(gòu)及其控藏作用認(rèn)識(shí)還較膚淺。近些年研究表明,不整合不是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的面,而是一個(gè)三維結(jié)構(gòu)體。不整合三維結(jié)構(gòu)體對(duì)油氣的輸導(dǎo)與遮擋產(chǎn)生重要的作用,這在中國(guó)西部盆地及海相盆地已經(jīng)有了一些較深入認(rèn)識(shí)。但濟(jì)陽(yáng)坳陷古近系．新近系地層油藏形成機(jī)制與分布規(guī)律對(duì)以陸相斷陷盆地為主的中國(guó)東部諸盆地,不整合樣式結(jié)構(gòu)特征還不明確,其對(duì)油氣的遮擋、儲(chǔ)集、圈閉、輸導(dǎo)等方面如何起作用以及作用大小,認(rèn)識(shí)比較膚淺。二是地層油藏油氣成藏過程及分布規(guī)律認(rèn)識(shí)有待深化。地層圈閉一般位于盆緣地區(qū),圈源距離遠(yuǎn),油氣運(yùn)移過程復(fù)雜,這使得對(duì)其成藏中的油氣運(yùn)聚規(guī)律難以準(zhǔn)確把握。三是缺乏有效指導(dǎo)勘探實(shí)踐的地層油藏含油程度預(yù)測(cè)模型。隨著勘探程度的不斷提高,地層油藏的精細(xì)評(píng)價(jià)與勘探與逐漸成為必然。以往對(duì)地層油藏含油程度的還沒有開展相關(guān)研究,含油程度主控因素還很不清楚,沒有建立起合適的含油程度預(yù)測(cè)模型。1.1.3課題研究目的、理論意義和實(shí)際應(yīng)用價(jià)值本次研究主要是解決目前制約濟(jì)陽(yáng)坳陷古近系．新近系地層油藏形成與分布規(guī)律中認(rèn)識(shí)上的不足,通過不整合樣式結(jié)構(gòu)研究,明確不整合在陸相斷陷盆地盆緣地層油藏形成中的作用；通過地層油藏靜態(tài)地質(zhì)特征與油氣運(yùn)聚過程研究,建立起地層油藏成藏模式,明確油氣分布規(guī)律；通過地層油藏含油程度研究,建立油藏含油高度預(yù)測(cè)模型,實(shí)現(xiàn)含油性量化預(yù)測(cè)。研究成果不僅可有效指導(dǎo)濟(jì)陽(yáng)坳陷古近系．新近系地層油藏目標(biāo)的勘探,提高鉆探成功率,為中石化上游增儲(chǔ)上產(chǎn)提供重要的技術(shù)支持,而且對(duì)于整個(gè)渤海灣盆地地層油藏的勘探具有重要的借鑒意義。同時(shí),研究成果也必將大大深化對(duì)地層油藏成藏規(guī)律的認(rèn)識(shí),有助于進(jìn)一步豐富和完善隱蔽油氣藏勘探理論。1.2國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀1.2.1國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài)自菜復(fù)生1936年提出地層巖性圈閉概念,并發(fā)表題為"地層型油田"論文以來(lái),地層油藏一直是國(guó)內(nèi)外石油地質(zhì)家們關(guān)注的重要勘探對(duì)象之一。經(jīng)過國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者多年的探索和研究,地層油藏本身的含義有了很大變化,而對(duì)其形成上的認(rèn)識(shí)不斷取得新進(jìn)展。即由最初廣義上的地層巖性油藏變成了現(xiàn)今的地層油藏和巖性油藏。地層圈閉是指儲(chǔ)層上傾方向直接與不整合面相切而被封閉所形成的圈閉,圈閉中的油氣聚集成為地層油藏。按照圈閉所處的位置、產(chǎn)狀、遮擋條件,可進(jìn)一步分為地層超覆油藏、不整合遮擋油藏及古潛山油藏。本次研究的對(duì)象是古近系一新近系的地層超覆油藏和不整合遮擋油藏。從國(guó)內(nèi)外有關(guān)地層油藏的研究?jī)?nèi)容來(lái)看,主要涉及到三大部分,一是不整合及其控藏作用,二是地層圈閉發(fā)育規(guī)律,三是地層油藏油氣運(yùn)聚機(jī)制。目前所開展的有關(guān)地層油藏的研究,也基本上是圍繞上述內(nèi)容進(jìn)行的。<1>不整合及其控藏作用研究不整合是形成地層超覆圈閉和不整合遮擋圈閉及相應(yīng)油藏的地質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)和關(guān)鍵因素。對(duì)地層超覆和不整合遮擋油氣藏的研究,首先是對(duì)不整合的研究。20世紀(jì)30年代,石油地質(zhì)家們開始認(rèn)識(shí)到不整合與油氣圈閉有關(guān),并對(duì)其進(jìn)行廣泛關(guān)注。1954年萊復(fù)生的《石油地質(zhì)學(xué)》發(fā)表,較為完整的介紹了不整合的定義及其意義,指出不整合對(duì)于油氣聚集有密切的關(guān)系,可改造儲(chǔ)層物性,形成地層超覆、削蝕不整合油氣藏。當(dāng)代地層學(xué)和現(xiàn)代油氣成藏理論有力地推動(dòng)了不整合的研究和應(yīng)用,尤其是層序地層學(xué)在應(yīng)用不整合推斷空缺歷史方面起到了重要的作用。1983年潘鐘祥提出了不整合對(duì)油氣聚集的重要性,認(rèn)為不整合對(duì)油氣運(yùn)移和聚集有利,而破壞性不大,因此,不整合對(duì)于找油非常有利。上世紀(jì)90年代以來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者在塔里木、鄂爾多斯、準(zhǔn)噶爾、渤海灣等盆地相繼開展了不整合及其控藏作用方面的研究并取得一定成果。付廣、吳孔友、張建林、周樹勛、肖乾華、劉孝漢?、張克銀、羅凱聲、陳中紅、郭維華等學(xué)者注意到,不整合不僅僅是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的面,而是與其上下的地層一起構(gòu)成了一個(gè)特殊地質(zhì)體、一個(gè)特殊的油氣運(yùn)移、儲(chǔ)聚單元。不整合不僅是構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)或海<湖>平面變動(dòng)事件的記錄者,而且還代表了后期地質(zhì)作用對(duì)前期沉積巖<物>不同程度的改造,這種改造程度的不均一性及后期下沉發(fā)生水進(jìn)形成上覆巖石使得不整合具有了層次結(jié)構(gòu)。對(duì)于一個(gè)理想的不整合,常發(fā)育三層結(jié)構(gòu)：即不整合面之上的巖石,之下的風(fēng)化粘土層和半風(fēng)化巖石。不整合結(jié)構(gòu)與剝蝕作用時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短、氣候、地形、構(gòu)造活動(dòng)及巖性特征有關(guān),缺失粘土層就形成二層結(jié)構(gòu)。張建林叫、劉華、隋風(fēng)貴等根據(jù)不整合上下地層的巖性配置關(guān)系,將不整合劃分為四種類型,即砂／泥型、砂／砂型、泥／泥型、泥／砂型。并將以上巖性配置關(guān)系與樣式組合成多種構(gòu)建樣式類型,認(rèn)為不整合對(duì)油氣的這種運(yùn)聚能力主要取決于不整合上、下地層的巖性配置關(guān)系,不同的巖性配置能起到不同的輸導(dǎo)和遮擋作用。劉孝漢、張克銀、陳中紅、郭維華、何登發(fā)、艾華國(guó)、吳亞軍、張吉光、陳建平、陳中紅、郭毅、等學(xué)者對(duì)不整合的控藏作用進(jìn)行了深入研究,認(rèn)為不整合對(duì)油藏的形成發(fā)育具有明顯的控制作用。綜合起來(lái),主要表現(xiàn)在控儲(chǔ)、控圈、控運(yùn)、控聚及對(duì)油藏的破壞等五個(gè)方面。呂修祥等重點(diǎn)對(duì)油氣在不整合中的運(yùn)移過程進(jìn)行了物理模擬,認(rèn)為油氣在不整合中的運(yùn)移主要遵循的是"薄層運(yùn)移"。油氣在不整合中運(yùn)移時(shí)存在優(yōu)勢(shì)通道,而不是沿不整合面發(fā)生普遍運(yùn)移。<2>地層圈閉發(fā)育規(guī)律研究地層超覆圈閉和不整合遮擋圈閉是相應(yīng)地層油藏存在的基本前提,地層油藏的形成首先是地層超覆圈閉或不整合遮擋圈閉的形成與發(fā)育。陳斯忠等啪1通過對(duì)濟(jì)陽(yáng)坳陷地層超覆油藏和不整合遮擋油藏特點(diǎn)及分布規(guī)律研究,歸納提出了地層超覆油藏和不整合遮擋油藏形成及發(fā)育的四大條件,一是多次不整合形成多期超覆和不整合遮擋油藏,二是靠近生油層的不整合面上下是超覆和不整合遮擋油氣藏的富集帶,三是箕狀坳陷的扭轉(zhuǎn)沉降造成了超覆和不整合遮擋油藏的廣泛分布,四是反旋回巖相疊加帶是超覆和不整合遮擋油藏有利的分布區(qū)。童曉光等根據(jù)中國(guó)東部第三紀(jì)陸相斷陷盆地隱蔽油藏發(fā)育規(guī)律的研究分布區(qū)。童曉光等根據(jù)中國(guó)東部第三紀(jì)陸相斷陷盆地隱蔽油藏發(fā)育規(guī)律的研究,提出了箕狀斷陷盆地地層超覆油藏和不整合遮擋油藏發(fā)育的四大主控因素,一是前古近系基巖的時(shí)代、巖性、產(chǎn)狀和風(fēng)化剝蝕程度,二是斷陷的形態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)和塊斷活動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,三是不整合面之上超覆線的分布、超覆層的底板特征,四是不整面的分布、不整合面之上覆蓋層的滲透性或其他封堵條件。并建立了一個(gè)箕狀斷陷盆地地層超覆油藏和不整合遮擋油藏分布模式。胡見義等Ⅲ對(duì)地層超覆圈閉和不整合遮擋圈閉的形成發(fā)育有過比較全面地闡述,認(rèn)為不整合是超覆和不整合遮擋圈閉形成的重要地質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),但并非所有不整合帶附近均有圈閉條件。只有當(dāng)不整合面處存在儲(chǔ)層及上、下遮擋層的前提下,儲(chǔ)層超覆線與構(gòu)造等深線相交時(shí),才能構(gòu)成圈閉。超覆和不整合遮擋圈閉形成的基本條件歸納為六個(gè)要素,即三條線和三個(gè)面。三條線是指巖性尖滅線、地層超覆線和目的層等高線,三個(gè)面是指不整合面、儲(chǔ)集巖體的頂?shù)装迕婧蛿鄬用?。這六個(gè)要素的有機(jī)組合,可構(gòu)成不同類型的圈閉。隨著層序地層學(xué)的興起,人們對(duì)地層超覆圈閉和不整合遮擋圈閉的空間發(fā)育規(guī)律有了更為深入的認(rèn)識(shí)。賈承造、辛仁臣等認(rèn)為層序地層分析是地層油氣藏研究的一項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù),通過層序地層的分析將有利于發(fā)現(xiàn)地層圈閉。張善文口引、林暢松口鍆等通過對(duì)準(zhǔn)噶爾、渤海灣、松遼等盆地的層序地層學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在這些陸相湖盆中,發(fā)育了多類型、多級(jí)次坡折帶,這些坡折帶對(duì)地層超覆圈閉和不整合遮擋圈閉具有重要的控制作用,并建立了多級(jí)坡折帶對(duì)地層超覆圈閉和不整合遮擋圈閉發(fā)育的控制模式。李丕龍[35—39]、潘元林等通過研究濟(jì)陽(yáng)坳陷地層超覆圈閉和不整合遮擋圈閉含油氣特征,認(rèn)為構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)和沉積作用是控制超覆圈閉和不整合遮擋發(fā)育和分布的兩大因素。其中,構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)地層超覆和不整合遮擋圈閉的影響主要表現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面,一是構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)造成了盆地頻繁的抬升與沉降,在盆地邊緣形成了大面積分布的超剝帶,為該類圈閉的形成奠定了基礎(chǔ)；二是構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)在盆地廣大范圍內(nèi)形成了規(guī)模不等的鼻狀構(gòu)造,鼻狀構(gòu)造附近最容易發(fā)生超覆、退覆或剝蝕,成為圈閉的發(fā)育和富集區(qū)。沉積作用對(duì)地層超覆和不整合遮擋圈閉的影響則主要表現(xiàn)在控制儲(chǔ)層及遮擋層的發(fā)育上。易士威n21根據(jù)二連盆地、冀中坳陷內(nèi)地層超覆油藏和不整合遮擋油藏的研究,提出了"三面"控藏的概念,即"湖泛面、不整合面、斷面"控制地層超覆和不整合遮擋圈閉及油藏的形成。并指出,地層超覆和不整合遮擋油藏的分布主要受控于削截帶和超覆帶,而富集則主要受控于有利沉積儲(chǔ)集相帶。<3>地層油藏油氣運(yùn)聚機(jī)制研究由于地層圈閉所處的盆地位置一般遠(yuǎn)離生油母巖,油藏的形成是油氣長(zhǎng)距離運(yùn)移、聚集的結(jié)果,涉及運(yùn)移動(dòng)力、通道、路徑、距離、充注等多方面因素。李丕龍、劉震等認(rèn)為,對(duì)于地層超覆和不整合遮擋圈閉成藏,其最有效的油氣通道是斷裂與砂體、不整合組合形成的斷裂一砂體、斷裂一不整合和斷裂一砂體一不整復(fù)合型輸導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)。只有通過這種復(fù)合型輸導(dǎo)系統(tǒng),才能實(shí)現(xiàn)油氣橫向上的遠(yuǎn)距離運(yùn)移,到達(dá)地層超覆和不整合遮擋圈閉中成藏。李春光,謝風(fēng)猛、丁麗榮等在研究東營(yíng)凹陷的地層油藏分布時(shí)認(rèn)為,在凹陷邊緣的地層油藏是凹陷內(nèi)油氣經(jīng)地層不整合通道運(yùn)移,并在地層圈閉中聚集而形成的次生油氣藏。烴類沿地層不整合運(yùn)移所留下的各種痕跡,揭示了地層油藏的成因機(jī)制。張家震H71、王永詩(shī)H鍆等在總結(jié)太平地區(qū)館陶組地層超覆油藏成藏規(guī)律研究時(shí)認(rèn)為,地層油藏主要分布于古潛山老地層之上厚度較小范圍內(nèi)。蓋層、隔層的發(fā)育情況制約著該區(qū)的成藏,泥巖蓋層、隔層條件越好,越有利于成藏。隋風(fēng)貴等認(rèn)為油源斷層、骨架砂體、不整合組成的"T—S"型輸導(dǎo)體系的有效性與輸導(dǎo)能