《新編簡明英語語言學教程》第二版 課后習題答案 chapter 8

《新編簡明英語語言學教程》第二版課后習題答案chapter8《新編簡明英語語言學教程》第二版課后習題答案chapter8《新編簡明英語語言學教程》第二版課后習題答案chapter8資料僅供參考文件編號：2022年4月《新編簡明英語語言學教程》第二版課后習題答案chapter8版本號：A修改號：1頁次：1.0審核：批準:發(fā)布日期：Chapter8LanguageandSociety1.Howislanguagerelatedtosociety?答：Therearemanyindicationsoftheinter-relationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Oneofthemisthatwhilelanguageisprincipallyusedtocommunicatemeaning,itisalsousedtoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationships.Thissocialfunctionoflanguageisembodiedintheuseofsuchutterancesas“Goodmorning!”,“Hi!”,“How'syourfamily”,“Nicedaytoday,isn'tit”.Anotherindicationisthatusersofthesamelanguageinasenseallspeakdifferently.Thekindoflanguageeachofthemchoosestouseisinpartdeterminedbyhissocialbackground.Andlanguage,initsturn,revealsinformationaboutitsspeaker.Whenwespeak,wecannotavoidgivingcluestoourlistenersaboutourselves.Thentosomeextent,language,especiallythestructureofitslexicon,reflectsboththephysicalandthesocialenvironmentsofasociety.ForexamplewhilethereisonlyonewordinEnglishfor“snow”,thereareseveralinEskimo.ThisisareflectionoftheneedfortheEskimostomakedistinctionsbetweenvariouskindsofsnowintheirsnowylivingenvironment.Asasocialphenomenonlanguageiscloselyrelatedtothestructureofthesocietyinwhichitisused,andtheevaluationofalinguisticformisentirelysocial.Toalinguist,alllanguageformsandaccentsareequallygoodasfarastheycanfulfillthecommunicativefunctionstheyareexpectedtofulfill.Therefore,judgmentsconcerningthecorrectnessandpurityoflinguisticvarietiesaresocialratherthanlinguistic.Acaseinpointistheuseofthepostvocalic[r].WhileinEnglishaccentswithoutpostvocalic[r]areconsideredtobemorecorrectthanaccentswithit,inNewYorkcity,accentswithpostvocalic[r]enjoysmoreprestigeandareconsideredmorecorrectthanwithoutit.2.Explainwithanexamplethattheevaluationoflanguageissocialratherthanlinguistic.答：Theevaluationoflanguageissocialratherthanlinguistic.Thisisbecauseeverylanguageorlanguagevarietycanexpressallideasthatitsnativespeakerswanttoexpress.Thatistosay,languageandlanguagevarietyareequalinexpressingmeaning.Forexample,themuch-prejudicedBlackEnglishcanbeusedbytheblackpeopletocommunicatewitheachotherwithoutfeelinganyhindrance.ButmanyotherpeoplethinkBlackEnglishisnotpureEnglishbecauseitdoesnotconformtotheirgrammarandnotadoptedbyeducatedpeople.Asaresult,manypeoplefeelshamefultouseBlackEnglish.Fromthisexamplewecanknowthattheevaluationoflanguageissocial,notlinguistic.3.WhatarethemainsocialdialectsdiscussedinthischapterHowdotheyjointlydetermineidiolect

答：Themainsocialdialectsdiscussedinthischapterareregionaldialect,sociolect,genderandage.Idiolectisapersonaldialect,ofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselementsregardingregional,social,gender,andagevariations.Thesefactorsjointlydeterminethewayhe/shetalks.Whilethelanguagesystemprovidesallitsuserswiththesamesetofpotentials,therealizationofthesepotentialsisindividualizedbyanumberofsocialfactors,resultinginidiolects.4.Inwhatsenseisthestandarddialectaspecialvarietyoflanguage?答：Firstofall,thestandarddialectisbasedonaselectedvarietyofthelanguage,usuallyitisthelocalspeechofanareawhichisconsideredthenation'spoliticalandcommercialcenter.Forexample,standardEnglishdevelopedoutoftheEnglishdialectsusedinandaroundLondonastheyweremodifiedoverthecenturiesbyspeakersinthecourt,byscholarsfromuniversitiesandwriters.GraduallytheEnglishusedbytheupperclassesinthecapitalcitydivergedmarkedlyfromtheEnglishusedbyothersocialgroupsandcametoberegardedasthemodelforallthosewhowishedtospeakandwritewell.Second,thestandarddialectisnotdialectachildacquiresnaturallylikehisregionaldialect.Itisasuperimposedvariety;itisavarietyimposedfromaboveovertherangeofregionaldialects.Somegovernmentagencywritesgrammarbooksanddictionariesto‘fix’thisvarietyandeveryoneagreesonwhatiscorrectusageofthelanguage.Soithasawidelyacceptedcodifiedgrammarandvocabulary.Oncecodificationtakesplace,itisnecessaryforanambitiouscitizentolearntousethecorrectlanguageandtoavoid‘incorrect’language.Therefore,thestandarddialectisthevarietywhichistaughtandlearntinschools.Thenthestandarddialecthassomespecialfunctions.Alsodesignatedastheofficialornationallanguageofacountry,thestandarddialectisusedforsuchofficialpurposesasgovernmentdocuments,education,newsreporting;itisthelanguageusedonanyformaloccasions.5.WhatisregisterasusedbyHallidayIllustrateitwithanexampleofyourown.答：AccordingtoHalliday,“Languagevariesasitsfunctionvaries;itdiffersindifferentsituations.”Thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituationisaregister.Hallidayfurtherdistinguishesthreesocialvariablesthatdeterminetheregister:fieldofdiscourse,tenorofdiscourse,andmodeofdiscourse.Forexample,alectureonlinguisticscouldbeidentifiedasField:scientific(linguistic)Tenor:teacher—students(formal,polite)Mode:oral(academiclecturing)6.WhatlinguisticfeaturesofBlackEnglishdoyouknowDoyouthinkBlackEnglishisanillogicalandinferiorvarietyofEnglishWhy(not)答：(1)AprominentphonologicalfeatureofBlackEnglishisthesimplificationofconsonantclustersattheendofaword.Accordingtothisconsonantdeletionrule,thefinal-positionconsonantsareoftendeleted;thus“passed”ispronounced[pa:s],mend[men],desk[des],andtold[t?l].

AsyntacticfeatureofBlackEnglishthathasoftenbeencitedtoshowitsillogicalityisthedeletionofthelinkverb“be”.InBlackEnglishwefrequentlycomeacrosssentenceswithoutthecopulaverb:“Theymine”,“Youcrazy”,“Herhandscold”,and“Thathousebig”.Infact,copulaverbdeletionisnotauniquefeatureofBlackEnglish;itisalsofoundinsomeotherdialectsofEnglishandinlanguageslikeRussianandChinese.AnothersyntacticfeatureofBlackEnglishthathasbeenthetargetofattackistheuseofdoublenegationconstructions,e.g.(8—2)Hedon'tknownothing.(Hedoesn'tknowanything.)(8—3)Iain'tafraidofnoghosts.(I'mnotafraidofghosts.)Somepeopleconsiderthesesentencesillogicalbecausetheyclaimthattwonegativesmakeapositive.ButinfactsuchdoublenegativeconstructionswerefoundinalldialectsofEnglishoftheearlierperiods.(2)(略)7.Whatpeculiarfeaturesdocspidginhave?答：PidginsarosefromablendingofseverallanguagessuchasChinesedialectsandEnglish,AfricandialectsandFrench,AfricandialectsandPortuguese.UsuallyaEuropeanlanguageservesasthebasisofthepidgininthesensethatsomeofitsgrammarandvocabularyisderivedfromtheEuropeanlanguageusedbytradersandmissionariesinordertocommunicatewithpeopleswhoselanguage