碩士醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)與疾病相關(guān)的術(shù)語(yǔ)課件

MedicalTerminology（11）Disease110）

Disease:TypesofDiseasesAdiseaseisanyalterationfromthenormalstructureorfunctionofanypartofthebody.Diseasescanbegroupedintoanumberofdifferentbutoftenoverlappingcategories.Theseinclude:?Infectiousdiseases—causedbymicroorganismsandotherparasitesthatliveattheexpenseofanotherorganism.Anydisease-causingorganismisdescribedasapathogen.?Degenerativediseases(變性疾病)—resultingfromwearandtear,aging,ortrauma(injury)thatcanresultinalesion(wound)andperhapsnecrosis(death)oftissue.Commonexamplesincludearthritis,cardiovascularproblems,andcertainrespiratorydisorderssuchasemphysema.Structuralmalformationssuchascongenitalmalformations,prolapse(dropping,脫垂),orhernia(rupture)mayalsoresultindegenerativechanges.

Neoplasia—abnormalanduncontrolledgrowthoftissue.

Immunedisorders(免疫功能紊亂)—failuresoftheimmunesystem,allergies,andautoimmunediseases,inwhichthebodymakesantibodiestoitsowntissues,fallintothiscategory.

Mentalandemotionaldisorders—disordersthataffectthemindandadaptationofanindividualtohisorherenvironment.Thecauseofadiseaseisitsetiology,althoughmanydiseaseshavemultipleinteractingcauses.Anacutediseaseissuddenandsevereandofshortduration.Achronicdiseaseisoflongdurationandprogressesslowly.InfectiousDiseases:Infectiousdiseasesarecausedbyviruses,bacteria,fungi(yeastsandmolds),protozoa(single-celledanimals,原生動(dòng)物),andworms.Inshape,bacteriamayberound(cocci),rod-shaped(bacilli),orcurved(vibrios,弧菌

andspirochetes，螺旋菌).Theymaybenamedaccordingtotheirshapeandbythearrangementstheyform.Theyalsoaredescribedaccordingtothedyestheytakeupwhenstainedinthelaboratory.ThemostcommonlaboratorybacterialstainistheGramstain,withwhichgram-positiveorganismsstainpurpleandgram-negativeorganismsstainred.

Microorganismsoftenproducediseasebymeansofthetoxins(poisons)theyrelease.Thepresenceofharmfulmicroorganismsortheirtoxinsinthebodyistermedsepsis(敗血癥，膿毒血癥).ResponsestoDisease：InflammationAcommonresponsetoinfectionandtootherformsofdiseaseisinflammation.Whencellsareinjured,theyreleasechemicalsthatallowbloodcellsandfluidstomoveintothetissues.Thisinflowofbloodresultsinthefoursignsofinflammation:heat,pain,redness,andswelling.Thesuffix-itisindicatesinflammation,asinappendicitis(inflammationoftheappendix)andtonsillitis(inflammationofthetonsils).

ImmunityTheimmunesystemmountsourspecificresponsestodisease.Cellsoftheimmunesystemrecognizedifferentforeigninvaders,andgetridofthembydirectattackandwithcirculatingantibodiesthatimmobilizeandhelptodestroythecells.Theimmunesystemalsomonitorsthebodycontinuouslyforabnormalandmalfunctioningcells,suchascancercells.Thesystemmayalsooverreacttoproduceallergies,andmayreacttoone’sowntissuestocauseautoimmunediseases.Aneoplasmthatinvolvesconnectivetissue,muscle,orboneisasarcoma(肉瘤).Cancersoftheblood,lymphaticsystem,andnervoussystemareclassifiedaccordingtothecelltypesinvolvedandotherclinicalfeatures.

RootsPertainingtoDiseaseROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEAlg/o,algi/o,algesi/oPainalgesiaConditionofhavingpain(痛覺(jué)，痛覺(jué)過(guò)敏)Carcin/ocancer,carcinomacarcinogenSubstancethatproducescancer(致癌物)Cyst/o,cyst/iFilledsacorpouchcyst,bladdercysticPertainingtoorhavingcysts(囊性的，膀胱的)lithCalculus,stonelithiasisStoneformation(結(jié)石病，結(jié)石形成)Onc/otumoroncogeneGenethatcausesatumor(致癌基因)

RootsPertainingtoDiseaseROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEPath/oDiseasepathogenOrganismthatproducesdisease(病原體)Py/oPuspyocystAsacorcystcontainingpus(膿囊腫)Pyr/o,pyret/oFever,firepyreticPertainingtofever(發(fā)熱的；解熱劑)Scler/oHardsclerosisHardeningoftissueTox/o,toxic/opoisonexotoxinToxinsecretedbybacterialcells(外毒素)

PrefixesforDiseasePREFIXMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEBrady-SlowbradypneaSlowbreathing(呼吸徐緩)Dys-Abnormal,painful,difficultdysplasiaAbnormaldevelopmentoftissue(發(fā)育不良)Mal-Bad,poormaladaptivePoorlysuitedtoaspecificuseortotheenvironment(不適應(yīng)的，適應(yīng)不良的)Pachy-ThickpachyemiaThicknessoftheblood(血液濃縮)Tachy-rapidtachycardiaRapidheartrate(心動(dòng)過(guò)速)

PrefixesforDiseasePREFIXMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEXero-dryxerosisDrynessoftheskinormembrane(皮膚干燥病)SuffixesforDiseaseSUFFIXMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLE-algia,-algesiaPainmyalgiaPaininamuscle(肌痛)-celeHernia,localizeddilationhydroceleLocalizeddilationcontainingfluid(水囊腫，陰囊水囊腫)-clasis,-clasiabreakingosteoclasisBreakingofabone(骨破折，折骨術(shù))-itisinflammationmeningitisInflammationofthemembranearoundthebrain-megalyEnlarge-menthepatomegalyEnlargementoftheliver(肝腫大)SuffixesforDiseaseSUFFIXMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLE-rheaFlow,dischargemucorrheaDischargeofmucus(粘液外流)-rhexisruptureamniorrhexisRuptureoftheamnioticsac(bagofwater)羊膜破裂-schisisFissure,splittingretinoschisisSplittingoftheretinaoftheeye(視網(wǎng)膜分層剝離)PrefixesfortheInfectiousDiseasePREFIXMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEStaphyl/oGrapelikeclusterstaphylcoccusAroundbacteriumthatformsclusters(葡萄狀球菌)Strept/oTwistedchainstreptobacillusArod-shapedbacteriumthatformschains(鏈球桿菌)Exercise:fillintheblanks1.Carcinolysisisthedestructionofa(an)

2.Aurolithisa(n)___intheurinarytract(ur/o).3.Oncologyisthestudyandtreatmentof

4.Thetermpathogenicmeansproducing

5.Pyorrheaisthedischarge(-rhea)of

6.Arteriosclerosisisa(n)

ofthearteries.7.Thetermtoxoidmeanslikea(n)

8.Analgesimeterisusedtomeasuresensitivityto

9.Anyabnormalanduncontrolledgrowthoftissue,whetherbenignormalignant,iscalleda(n)

10.Heat,pain,redness,andswellingarethefourmajorsignsof

11.Adiseaseoflongdurationthatprogressesslowlyisdescribedas

12.Thespreadingofcancertootherpartsofthebodyiscalled

13.Amalignantt