《learned主動(dòng)出擊》教學(xué)課件

《learned主動(dòng)出擊》幻燈片本課件PPT僅供大家學(xué)習(xí)使用學(xué)習(xí)完請(qǐng)自行刪除，謝謝！本課件PPT僅供大家學(xué)習(xí)使用學(xué)習(xí)完請(qǐng)自行刪除，謝謝！《learned主動(dòng)出擊》幻燈片本課件PPT僅供大家Case:FEDEXCo.BackgroundTheproblemThesolutionTheresultsLessenslearned:主動(dòng)出擊、customercentricCase:FEDEXCo.BackgroundInformationSystem-ElementsHardwareSoftwareDataNetworkProceduresPeopleAninformationsystem(IS)collects,processes,stores,analyzes,anddisseminatesinformationforaspecificpurpose“Application”.InformationSystem-ElementsHInformationSystem–PrimaryPurposeDataElementarydescriptionofthings,events,activities,andtransactionsthatarerecorded,classified,andstored,butnotorganizedtoconveyanyspecificmeetingInformationDatathathasbeenorganizedsothattheyhavemeaningandvaluetotherecipientKnowledgeInformationthathasbeenorganizedandprocessedtoconveyunderstanding,experienceandexpertiseastheyapplytoacurrentproblemoractivityCollectsdata,processesitintoinformationthenconvertsinformationintoknowledgeforaspecificpurpose.InformationSystem–PrimaryPInformationSystem-ClassificationBySupportFunctionExecutiveSupportSystemManagementInformationSystemDecisionSupportSystemIntelligentSupportSystemsKnowledgeManagementSystemOfficeAutomationSystemTransactionProcessingSystem5-yearsalestrendProfitPlanning5-yearbudgetforecastingProductdevelopmentSalesManagementInventoryControlAnnualbudgetProductionSchedulingCostAnalysisPricingAnalysisSimulationPgmcodingSystemsupportWordProcessingDesktopPublishingOrderProcessingFulfillmentMaterialMovementA/R,A/P,GLPayrollPOSInformationSystem-ClassificTransactionProcessingSystem(TPS)TPSautomatesroutineandrepetitivetasksthatarecriticaltotheoperationoftheorganization,suchaspreparingapayroll,billingcustomers,Point-of-SaleandWarehouseoperations.DatacollectedfromthisoperationsupportstheMISandDSSsystemsemployedbyMiddleManagementComputerizestheprimaryandmostofthesecondaryactivitiesontheValueChain.Primarypurposetoperformtransactionsandcollectdata.TransactionProcessingSystemManagementInformationSystems(MIS)Thesesystemsaccess,organize,summarize,anddisplayedinformationforsupportingroutine

decisionmakinginthefunctionalareas.Gearedtowardmiddlemanagers,MISarecharacterizedmainlybytheirabilitytoproduceperiodicreportssuchasadailylistofemployeesandthehourstheywork,oramonthlyreportofexpensesascomparedtoabudgetDecisionssupportedaremorestructured.PrimarypurposetoprocessdataintoinformationManagementInformationSystemsDecisionSupportSystems(DSS)Thesesystemssupportcomplexnon-routinedecisions.PrimarypurposetoprocessdataintoinformationDSSsystemsaretypicallyemployedbytacticallevelmanagementwhosedecisionsandwhat-ifanalysisarelessstructured.Thisinformationsystemnotonlypresentstheresultsbutalsoexpandstheinformationwithalternatives.SomeDSSmethodologiesMathematicalModelingSimulationQueriesWhat-If(OLAP-Cubes)DataminingDecisionSupportSystems(DSS)IntelligentSupportSystems(ISS)Essentially,artificialintelligence(AI)thesesystemsperformintelligentproblemsolving.OneapplicationofAIisexpertsystems.Expertsystems(ESs)providethestoredknowledgeofexpertstononexperts,sothelattercansolvedifficultortime-consumingproblems.TheseadvisorysystemsdifferfromTPS,whichcenteredondata,andfromMISandDSS,whichconcentratedonprocessinginformation.WithDSS,usersmaketheirdecisionsaccordingtotheinformationgeneratedfromthesystems.WithES,thesystemmakesrecommendeddecisionsfortheusersbasedonthebuilt-inexpertiseandknowledge.IntelligentSupportSystems(IExecutiveSupportSystems(ESS)ESSsystemsorEnterpriseInformationSystems(EIS)originallywereimplementedtosupportSeniormanagement.Thesesystemshavebeenexpandedtosupportothermanagerswithintheenterprise.AttheseniormanagementleveltheysupportStrategicactivitieswhichdealwithsituationsthatsignificantlymaychangethemannerinwhichbusinessisdone.ExecutiveSupportSystems(ESSOfficeAutomationSystems(OAS)Electroniccommunicationisonlyoneaspectofwhatisnowknownasanofficeautomationsystem(OAS).Otheraspectsincludewordprocessingsystems,documentmanagementsystemsanddesktoppublishingsystems.OASsystemsarepredominantlyusedbyclericalworkerswhosupportmanagersatalllevels.Amongclericalworkers,thosewhouse,manipulate,ordisseminateinformationarereferredtoasdataworkers.OfficeAutomationSystems(OASKnowledgeManagementSystems(KMS)Anadditionallevelofstaffsupportnowexistsbetweentopandmiddlemanagement.Theseareprofessionalpeople,suchasfinancialandmarketinganalyststhatactasadvisorsandassistantstobothtopandmiddlemanagement.Theyareresponsibleforfindingordevelopingnewknowledge(ExternalContent)fortheorganizationandintegratingitwithexistingknowledge(InternalContent).KMSthatsupporttheseknowledgeworkersrangefromInternetsearchenginesandexpertsystems,toWeb-basedcomputer-aideddesignandsophisticateddatamanagementsystemsKnowledgeManagementSystems(PeopleinOrganizationsPeopleinOrganizationsInformationSystem

-ClassificationByOrganizationalLevelsInformationSystem-ClassificInformationSystem–ClassificationByOrganizationalStructureDepartmentalISEnterprise-WideISInter-OrganizationalISAninformationsystem(IS)canspandepartments,businessunitsandcorporations.InformationsystemsareusuallyconnectedbymeansofelectronicnetworksInformationSystem–ClassificInformationSystem-ClassificationByFunction(Department)OperationsAccountingFinanceMarketingHumanresources

Aninformationsystem(IS)supporteachdepartmentinacorporation.TransactionProcessingSystems(TPS):AutomatesroutineandrepetitivetasksthatarecriticaltotheoperationoftheorganizationPoint-of-Sale(POS)InformationSystem-ClassificInformationSystem-ClassificationByFunction(Department)Aninformationsystem(IS)supporteachdepartmentinacorporation.InformationSystem-ClassificPersonalandProductivitySystemSmallsystemsbuilttosupportindividualsPDA,Excel,etc.Primarygoalistoeaseindividual’sworkorlifePersonalandProductivitySystAnExampleofFunctionalSystemComputerizedanalysishelpsTexascollect$400millionadditionaltaxesDatawarehouseDataminingAnalyzinglargeamountsofdata,decisionmaking,improvedemployeeproductivity,andincreasedrevenueFunctionalsystemssupportisolatedactivitieswithinadepartmentAnExampleofFunctionalSysteEnterpriseInformationSystemsSupportbusinessprocessesthatareperformedbytwoormoredepartmentsAbusinessprocessisacollectionofactivitiesperformedtoaccomplishaclearlydefinedgoal.EvaluatingarequestforaloanClearlydefinedstartingandendingpointsFrequentlydoneinsequence,canbeconductedsimultaneouslyEnterpriseInformationSystems《learned主動(dòng)出擊》教學(xué)課件ExpandourScopetoIncludeExternalEnvironmentsUpstreamsupplychainincludestheorganization’sfirst-tiersuppliersandtheirsuppliersInternalsupplychainincludesalltheprocessesusedbyanorganizationintransformingtheinputsofthesupplierstooutputsDownstreamsupplychainincludesalltheprocessesinvolvedindeliveringtheproductstofinalcustomersComponentsoftheSupplyChainAsupplychainisaconceptdescribingtheflowofmaterials,information,money,andservicesfromrawmaterialsuppliersthroughfactoriesandwarehousestotheendcustomers.ExpandourScopetoIncludeExExpandourScopetoIncludeExternalEnvironmentsContinuedComponentsoftheSupplyChainExpandourScopetoIncludeExInter-OrganizationalSystems(IOS)IOSaresystemsthatconnecttwoormoreorganizations.Thesesystemsarecommonamongbusinesspartnersandplayamajorroleine-commerce,aswellasinsupplychainmanagementsupport.ThefirsttypeofITsystemthatwasdevelopedinthe1980stoimprovecommunicationswithbusinesspartnerswaselectronicdatainterchange(EDI),whichinvolvedcomputer-to-computerdirectcommunicationofstandardbusinessdocuments(suchaspurchaseordersandorderconfirmations)betweenbusinesspartners.Thesesystemsbecamethebasisforelectronicmarkets,thatlaterdevelopedtoelectroniccommerce.Web-basedsystems(manyusingXML)deliverbusinessapplicationsviatheInternet.UsingbrowsersandtheInternet,peopleindifferentorganizationscommunicate,collaborate,accessvastamountsofinformation,andrunmostoftheorganization’stasksandprocesses.Inter-OrganizationalSystems(Inter-OrganizationalSystems(IOS)TwoormoreorganizationsInter-OrganizationalSystems(GlobalInformationSystemsIOSsthatconnectcompanieslocatedintwoormorecountriesareglobalinformationsystemsManyeCommercesystemsareglobalandexamplesofglobalinformationsystemsGlobalInformationSystemsIOSsTheWebBasedITArchitecturesTheInternetIntranetsExtranetsCorporatePortalsE-commerceSystemsWeb-basedsystemsrefertothoseapplicationsorservicesthatareresidentonaserverthatisaccessibleusingaWebbrowser.Theonlyclient-sidesoftwareneededtoaccessandexecutetheseapplicationsisaWebbrowserenvironment.ElectronicStorefrontsElectronicMarketsElectronicExchangesM-CommerceEnterpriseWebTheWebBasedITArchitecturesEmergingComputingEnvironmentsSaaSSoftware-as-a-ServicemodelAkaon-demandcomputing,utilitycomputing,orhostedservicesInsteadofbuyingandinstallingexpensivepackagedenterpriseapplications,userscanaccessapplicationsoveranetworkFixedsubscriptionfeeorperanactualusagefeeNoneedforhardwareandsoftwarepurchasesProviders:IBMorOracleorASPvendorsEmergingComputingEnvironmentEmergingComputingEnvironmentsSOATosupportSaaS,systemsaredevelopedasa“federation,〞“mash-up〞ofservices,andtiedtogetheronlyatthepointofexecutionCalledservice-orientedarchitecture(SOA)Example:MobilTravelGuideusingIBM’son-demandhostingservicesMostSOAsareimplementedinWebServicesEmergingComputingEnvironmentWebServicesWebServicesEmergingComputingEnvironmentsLimitationsofUtilityComputingSecurityandprivacyissuesVendordependencyandlock-inPerformanceandreliabilityBusinessdatatoocriticaltotrusttooutsidersLossofcontroloverkeyresourcesEmergingComputingEnvironmentEmergingComputingEnvironmentsUtilityComputing

iscomputingthatisasavailable,reliable,andsecureaselectricity,waterservices,andtelephony.Thevisionbehindutilitycomputingistohavecomputingresourcesflowlikeelectricityondemandfromvirtualutilitiesaroundtheglobe—alwaysonandhighlyavailable,secure,efficientlymetered,pricedonapay-as-you-usebasis,dynamicallyscaled,self-healing,andeasytomanage.SubscriptionComputing

is

aformofutilitycomputingthatputsthepiecesofacomputingplatformtogetherasservices,ratherthanasacollectionofseparatelypurchasedcomponents.GridComputing

employsnetworkedsystemstoharnesstheunusedprocessingcyclesofallcomputersinthatgivennetworkthuscreatingpowerfulcomputingcapabilities.Gridcomputingisalreadyinlimiteduse,forexamplethewell-knowngrid-computingprojectSETI(SearchforExtraterrestrialIntelligence)@Homeproject.Inthisproject,PCusersworldwidedonateunusedprocessorcyclestohelpthesearchforsignsofextraterrestriallifebyanalyzingsignalscomingfromouterspace.PervasiveComputing,afutureinwhichcomputationbecomespartoftheenvironment.Computationwillbeembeddedinthings,notincomputers.Webservices

areself-contained,self-describingbusinessandconsumermodularapplications,deliveredviatheInternet,thatuserscanselectandcombinethroughalmostanydevice,rangingfromPCtomobilephones.

EmergingComputingEnvironmentManagerialIssuesThetransitiontoe-business.

Convertinganorganizationtoanetworkedcomputing-basede-businessmaybeacomplicatedprocess.Thee-businessrequiresaclient/serverarchitecture,anintranet,anInternetconnection,ande-commercepolicyandstrategy;allinthefaceofmanyunknownsandrisks.Fromlegacysystemstoclient/servertointranets,corporateportals,andWeb-basedsystems.

Arelatedmajorissueiswhether,when,andhowtomovefromthelegacysystemstoaWeb-basedclient/serverenterprise-widearchitecture.ManagerialIssuesThetransitioManagerialIssues(Continued)Howtodealwiththeoutsourcingandutilitycomputingtrends.Asopportunitiesforoutsourcing(e.g.,ASPs)arebecomingcheaper,available,andviable,theconceptbecomesmoreattractive.Inthenot-so-distantfuture,wewillseeoutsourcingintheformofutilitycomputing.Howmuchtooutsourceisamajormanagerialissue.Ethicalissues.

TheISD’smajorobjectiveshouldbetobuildefficientandeffectivesystems.But,suchsystemsmayinvadetheprivacyoftheusersorcreateadvantagesforcertainindividualsattheexpenseofothers.ManagerialIssues(Continued)H《learned主動(dòng)出擊》幻燈片本課件PPT僅供大家學(xué)習(xí)使用學(xué)習(xí)完請(qǐng)自行刪除，謝謝！本課件PPT僅供大家學(xué)習(xí)使用學(xué)習(xí)完請(qǐng)自行刪除，謝謝！《learned主動(dòng)出擊》幻燈片本課件PPT僅供大家Case:FEDEXCo.BackgroundTheproblemThesolutionTheresultsLessenslearned:主動(dòng)出擊、customercentricCase:FEDEXCo.BackgroundInformationSystem-ElementsHardwareSoftwareDataNetworkProceduresPeopleAninformationsystem(IS)collects,processes,stores,analyzes,anddisseminatesinformationforaspecificpurpose“Application”.InformationSystem-ElementsHInformationSystem–PrimaryPurposeDataElementarydescriptionofthings,events,activities,andtransactionsthatarerecorded,classified,andstored,butnotorganizedtoconveyanyspecificmeetingInformationDatathathasbeenorganizedsothattheyhavemeaningandvaluetotherecipientKnowledgeInformationthathasbeenorganizedandprocessedtoconveyunderstanding,experienceandexpertiseastheyapplytoacurrentproblemoractivityCollectsdata,processesitintoinformationthenconvertsinformationintoknowledgeforaspecificpurpose.InformationSystem–PrimaryPInformationSystem-ClassificationBySupportFunctionExecutiveSupportSystemManagementInformationSystemDecisionSupportSystemIntelligentSupportSystemsKnowledgeManagementSystemOfficeAutomationSystemTransactionProcessingSystem5-yearsalestrendProfitPlanning5-yearbudgetforecastingProductdevelopmentSalesManagementInventoryControlAnnualbudgetProductionSchedulingCostAnalysisPricingAnalysisSimulationPgmcodingSystemsupportWordProcessingDesktopPublishingOrderProcessingFulfillmentMaterialMovementA/R,A/P,GLPayrollPOSInformationSystem-ClassificTransactionProcessingSystem(TPS)TPSautomatesroutineandrepetitivetasksthatarecriticaltotheoperationoftheorganization,suchaspreparingapayroll,billingcustomers,Point-of-SaleandWarehouseoperations.DatacollectedfromthisoperationsupportstheMISandDSSsystemsemployedbyMiddleManagementComputerizestheprimaryandmostofthesecondaryactivitiesontheValueChain.Primarypurposetoperformtransactionsandcollectdata.TransactionProcessingSystemManagementInformationSystems(MIS)Thesesystemsaccess,organize,summarize,anddisplayedinformationforsupportingroutine

decisionmakinginthefunctionalareas.Gearedtowardmiddlemanagers,MISarecharacterizedmainlybytheirabilitytoproduceperiodicreportssuchasadailylistofemployeesandthehourstheywork,oramonthlyreportofexpensesascomparedtoabudgetDecisionssupportedaremorestructured.PrimarypurposetoprocessdataintoinformationManagementInformationSystemsDecisionSupportSystems(DSS)Thesesystemssupportcomplexnon-routinedecisions.PrimarypurposetoprocessdataintoinformationDSSsystemsaretypicallyemployedbytacticallevelmanagementwhosedecisionsandwhat-ifanalysisarelessstructured.Thisinformationsystemnotonlypresentstheresultsbutalsoexpandstheinformationwithalternatives.SomeDSSmethodologiesMathematicalModelingSimulationQueriesWhat-If(OLAP-Cubes)DataminingDecisionSupportSystems(DSS)IntelligentSupportSystems(ISS)Essentially,artificialintelligence(AI)thesesystemsperformintelligentproblemsolving.OneapplicationofAIisexpertsystems.Expertsystems(ESs)providethestoredknowledgeofexpertstononexperts,sothelattercansolvedifficultortime-consumingproblems.TheseadvisorysystemsdifferfromTPS,whichcenteredondata,andfromMISandDSS,whichconcentratedonprocessinginformation.WithDSS,usersmaketheirdecisionsaccordingtotheinformationgeneratedfromthesystems.WithES,thesystemmakesrecommendeddecisionsfortheusersbasedonthebuilt-inexpertiseandknowledge.IntelligentSupportSystems(IExecutiveSupportSystems(ESS)ESSsystemsorEnterpriseInformationSystems(EIS)originallywereimplementedtosupportSeniormanagement.Thesesystemshavebeenexpandedtosupportothermanagerswithintheenterprise.AttheseniormanagementleveltheysupportStrategicactivitieswhichdealwithsituationsthatsignificantlymaychangethemannerinwhichbusinessisdone.ExecutiveSupportSystems(ESSOfficeAutomationSystems(OAS)Electroniccommunicationisonlyoneaspectofwhatisnowknownasanofficeautomationsystem(OAS).Otheraspectsincludewordprocessingsystems,documentmanagementsystemsanddesktoppublishingsystems.OASsystemsarepredominantlyusedbyclericalworkerswhosupportmanagersatalllevels.Amongclericalworkers,thosewhouse,manipulate,ordisseminateinformationarereferredtoasdataworkers.OfficeAutomationSystems(OASKnowledgeManagementSystems(KMS)Anadditionallevelofstaffsupportnowexistsbetweentopandmiddlemanagement.Theseareprofessionalpeople,suchasfinancialandmarketinganalyststhatactasadvisorsandassistantstobothtopandmiddlemanagement.Theyareresponsibleforfindingordevelopingnewknowledge(ExternalContent)fortheorganizationandintegratingitwithexistingknowledge(InternalContent).KMSthatsupporttheseknowledgeworkersrangefromInternetsearchenginesandexpertsystems,toWeb-basedcomputer-aideddesignandsophisticateddatamanagementsystemsKnowledgeManagementSystems(PeopleinOrganizationsPeopleinOrganizationsInformationSystem

-ClassificationByOrganizationalLevelsInformationSystem-ClassificInformationSystem–ClassificationByOrganizationalStructureDepartmentalISEnterprise-WideISInter-OrganizationalISAninformationsystem(IS)canspandepartments,businessunitsandcorporations.InformationsystemsareusuallyconnectedbymeansofelectronicnetworksInformationSystem–ClassificInformationSystem-ClassificationByFunction(Department)OperationsAccountingFinanceMarketingHumanresources

Aninformationsystem(IS)supporteachdepartmentinacorporation.TransactionProcessingSystems(TPS):AutomatesroutineandrepetitivetasksthatarecriticaltotheoperationoftheorganizationPoint-of-Sale(POS)InformationSystem-ClassificInformationSystem-ClassificationByFunction(Department)Aninformationsystem(IS)supporteachdepartmentinacorporation.InformationSystem-ClassificPersonalandProductivitySystemSmallsystemsbuilttosupportindividualsPDA,Excel,etc.Primarygoalistoeaseindividual’sworkorlifePersonalandProductivitySystAnExampleofFunctionalSystemComputerizedanalysishelpsTexascollect$400millionadditionaltaxesDatawarehouseDataminingAnalyzinglargeamountsofdata,decisionmaking,improvedemployeeproductivity,andincreasedrevenueFunctionalsystemssupportisolatedactivitieswithinadepartmentAnExampleofFunctionalSysteEnterpriseInformationSystemsSupportbusinessprocessesthatareperformedbytwoormoredepartmentsAbusinessprocessisacollectionofactivitiesperformedtoaccomplishaclearlydefinedgoal.EvaluatingarequestforaloanClearlydefinedstartingandendingpointsFrequentlydoneinsequence,canbeconductedsimultaneouslyEnterpriseInformationSystems《learned主動(dòng)出擊》教學(xué)課件ExpandourScopetoIncludeExternalEnvironmentsUpstreamsupplychainincludestheorganization’sfirst-tiersuppliersandtheirsuppliersInternalsupplychainincludesalltheprocessesusedbyanorganizationintransformingtheinputsofthesupplierstooutputsDownstreamsupplychainincludesalltheprocessesinvolvedindeliveringtheproductstofinalcustomersComponentsoftheSupplyChainAsupplychainisaconceptdescribingtheflowofmaterials,information,money,andservicesfromrawmaterialsuppliersthroughfactoriesandwarehousestotheendcustomers.ExpandourScopetoIncludeExExpandourScopetoIncludeExternalEnvironmentsContinuedComponentsoftheSupplyChainExpandourScopetoIncludeExInter-OrganizationalSystems(IOS)IOSaresystemsthatconnecttwoormoreorganizations.Thesesystemsarecommonamongbusinesspartnersandplayamajorroleine-commerce,aswellasinsupplychainmanagementsupport.ThefirsttypeofITsystemthatwasdevelopedinthe1980stoimprovecommunicationswithbusinesspartnerswaselectronicdatainterchange(EDI),whichinvolvedcomputer-to-computerdirectcommunicationofstandardbusinessdocuments(suchaspurchaseordersandorderconfirmations)betweenbusinesspartners.Thesesystemsbecamethebasisforelectronicmarkets,thatlaterdevelopedtoelectroniccommerce.Web-basedsystems(manyusingXML)deliverbusinessapplicationsviatheInternet.UsingbrowsersandtheInternet,peopleindifferentorganizationscommunicate,collaborate,accessvastamountsofinformation,andrunmostoftheorganization’stasksandprocesses.Inter-OrganizationalSystems(Inter-OrganizationalSystems(IOS)TwoormoreorganizationsInter-OrganizationalSystems(GlobalInformationSystemsIOSsthatconnectcompanieslocatedintwoormorecountriesareglobalinformationsystemsManyeCommercesystemsareglobalandexamplesofglobalinformationsystemsGlobalInformationSystemsIOSsTheWebBasedITArchitecturesTheInternetIntranetsExtranetsCorporatePortalsE-commerceSystemsWeb-basedsystemsrefertothoseapplicationsorservicesthatareresidentonaserverthatisaccessibleusingaWebbrowser.Theonlyclient-sidesoftwareneededtoaccessandexecutetheseapplicationsisaWebbrowserenvironment.ElectronicStorefrontsElectronicMarketsElectronicExchangesM-CommerceEnterpriseWebTheWebBasedITArchitecturesEmergingComputingEnvironmentsSaaSSoftware-as-a-ServicemodelAkaon-demandcomputing,utilitycomputing,orhostedservicesInsteadofbuyingandinstallingexpensivepackagedenterpriseapplications,userscanaccessapplicationsoveranetworkFixedsubscriptionfeeorperanactualusagefeeNoneedforhardwareandsoftwarepurchasesProviders:IBMorOracleorASPvendorsEmergingComputingEnvironmentEmergingComputingEnvironmentsSOATosupportSaaS,systemsaredevelopedasa“federation,〞“mash-up〞ofservices,andtiedtogetheronlyatthepointofexecutionCalledservice-orientedarchitecture(SOA)Example:MobilTravelGuideusingIBM’son-demandhostingservicesMostSOAsareimplementedinWebServicesEmergingComputingEnvironmentWebServicesWebServicesEmergingComputingEnvironmentsLimitationsofUtilityComputingSecurityandprivacyissuesVendordependencyandlock-inPerformanceandreliabilityBusinessdatatoocriticaltotrusttooutsidersLossofcontroloverkeyresourcesEmergingComputingEnvironmentEmergingComputing