2016年職稱英語真題及答案(理工A)

2016職稱英語真題及答案（理工A）第1部分：詞匯選項（第1?15題，每題1分，共15分）下面每個句子中均有1個詞或者短語劃有底橫線，請為每處劃線部分確定1個意義最為接近的選項。Onlypeopleover18areeligibletovote.A.honestB.qualifiedC.enabledD.cleverThelatestcarmodelembodiesthenewresearchdevelopment.A.listsB.includesC.borrowsD.broadensThecoastalareahasverymildwinter,butthecentralplainsremainextreme.A.severeB.hardC.warmD.drySheisanartistwhoseworkwillundoubtedlywithstandthetestoftime.A.gradeB.attractC.bearD.sufferHeworeashabbythinovercoatinthecoldwintersothathefellill.A.oldB.bigC.newD.smallTheweatherwassogorgeousthatmanypeoplewentouting.A.uncontrollableB.pleasantC.cloudyD.unbearableCompetitorsmustabidebythejudge'sdecisionA.keepB.readC.understandD.obeyTheumbrellawasingeniouslydevisedtofoldupintothepocket.A.seriouslyB.cleverlyC.attentivelyD.carefullySomenewspapersinthewestarenotablybiased.A.especiallyB.whollyC.totallyD.fairlyHisanswerswereobscureandconfusing.A.unclearB.obviousC.clearD.directThewayshelookedafterheryoungsisterwasreallytouchingA.disturbingB.connectingC.movingD.wavingWeareworriedaboutthisfluidsituationfullwithuncertainty.A.stableB.suitableC.changeableD.adaptableTheyhavebuiltcanalstoirrigatethedesert.A.decorateB.changeC.visitD.waterThedetailsofthecostumeweretotallyauthentic.A.outstandingB.realC.creativeD.falseThenewgarmentfitsherperfectly.A.clothesB.haircutC.purseD.necklace答案：BBCCABDBAACCDBA第2部分：閱讀判斷（第16?22題，每題1分，共7分）下面的短文后列出了7個句子，請根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容對每個句子做出判斷；如果該句提供的是正確信息，請選擇A；如果該句提供的是錯誤信息，請選擇B；如果該句的信息文中沒有提及，請選擇C。TheGreatestofVictorianEngineersInthehundredyearsupto1860,theworkofasmallgroupofconstructionengineerscarriedforwardtheenormoussocialandeconomicchangethatweassociatewiththeIndustrialRevolutioninBritain.ThemostimportantoftheseengineerswasIsambardKingdomBrunel,whoseworkinshipping,bridge-building,andrailwayconstruction,tonamejustthreefields,bothchallengedandmotivatedhiscolleagues.Hewasthedrivingforcebehindanumberofthehugelyambitiousprojects,someofwhichresultedinworkswhicharestillinusetoday.Thesonofanengineer,BrunelapprenticedwithhisfatheratanearlyageonthebuildingoftheThamesTunnel.Attheageofjusttwenty,hebecameengineerinchargeoftheproject.ThisimpressiveplantoboreundertheThamestwicesufferedtwomajordisasterswhentheriverbrokethroughintothetunnelwhenthesecondbreach（決口）occurredin1872,Brunelwasseriouslyinjuredduringrescueoperationandfurtherworkwashalted.Whilerecoveringfromhisinjuries,BrunelenteredadesigncompetitionforanewbridgeovertheAvonGorgenearClifton.TheoriginaljudgeofthecompetitionwasThomasTelford,aleadingcivilengineerofhisday,whorejectedallentriestothecompetitioninfavorofhisowndesign.Afterconsiderablescandal,asecondcontestwasheldandBrunel'sdesignwasaccepted.Forreasonsoffunding,however,exacerbated（力口劇）bysocialunrestinBristol,theprojectwasabandonedin1843withonlythetowerscompleted.AfterBrunel’sdeath,itwasdecidedtobeginworkonitagain,partlysothatthebridgecouldformafittingmemorialtothegreatengineer.Theentirestructurewasfinallycompletedin1864.Today,thewell-knownCliftonSuspensionBridgeisasymbolofBristol,justastheOperaHouseisofSydney.Originallyintendedonlyforhorse-drawntraffic,thebridgenowbearsoverfourmillionmotorvehiclesayear.BrunelwasanimportantairplaneengineerinBritainduringtheIndustrialRevolution.A.RightB.WrongC.NotmentionedBrunelwasinvolvedlessinrailwayconstructionthaninotherengineeringfields.A.RightB.WrongC.NotmentionedBrunelworkedonlyonshipping,bridge-buildingandrailwayconstruction.A.RightB.WrongC.NotmentionedBrunel'sworkwaslargelyignoredbyhiscolleagues.A.RightB.WrongC.NotmentionedSomeprojectsBrunelcontributedtoarestillinusetoday.A.RightB.WrongC.NotmentionedBrunelbecameanapprenticewithhisfatherwhenhewasveryyoung.A.RightB.WrongC.NotmentionedTheThamesTunnelprojectwasmoredifficultthananypreviousprojectsundertakeninBritain.A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned答案：BBBCAAC第3部分：概括大意與完成句子（第23?30題，每題1分，共8分）Geothermal（地熱）Energy1Sinceheatnaturallymovesfromhotterregionstocoolerones，theheatfromtheearth'scenterflowsoutwardstowardsthesurface.Inthiswa，yittransferstothenext26.Paragraph426.Paragraph4layerofrock.Ifthetemperatureishighenough，someofthisrockmeltsandformsmagma（巖漿）.Themagmaascendsinitsturntowardstheearth'ssurface.Itoftenremainswellbelowtheearth'ssurface，creatingvastareasofhotrock.Insuchregions，therearedeepcracks，whichallowrainwatertodescendunderground.Someoftheheatedrainwatertravelsbackuptotheearth'ssurfacewhereitwillappearasahotspring.However，ifthisascendinghotwaterreachesalayerofimpermeable（不可滲透的）rock,itremainstrapped,formingageothermalreservoir.Ifgeothermalreservoirsarecloseenoughtothesurface,theycanbereachedbydrillingwells.Hotwaterandsteamshootupthewellsnaturally，andcanbeusedtoproduceelectricityingeothermalpowerplants.2。Afewgeothermalpowerplantsdependondry-stemreservoirswhichproducesteambutlittleornowater.Inthesecases，thesteamispipedupdirectlytoprovidethepowertospinaturbinegenerator.Thefirstgeothermalpowerplant，constructedatLardarelloinItaly，wasofthistype，andisstillproducingelectricitytoday.3。Mostcurrentlyoperatinggeothermalpowerplantsareeither“flash"steamplantsorbinary（雙重的）plants。Flashplantsproducemainlyhotwaterrangingintemperaturefrom300°to700°Fahrenheit.Thiswaterispassedthroughoneortwoseparatorswherereleasedfromthepressureoftheundergroundreservoir，it"flashes"orboilsintosteamAgain，theforceofthissteamprovidestheenergytospintheturbineandproduceelectricity.Thegeothermalwaterandsteamarethenreinjecteddirectlybackdownintotheearthtomaintainthevolumeandpressureofthereservoir.Graduallytheywillbereheatedandcanthenbeusedagain.4。Areservoirwithtemperaturesbelow300°Fahrenheitisnothotenoughtoflashsteambutitcanstillbeusedtogenerateelectricityinbinaryfluid.Thesteamfromthisisusedtopowertheturbines.Asintheflashsteamplant，thegeothermalwaterisrecycledbackintothereservoir..Paragraph1^.Paragraph2_.Paragraph3_A.RecyclablewaterandsteamB.BinaryplantsC.FlashsteamplantsGenerationofelectricityOriginofgeothermalenergyDrysteamplantsAgeothermalreservoirisformedwhenhotwateristrappedunder.Adry-steamreservoirproducessteamwith—.Flashplantsproducehotwaterthrough.Inabinaryplant,theheatofthegeothermalwatercanbeconvertedinto.hotspringsimpermeablerockC.littleornowaterD.turbineoperatoroneortwoseparatorstheenergytoturnaturbine答案：EFCBBDEF閱讀理解第篇第一篇SportsStarYaoMingIfYaoMingisnotthebiggestsportsstarintheworld,heisalmostcertainlythetallest.At2.26m,heisthetallestplayerintheNationalAssociation（NBA）andholdstherecordasthemosttoweringOlympianevertocompeteintheGames.Butwhatreallystandsoutaboutthegiantcenterishiscelebrity（名氣）.Few,ifany,Chineseathletesareaswell-knownasYaoaroundtheworld.PeopleacrosstheglobearefascinatedwithYao,notonlyforhisbasketballprowess（杰出的才能）butalsoforbeingasymbolofinternationalcommerce.WhenYaojoinedtheHoustonRocketsastheNo.1pickinthe2002NBAdr選拔）,hewasthefirstinternationalplayerevertobeselectedfirst.Hisassetsonthecourtareclearenough—noNBAplayerofhissizehaseverpossessedhismobility,soheisahandful（難對付的人）foropponentsoneitherendofthecourt.ButwhatmakesYaoinvaluabletotheRocketsorganizationishisroleasaglobalcitizenandasabridgetomillionsofpotentialbasketballfansinChina.WhenitwasannouncedinFebruarythatYaowouldmisstherestoftheNBAseasonandpossiblytheOlympicswithastressfracture（骨折）inhisleftfoot,acollectiveshudder（震動）spreadacrossChina.Afterconsiderabledebateanddiscussion,Yaooptedtogethisfootsurgicallytreatedinanoperationthatplacedseveraltinyscrewsacrossthebone,toofferhisoverburdenedfootmoresupport.Thesurgerywasasuccess,andthoughtheestimatedfour-monthrecoveryperiodwillleavehimlittletimetopreparewithTeamChina,YaohasvowedtobereadyfortheBeijingOlympics.Yaowrappedupa10-daytriptoChina,whereheunderwentaseriesoftraditionalChinesemedicine（TCM）treatments,hopingtoacceleratehisrecoveryprocess.WesternexpertsaregenerallyskepticalofTCM'sbenefits,althoughnewresearchfromtheUniversityofRochestersuggeststhatacertaincompoundderivedfromshellfishmayspeedstimulatebonerepair.“ThereisnoreasontodismissTCM,"YaotoldapressconferenceinBeijing.“It’sbeenusedinourcountryforthousandsofyears.Idon'tthinkthatit’sshortonscience.”31.Theword"towering"inParagraph1meansIarge.fat.tall.O.great.OpponentsfinditverydifficulttocontrolYaoMingbecauseofhismobility.assaultdefense.celebrity.YaoMinghadtoundergoaseriesofTCMtreatmentsbecausehisrightfoothadbeenhurting.hewantedtomakeamorerapidrecovery.thesurgicaloperationhadbeenafailure.hecouldn'taffordallthemedicalexpenses.WhichstatementaboutYaoMingisNOTtrue?HemissedtheAthensOlympics.HeisanNBAplayer.Hefracturedhisleftfoot.Heisaninternationalfigure.Ingeneral,theWesternexperts'attitudetowardsTCMisindifferent.positive.negative.doubtful.答案：CABAD第二篇第二篇DeforestationandDesertification（沙漠化）TheSahelzoneliesbetweentheSaharadesertandthefertilesavannahs（熱帶大草原）ofnorthernNigeriaandSouthSudan.ThewordsahelcomesfromArabicandmeansmarginalortransitional,andthisisagooddescriptionofthesesemi-arid（半干旱）lands,whichoccupymuchoftheWesternAfricancountriesofMail,Mauritania,Niger,andChad.Unfortunately,overthelastcenturytheSaharadeserthassteadilycreptsouthwardseatingintoonceproductiveSahellands.UnitedNationssurveysshowthatover70percentofthedrylandinagricultureuseinAfricahasdeterioratedoverthelast30years.Droughtshavebecomemoresevere,themostrecentlastingovertwentyyearsinpartsoftheSahelregion.ThesameprocessofdesertificationistakingplaceacrosssouthernAfricaastheKalaharidesertadvancesintoBotswanaandpartsofSouthAfrica.Oneofthemajorcausesofthisdesertadvanceispooragriculturallanduse,drivenbythepressuresofincreasingpopulation.Overgrazing一keepingtoomanyfarmanimalsontheland—meansthatgrassesandotherplantscannotrecover,andscarcewatersuppliesareexhausted.Overcultivation一tryingtogrowtoomanycropsonpoorland——resultsinthesoilbecomingevenlessfertileanddrier,andbeginningtobreakup.Soilerosion（侵蝕）follows,andthelandturnsintodesert.Anothercauseofdesertificationislossoftreecover.Treesarecutdownforuseasfuelandtoclearlandforagriculturaluse.Treerootshelptobindthesoiltogether,toconservemoisture,andtoprovideahabitatforotherplantsandanimals.Whentreesarecutdown,thesoilbeginstodryandloosen,windandrainerosionincrease,otherplantspeciesdie,andeventuallythefertiletopsoilmaybealmostentirelylost,leavingonlybarerockanddust.Theeffectsoflossoftopsoilandincreaseddroughtareirreversible.Theyare,however,preventable.Carefulconservationoftreecoverandsustainableagriculturallandusehavebeenshowntohaltdeteriorationofsoilsandlessentheeffectsofshortageofrainfall.OneprojectinKitainsouth-westMalifundedbyUNDPhasinvolvedlocalcommunitiesinsustainablemanagementofforest,whileatthesametimeprovidingaviable（有活力的）agriculturaleconomy.ThismaybeamodelforsimilarprojectsinotherWestAfricancountries.36．TheSahelzoneisanareawhich___.iscoveredwithsadandgrasshasalonghistoryoccupiesmuchofSouthNigeriabelongstoSudanWhatisthesituationaboutthedesertificationinAfrica?ThedesertsarereplacedwithgrasslandsThedesertsareexpandingthedesertsaremovingnorthwardsthedesertsarebeingdesertedTheword“deteriorated”inparagraph2means___.deepenedB.sufferedC.slippedD.worsened39.Whatistherootcauseofdesertification?A.poorfarmingoverpopulationradicalclimatechangedisappearanceofrareplantspeciesInordertopreventdesertification,theauthorproposes___.makinggooduseofinternationalaidsdevelopingasustainableagriculturaleconomygaininginternationalsupportconvertingagriculturallandintoforest答案：ABDAB第三篇第三篇OlderVolcanicEruptions（這篇在學派網(wǎng)提供的考前模擬題中）Volcanoesweremoredestructiveinancienthistory,notbecausetheywerebigger，butbecausethecarbondioxide（二氧化碳）theyreleasedwipedoutlifewithgreaterease.PaulWignallfromtheUniversityofLeedswasinvestigatingthelinkbetweenvolcaniceruptionsandmassextinctions.Notallvolcaniceruptionskilledofflargenumbersofanimals,butallthemassextinctionsoverthepast300millionyearscoincidedwithhugeformationsofvolcanicrock.Tohissurprise,theolderthemassivevolcaniceruptionswere,themoredamagetheyseemedtodo.Hecalculatedthe"killingefficiency"forthesevolcanoesbycomparingtheproportionoflifetheykilledoffwiththevolumeoflava（熔巖）thattheyproduced.Hefoundthatsizeforsize,oldereruptionswereatleast10timesaseffectiveatwipingoutlifeastheirmorerecentrivalsThePermian（二疊紀）extinction,forexample,whichhappened250millionyearsago,ismarkedbyfloodsofvolcanicrockinSiberiathatcoveranarearoughlythesizeofwesternEurope.Thosevolcanoesarethoughttohavepumpedoutabout10gigatonnes（十億噸）ofcarbonascarbondioxide.Theglobalwarmingthatfollowedwipedout80percentofallmarinegenera（種類）atthetime,andittook5millionyearsfortheplanettorecover.Yet60millionyearsago,therewasanotherhugeamountofvolcanicactivityandglobalwarmingbutnomassextinction.Someanimalsdiddisappearbutthingsreturnedtonormalwithintensofthousandsofyears."Themostrecentoneshardlyhaveaneffectatall,"Wignallsays.Heignoredtheextinctionwhichwipedoutthedinosaurs（恐龍）65millionyearsago,becausemanyscientistsbelieveitwasprimarilycausedbytheimpactofanasteroid（小行星）.HethinksthatoldervolcanoeshadmorekillingpowerbecausemorerecentlifeformswerebetteradaptedtodealingwithincreasedlevelsofCO2.VincentCourtillot,directoroftheParisGeophysicalInstituteinFrance,saysthatWignall'sideaisprovocative.Buthesaysitisincrediblyhardtodothesesortsofcalculations.Hepointsoutthatthekillingpowerofvolcaniceruptionsdependsonhowlongtheylasted.Anditisimpossibletotellwhetherthehugeblastslastedforthousandsormillionsofyears.Healsoaddsthatitisdifficulttoestimatehowmuchlavaprehistoricvolcanoesproduced,andthatlavavolumemaynotnecessarilycorrespondtocarbondioxideemissions.41.OldervolcaniceruptionsdidmoredamagethanmorerecentonesbecauseA.oldervolcanoeswerebrighter.carbondioxidemadetheearthmuchwarmeroldervolcanoeswerehottercarbondioxidekilledofflifemoreeasilyWignallcalculatedthekillingpowerofthoseoldervolcaniceruptionsbyA.estimatinghowlongtheylastedcountingthedinosaurstheykilledcomparingtheproportionoflifekilledwiththevolumeoflavaproducedstudyingthechemicalcompositionoflavaWhendiddinosaursbecomeextinct?300millionyearsago.250millionyearsago65millionyearsagoD.60millionyearsago44.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatthecauseofdinosaurextinctionisapoliticalissue.self-evident.quitecertainD.controversial45.Whatisthemainthesisofthearticle?Volcaniceruptionsarenotalwaysdeadly.Carbondioxideemissionsoftengiverisetoglobalwarming.OldervolcaniceruptionsaremoredestructiveItisnoteasytocalculatethekillingpowerofavolcaniceruption答案：DCCDC第5部分：補全短文（第46?50題，每題2分，共10分）ResearchersDiscoverWhyHumansBeganWalkingUprightMostofuswalkandcarryitemsinourhandseveryday.Theseareseeminglysimpleactivitiesthatthemajorityofusdon’tquestion.Butaninternationalteamofresearchers,includingDr.RichmondfromGW'sColumbianCollegeofArtsandSciences，havediscoveredthathumanwalkingupright,mayhaveoriginatedmillionsofyearsagoasanadaptationtocarryingscarce,high-qualityresources.TheteamofresearchersfromtheU.S,England,JapanandPortugalinvestigatedthebehaviorofmodern-daychimpanzeesastheycompetedforfoodresources，inanefforttounderstandwhatecologicalsettingswouldleadalargeape—onethatresemblesthe6million-yearoldancestorwesharedincommonwithlivingchimpanzees—towalkontwolegs.“Thesechimpanzeesprovideamodeloftheecologicalconditionsunderwhichourearliestancestorsmighthavebegunwalkingontwolegs,"saidDr.Richmond.Theresearchfindingssuggestthatchimpanzeesswitchtomovingontwolimbsinsteadoffourinsituationswheretheyneedtomonopolizearesource.Standingontwolegsallowsthemtocarrymuchmoreatonetimebecauseitfreesuptheirhands.Overtime，intenseburstsofbipedalactivitymayhaveledtoanatomicalchangesthatinturnbecamethesubjectofnaturalselectionwherecompetitionforfoodorotherresourceswasstrong.TwostudieswereconductedbytheteaminGuinea.ThefirststudywasconductedbytheteaminKyotoUniversity’s“outdoorlaboratory”inanaturalclearinginBossouForest.Researchersallowedthewildchimpanzeesaccesstodifferentcombinationsoftwodifferenttypesofnut—theoilpalmnut，whichisnaturallywidelyavailable,andthecoulanut,whichisnot.Thechimpanzees’behaviorwasmonitoredinthreesituations:(a)whenonlyoilpalmnutswereavailable,(b)whenasmallnumberofcoulanutswereavailable，and(c)whencoulanutswerethemajorityavailableresource.Whentherarecoulanutswereavailableonlyinsmallnumbers,thechimpanzeestransportedmoreatonetime.Similarly,whencoulanutswerethemajorityresource,thechimpanzeesignoredtheoilpalmnutsaltogether.Thechimpanzeesregardedthecoulanutsasamorehighly-prizedresourceandcompetedforthemmoreintensely.Insuchhigh-competitionsettings，thefrequencyofcasesinwhichthechimpanzeesstartedmovingontwolegsincreasedbyafactoroffour.Notonlywasitobviousthatbipedalmovementallowedthemtocarrymoreofthispreciousresource,butalsothattheywereactivelytryingtomoveasmuchastheycouldinonegobyusingeverythingavailable一eventheirmouths.Thesecondstudy,byKimberleyHockingsofOxfordBrookesUniversity,wasa14-monthstudyofBossouchimpanzeescrop-raiding,asituationinwhichtheyhavetocompeteforrareandunpredictableResources.Here,35percentofthechimpanzeesactivityinvolvedsomesortofbipedalmovement,andonceagain,thisbehaviorappearedtobelinkedtoaclearattempttocarryasmuchaspossibleatonetime.完形填空CellPhoneLetsYourSecretsOutYourcellphoneholdssecretsaboutyou.Besidesthenamesandnumbersthatyou'veprogrammedintoit,(51)ofyourDNAlinger(遺留)onthedeviceaccordingtoanewstudyDNAisgenetic(遺傳的)material(52)appearsineverycell.Likeyourfingerprint,yourDNAis(53)toyou——unlessyou