9寫作高頻-aw串講第三天

GREAW寫作高頻題目串講

Day3顏余真05/09/2015yuzheny@I.Argument具體題目要求有哪些？四種；針對(duì)三個(gè)視角1.考慮更多證據(jù)Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatspecificevidenceisneededtoevaluatetheargumentandexplainhowtheevidencewouldweakenorstrengthentheargument.1.考慮更多證據(jù)作者結(jié)論/預(yù)測(cè)是否正確我們不知道，但是我們清楚還需要什么證據(jù)來(lái)證明/證偽作者的結(jié)論/預(yù)測(cè)。支持的證據(jù)→增強(qiáng)不支持的證據(jù)→削弱2.考慮作者假設(shè)Writearesponseinwhichyouexaminethestatedand/orunstatedassumptionsoftheargument.Besuretoexplainhowtheargumentdependsontheassumptionsandwhattheimplicationsareiftheassumptionsproveunwarranted.我們不關(guān)心作者的結(jié)論是否正確，我們只關(guān)注作者在論證過(guò)程中：做出了哪些假設(shè)；這些假設(shè)如何為結(jié)論和推理服務(wù)；當(dāng)假設(shè)被駁倒時(shí)結(jié)論會(huì)有什么影響。2.考慮作者假設(shè)3.考慮其他解釋W(xué)ritearesponseinwhichyoudiscussoneormorealternativeexplanationsthatcouldrivaltheproposedexplanationandexplainhowyourexplanation(s)canplausiblyaccountforthefactspresentedintheargument.3.考慮其他解釋我們不在乎作者的解釋對(duì)不對(duì)，我們也不關(guān)心需要什么證據(jù)來(lái)證明或證偽——我們只想知道還有什么其他的可能性來(lái)解釋出現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)象，并且它怎么和作者的解釋競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。為什么會(huì)是這三個(gè)視角？因?yàn)樵贕RE中Argument題干的邏輯鏈基本是這樣的：Evidence1+evidence2+…

↓

+

certain

assumptionsConclusion(s)

↓

+

certain

assumptionsSuggestion(s)4.主動(dòng)提出問(wèn)題Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatquestionswouldneedtobeansweredinordertodecidewhetherthepredictionandtheargumentonwhichitisbasedarereasonable.Besuretoexplainhowtheanswerstothesequestionswouldhelptoevaluatetheprediction.4.主動(dòng)提出問(wèn)題作者結(jié)論/預(yù)測(cè)是否正確我們不知道，但是對(duì)于作者的論證有一些關(guān)鍵性問(wèn)題，如果能夠得到這些問(wèn)題的答案，我們就能評(píng)析作者的結(jié)論/預(yù)測(cè)。有什么可以問(wèn)的？回憶剛剛看到的邏輯鏈：Evidence1+evidence2+…

↓

+

certain

assumptionsConclusion(s)

↓

+

certain

assumptionsSuggestion(s)主動(dòng)提出問(wèn)題是一個(gè)很靈活的視角，可以涵蓋前面三點(diǎn)Evidence1+evidence2+…

↓

+

certain

assumptionsConclusion(s)

↓

+

certain

assumptionsSuggestion(s)II.Issue具體題目要求有哪些？五種比較兩種觀點(diǎn)Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhichviewmorecloselyalignswithyourownpositionandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldaddressbothoftheviews

presented.比較兩種觀點(diǎn)Somepeoplebelievethatcollegestudentsshouldconsideronlytheirowntalentsandinterestswhenchoosingafieldofstudy.Othersbelievethatcollegestudentsshouldbasetheirchoiceofafieldofstudyontheavailabilityofjobsinthatfield.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhichviewmorecloselyalignswithyourownpositionandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldaddressbothoftheviewspresented.分開討論原因和結(jié)論Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeclaimandthereasononwhichthatclaimisbased.分開討論原因和結(jié)論Claim:Governmentsmustensurethattheirmajorcitiesreceivethefinancialsupporttheyneedinordertothrive.Reason:Itisprimarilyincitiesthatanation'sculturaltraditionsarepreservedandgenerated.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeclaimandthereasononwhichthatclaimisbased.考慮對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeclaim.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,besuretoaddressthemostcompellingreasonsand/orexamplesthatcouldbeusedtochallengeyour

position.考慮對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)Scandalsareusefulbecausetheyfocusourattentiononproblemsinwaysthatnospeakerorreformerevercould.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeclaim.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,besuretoaddressthemostcompellingreasonsand/orexamplesthatcouldbeusedtochallengeyourposition.考慮成立條件Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.考慮成立條件Aspeoplerelymoreandmoreontechnologytosolveproblems,theabilityofhumanstothinkforthemselveswillsurelydeteriorate.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.考慮后果Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscussyourviewsonthepolicyandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderthepossibleconsequencesofimplementingthepolicyandexplainhowtheseconsequencesshapeyour

position.考慮后果Societyshouldmakeeffortstosaveendangeredspeciesonlyifthepotentialextinctionofthosespeciesistheresultofhumanactivities.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscussyourviewsonthepolicyandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderthepossibleconsequencesofimplementingthepolicyandexplainhowtheseconsequencesshapeyourposition.III.GRE的寫作語(yǔ)言學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)要求邏輯縝密>語(yǔ)言優(yōu)美學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)要求邏輯縝密>語(yǔ)言優(yōu)美重要次序：宏觀邏輯>段落邏輯>段落語(yǔ)言具體來(lái)看做到以下幾點(diǎn)具體來(lái)看做到以下幾點(diǎn)主要是針對(duì)Issue；Argument對(duì)于語(yǔ)言要求不高1.寫之前想清楚全文論證結(jié)構(gòu)1.寫之前想清楚全文論證結(jié)構(gòu)你自己的基本觀點(diǎn)是什么？1.寫之前想清楚全文論證結(jié)構(gòu)你自己的基本觀點(diǎn)是什么？帶不帶讓步？2.一個(gè)段落只論證一個(gè)核心論點(diǎn)2.一個(gè)段落只論證一個(gè)核心論點(diǎn)要不然容易跑火車；2.一個(gè)段落只論證一個(gè)核心論點(diǎn)要不然容易跑火車；具體論證出發(fā)點(diǎn)先看instruction；2.一個(gè)段落只論證一個(gè)核心論點(diǎn)要不然容易跑火車；具體論證出發(fā)點(diǎn)先看instruction；如果instruction比較模糊，則可以自由發(fā)揮。2.一個(gè)段落只論證一個(gè)核心論點(diǎn)段落論證的展開：2.一個(gè)段落只論證一個(gè)核心論點(diǎn)Argument段落論證的展開：是什么2.一個(gè)段落只論證一個(gè)核心論點(diǎn)Argument段落論證的展開：是什么為什么2.一個(gè)段落只論證一個(gè)核心論點(diǎn)Argument段落論證的展開：是什么為什么怎么樣2.一個(gè)段落只論證一個(gè)核心論點(diǎn)Issue段落論證的展開：2.一個(gè)段落只論證一個(gè)核心論點(diǎn)Issue段落論證的展開：（觀點(diǎn)）是什么2.一個(gè)段落只論證一個(gè)核心論點(diǎn)Issue段落論證的展開：（觀點(diǎn)）是什么為什么（原因/后果）2.一個(gè)段落只論證一個(gè)核心論點(diǎn)Issue段落論證的展開：（觀點(diǎn)）是什么為什么（原因/后果）具象化（舉例/假想場(chǎng)景）2.一個(gè)段落只論證一個(gè)核心論點(diǎn)Issue段落論證的展開：（觀點(diǎn)）是什么為什么（原因/后果）具象化（舉例/假想場(chǎng)景）——?jiǎng)e忘了解釋！2.一個(gè)段落只論證一個(gè)核心論點(diǎn)Issue段落論證的展開：（觀點(diǎn)）是什么為什么（原因/后果）具象化（舉例/假想場(chǎng)景）（觀點(diǎn)）是什么3.注重句子之間的銜接，使得邏輯清晰順暢3.注重句子之間的銜接，使得邏輯清晰順暢常見(jiàn)的邏輯關(guān)系：3.注重句子之間的銜接，使得邏輯清晰順暢常見(jiàn)的邏輯關(guān)系：廣義上的順：平行：and,inotherwords3.注重句子之間的銜接，使得邏輯清晰順暢常見(jiàn)的邏輯關(guān)系：廣義上的順：平行：and,inotherwords遞進(jìn)：moreover,inaddition,what’smore,that’stosay3.注重句子之間的銜接，使得邏輯清晰順暢常見(jiàn)的邏輯關(guān)系：廣義上的順：平行：and,inotherwords遞進(jìn)：moreover,inaddition,what’smore,that’stosay推論：so,therefore,thereby,hence,thus,consequently3.注重句子之間的銜接，使得邏輯清晰順暢常見(jiàn)的邏輯關(guān)系：廣義上的順：平行：and,inotherwords遞進(jìn)：moreover,inaddition,what’smore,that’stosay推論：so,therefore,thereby,hence,thus,consequently尋因：because,since,dueto,as,for3.注重句子之間的銜接，使得邏輯清晰順暢常見(jiàn)的邏輯關(guān)系：廣義上的順：平行：and,inotherwords遞進(jìn)：moreover,inaddition,what’smore,that’stosay推論：so,therefore,thereby,hence,thus,consequently尋因：because,since,dueto,as,for廣義上的反：however,but,onthecontrary,incontrast,ontheotherhand3.注重句子之間的銜接，使得邏輯清晰順暢練習(xí)：寫一個(gè)自己熟悉領(lǐng)域的句子，要求：開頭敘述某些人對(duì)一種現(xiàn)象的解釋，之后轉(zhuǎn)折說(shuō)出這個(gè)解釋可能存在的問(wèn)題，再進(jìn)行推論，提出另一種解釋。4.說(shuō)話留有余地整體而言文章的口氣有所保留，并非是絕對(duì)化的4.說(shuō)話留有余地除了確鑿的事實(shí)、公理之外，在論證的過(guò)程中避免過(guò)于絕對(duì)化的表達(dá)（noway,surely,most...）；4.說(shuō)話留有余地除了確鑿的事實(shí)、公理之外，在論證的過(guò)程中避免過(guò)于絕對(duì)化的表達(dá)（noway,surely,most...）；改用能表達(dá)可能性的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：may/would/can/could/might4.說(shuō)話留有余地除了確鑿的事實(shí)、公理之外，在論證的過(guò)程中避免過(guò)于絕對(duì)化的表達(dá)（noway,surely,most...）；改用能表達(dá)可能性的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：may/would/can/could/might改用能表達(dá)可能性或傾向性的副詞：probably/possibly/potentially/presumably/likely4.說(shuō)話留有余地除了確鑿的事實(shí)、公理之外，在論證的過(guò)程中避免過(guò)于絕對(duì)化的表達(dá)（noway,surely,most...）；改用能表達(dá)可能性的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：may/would/can/could/might改用能表達(dá)可能性或傾向性的副詞：probably/possibly/potentially/p