教你檢查化妝品質量

Giftedness:TheGiftthatKeepsonGivingIntroductionStableversusunstablepersonaltraitse.g.genderversushaircolorWhichisgiftedness?OftenviewedasachildhoodattributeThisreflectedbyarecentwebsearchWhataretheresultsofgoogling…?Googleresults“giftedchildren”1,440,000hitsversuspost-childhood:“giftedadolescents”39,600hits“giftedteenagers”1,670hits“giftedadults”24,700hits“giftedelderly”56hits“giftedseniorcitizens”8hitsGoogleresultsandversuspre-childhood:“giftedbabies”6,660hits“giftedinfants”540hits“giftedzygotes”1hitthelattersomeJonStewartquip!ArgumentGiftednesscanbealife-longtraitThisdevelopmentalcontinuityisespeciallyconspicuouswhenwelookatthehighestlevelsofgiftednesse.g.,top1%ratherthantop10%SuperlativePerformanceThresholdAGETop10%Top1%PERFORMANCEFromConceptiontoReputationGeneticconceptionGestationInfancyChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthoodDeathPosthumousreputationGeneticconceptionGeneticconceptionItallbeginswiththe“giftedzygote”Galton’s1869HereditaryGeniusModernbehavioralgenetics:Giftednessismostlikelymulti-polygenic(manypolygenictraits)emergenic(multiplicative/configurational)epigenetic(unfoldsovertime)Inshort,acomplex,dynamicprocessGestationGestationIntrauterineenvironmente.g.,Geschwind’’stheoryelevatedtestosteroneafter20thweekright>leftposteriorhemispheregrowthgiftedness/savantismmathematicalabilityartistic/spatialabilitymusicalabilitySimonBaron-Cohen:“extrememalebrain”InfancyInfancyTheDevelopmental“DarkAges”Earlydevelopmentalsignpostsnotalwaysindicativeoflatergiftednessandmayevenbecounter-indicative(e.g.,delayedspeech)SowhendotheDarkAgesend?What’stheearliestageatwhichthegiftbeginstomanifestitself?FaganTestofInfantIntelligenceAttentiontonoveltyat6-12monthspredictsadultIQacademicachievementbutthisassessmentconcernsgeneralintelligence(Spearman’sg)Whataboutmoredomain-specificindicators?Cox(1926)301GeniusesJeremyBentham:Englishjuristandutilitarianphilosopher(earlyIQ180)LearnedalphabetbeforetalkingAt3beganclassicaleducationwhenfatherbuysaLatingrammar;sameagereadRapin’sHistoryofEnglandFeldman/Goldsmith(1986/2000)6prodigiesachildwhoreadmusicbeforehewasfour,twochildrenwhoplayedwinningchessbeforetheyenteredschool,anotherwhostudiedabstractalgebraingradeschool,ayoungsterwhoproducedtypedscriptsoforiginalstoriesandplaysbeforehisfifthbirthday,andachildwhoread,wrote,beganlearningforeignlanguages,andcomposedshortmusicalpiecesbeforehewasoutofdiapers.Winner(1996):GiftedChildrenMichaelKearneyspeakat4months;readat8months;algebraonownatage3KyLeeHenchfascinatedwithletters&numbersat1.5mentalarithmeticat2playingmathcomputergamesby3SMPY(JulianStanleyetal.)TerryTao:FieldsMedalrecipienttaughthimselftoreadbefore2;usingportabletypewriterbefore2.5;solvedmathproblemstypicalof8-yearoldsby3.ChildhoodChildhoodDarkAgesrarelyendbeforeages2-3,andmorecommonlyendattheageofalatepreschoolerorkindergartnerevenMozartdidn’tbegincomposinguntil5(withfather’’shelp)andJ.S.Milldidn’twritehisfirstbook(ahistoryofRome)until6.5(juvenilia)ChildhoodDuringthisageperiodvariousenvironmentalfactorskickinincludingBirthorder(notprenatal!)Traumatic,enriching,anddiversifyingeventsDomain-specificrolemodelsandmentors,andExpertiseacquisition(10-yearrule)thataffectthetypeanddegreeofgiftednessThe“gift”asanature-nurturecollaborationAdolescenceAdolescenceAlthoughthepreviouslymentionedfactorscontinuetonurturegrowth,thegiftedyouthcanalsobeledastrayfromthepathofoptimaldevelopment:Peergroupsbecomeespeciallycriticalduringthisphasee.g.,Csikszentmihalyietal.’s(1993)TalentedteenagersAdulthoodAdulthoodTheGreatTransformationfromInputtoOutputPotentialtoActualAchievementGiftednesstoGeniusAdulthoodAcceleratedcareeronsetAbbreviatedexpertiseacquisition(<10years)Earlyachievement(viz.1st“hit”in20s)Exceptionalproductivityoroutput(e.g.,Napoleon,Edison,Picasso,Mozart)Highimpact(e.g.,disciples,honors)Long,productivecareerEarly-+late-bloomers<<long-bloomersHence,lasttestaments,old-agestyleshifts,swan-songsExamplesCervantes:DonQuixote,PartII,age68,diedage69ExamplesGalileo:TwoNewSciences,age74,diedage78ExamplesGoethe:Faust,PartII,age83,diedage83ExamplesVerdi:Falstaff,age85,diedage88DeathDeathLifeexpectancyascontingentonachievementdomainExamples:MathematiciansversusBiologistsPoetsversusNovelistsMilitaryversusPoliticalLeadersRevolutionaryversusStatusQuoPoliticiansPrecocitynegativeimpactonlongevityGeniusAge1stmasterworkAgeatdeathArriaga(music)1820Galois(math)2020Chatterton(poetry)1617PosthumousreputationPosthumousreputationEventualeminenceisadirectfunctionoflifetimeachievement,whichismostoftendefinedbythequalityandquantityofoutputorimpactAsaresult,thehighestdegreesofeminenceareconsistentacrossspac