四六級閱讀突破

閱讀(精)文章的主旨大意第一步，仔細(xì)閱讀文章的首末段的首末句。第二步，要仔細(xì)閱讀其他個段落的首句。標(biāo)注文章的重點(diǎn)1.強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折2.比較處3.主旨句、主題句4.因果句、特殊以文具、獨(dú)立成段句、長難句乃至特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號等5.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié):若針對舉例子、引用名人言論、特殊符號(如冒號、引號、破折號)后內(nèi)容出題,可只讀例子、名人言論、符號前后句內(nèi)容,然后與選項對號入座

1.以下詞組提示下文所涉及的重要信息：

Themain/importantpoint/conclusion/reason….

Thepointtonotehere…

2.以下詞組提示了下文的結(jié)構(gòu)框架：

Therearethreemajorreasons…

3.but和however表示對比，常常用來提示重要信息，例如：

Therisingbirthrateisnotduetoincreasedfertility,buttoasharpdeclineinthedeathrate.

4.在文中提問可以突出問題后的答案，提示讀者答案中有重要信息，例如：

Whyisapipedwatersupplysoimportant?Diseaseduetocontaminatedwaterisacommoncauseofdeathinchildhood.

5.有時，為了保證讀者完全理解自己的觀點(diǎn)，作者會在文中反復(fù)提出自己的觀點(diǎn)，例如：

Deathcontrolcanbeachievedautonomously.Inotherwords,thedeathratecanbecutwithoutanythingelsechanging.

6.文章的結(jié)論通常是非常重要的，因此，讀者要在文中尋找提示結(jié)論的“信號詞”，例如：

Thereforetheresult

Inconclusionwecanconclude

Oneoftheprimaryconclusions

7.舉例是為了幫助讀者理解某一個觀點(diǎn)，因此，文中的例子不是瀏覽文章時的重要信息。在閱讀過程中，以下詞組提示讀者下文是舉例部分信息。

Forexample/instancelike

Suchastheseinclude

Toillustrateamongtheseare有時，作者也會用破折號或括號來提示舉例信息，例如：

Thedevelopingcountriesaredependentoncashcrops–sugar,coffee,cacao,cotton.

Precipitating/violent/unexpectedfactorsarethosewhichreducethefoodsupply(droughts,floods,wars,epidemics)…

Themainreasonforthereductioninthedeathrateinthedevelopingworldhasbeenimprovedpublichealthmeasures.Forexample,inSriLankathedeathratewashalvedovertenyearsbysprayingthemosquitoeswhichcarrymalaria.

Whyisitsoeasytocutthedeathrateinthiswayandyetsohardtoreducethebirthrate?Oneansweristhatpublichealthmeasurescanbeverycheap.Anti-malarialsprayingisinexpensive.ButthisisnottheimportantpointForbirthcontrolprogrammestobesuccessful,achangeinattitudeisrequired,whereasdeathcontrolcanbeachievedautonomously.Inotherwords,thedeathratecanbecutwithoutanythingelsechanging.

Themainreasonfor(提示：下文信息重要)thereductioninthedeathrateinthedevelopingworldhasbeenimprovedpublichealthmeasures.Forexample,(提示：下文信息不重要，僅僅是為了用來證明前面的觀點(diǎn))inSriLankathedeathratewashalvedovertenyearsbysprayingthemosquitoeswhichcarrymalaria.

Why(提示：問題的答案中有讀者應(yīng)該關(guān)注的重點(diǎn))isitsoeasytocutthedeathrateinthiswayandyetsohardtoreducethebirthrate?Oneanswer(提示：這只是眾多答案中的一種，并不是最重要的。)isthatpublichealthmeasurescanbeverycheap.Anti-malarialsprayingisinexpensive.Butthisisnottheimportantpoint(提示：but后面的是非常重要的信息).Forbirthcontrolprogrammestobesuccessful,achangeinattitudeisrequired,whereasdeathcontrolcanbeachievedautonomously.Inotherwords,(提示：這里是作者想要強(qiáng)調(diào)的重要信息)thedeathratecanbecutwithoutanythingelsechanging.克服不良閱讀習(xí)慣1.把英語譯成漢語。

2.遇到難詞就停下來

3.默讀。兩個問題按照“意群”來閱讀(介詞短語、不定式、長主語等)文章的有些內(nèi)容是不需要讀的。

1.人名地名后的修飾成分;

2.插入語(其用法在上面已提到)；

3.定語從句等修飾主語的成分

例如：Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsandtheirconsequences,

arguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschool.Cognitiveresearchers,whostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,maintainthatrewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceonapprovalandgiftsfromothers.學(xué)會排除干擾選項四級干擾選項明顯的特點(diǎn)有以下幾點(diǎn)：

一是文章選項無。所謂文章選項無就是給出的選項，文章中作者根本沒有提到。

二是答案本身錯。所謂答案本身措就是給出的選項本身就是錯誤的。

三是張冠李戴。定位原文解剖句子原句的同義詞、反義詞互換正面沖突（contradict）、偷梁換柱(pilfer)、曲解原文（twist）。

原文：UnitedStatesrankssomewhereinthemiddleofthemajorcountriesinlandfilldisposal.

問題：ComparedwithothermajorIndustrializedcountries,Americaburiesamuchhigherpercentageofitssolidwasteinlandfills.

原文：…atypicalcancerpatienthaspredictableattitude.She…feelsdepressed,upset,andangry.

問題：…h(huán)aveobservedthatatypicalpatientfeelsdepressed,impatientandangry.(模擬題)

原文：Theymustbeabletolistentodelegatesandtotranslateatthesametime!Thisisadifficultbutveryimportantjob.Onesmallmistakecouldcausemanyproblems.

問題：TranslationfortheUNGeneralAssemblyisaveryimportantjobbecausetheymustbeabletolistenandtranslateatthesametime.①IsthereenoughoilbeneaththeArcticNationalWildlifeRefuge(保護(hù)區(qū))(ANWR)tohelpsecureAmerica’senergyfuture?PresidentBushcertainlythinksso.HehasarguedthattappingANWR’soilwouldhelpeaseCalifornia’selectricitycrisisandprovideamajorboosttothecountry’senergyindependence.Butnooneknowsforsurehowmuchcrudeoilliesburiedbeneaththefrozenearth.Withthelastgovernmentsurvey,conductedin1998,protectingoutputanywherefrom3billionto16billionbarrels.

1.WhatdoesPresidentBushthinkoftappingoilinANWR?

A.Itwillexhaustthenation’soilreserves.

B.ItwillhelpsecurethefutureofANWR.

C.Itwillhelpreducethenation’soilimports.

D.ItwillincreaseAmerica’senergyconsumption.獲取文章中心思想

跳讀一、文章各段的首句和尾句。這些處于較明顯、較特殊位置的句子往往是段落和文章的主題句，具有相當(dāng)大的重要性;二、強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折處。通常以but,however,rather,yet,instead等詞為標(biāo)志，這些詞匯后面的句子是主題性信息;三、因果關(guān)系處。通常以therefore,asaresult,thus,so,Thatiswhy…等詞語或句式為標(biāo)志，這些詞匯或句式后面的句子是主題性信息;四、遞進(jìn)處。通常以moreover,furthermore,what’smore,what’sthemostimportant,mostimportantofall,mostimportantly等詞匯或短語為標(biāo)志，這些詞匯或短語后面出現(xiàn)的信息是被強(qiáng)調(diào)的信息，即主題信息出現(xiàn)的地方;五、例證處。通常以forexample,forinstance,Let’stake…,Consider…等詞匯、短語或句式為標(biāo)志，這些詞匯、短語或句式表示舉例，也是支持性的細(xì)節(jié)信息，位于例子前后的句子一般都是例子要說明的主題;六、并列處。通常以firstly,secondly…finally,some…others…,foronething…foranother,ontheonehand…ontheotherhand等組合為標(biāo)志1、綜合型

Faces,likefingerprints,areunique.Didyoueverwonderhowitispossibleforustorecognizepeople.Evenaskilledwriterprobablycouldnotdescribeallthefeaturesthatmakeonefacedifferentfromanother.Yetaveryyoungchild—orevenananimal,suchasapigeon—canlearntorecognizefaces,wealltakethisabilityforgranted.

Wealsotellpeopleapartbyhowtheybehave.Whenwetalkaboutsomeone’spersonality,wemeanthewaysinwhichheorsheacts,speaksthinksandfeelsthatmakethatindividualdifferentfromothers.

Likethehumanface,humanpersonalityisverycomplex.Butdescribingsomeone’spersonalityinwordsissomewhateasierthandescribinghisface.Ifyouwereaskedtodescribewhata“niceface”lookedlike,youprobablywouldhaveadifficulttimedoingso.Butifyouwereaskedtodescribea“niceperson”,youmightbegintothinkaboutsomeonewhowaskindconsiderate,friendly,warm,andsoforth.

Therearemanywordstodescribehowapersonthinks,feelsandacts.GordonAllport,anAmericanpsychologist,foundnearly18,000Englishwordscharacterizingdifferencesinpeople’sbehavior.Andmanyofususethisinformationasabasisfordescribing,ortyping,hispersonality.Bookworms,conservatives,militarytypes-peoplearedescribedwithsuchterms.

Peoplehavealwaystriedto“type”eachother.ActorsinearlyGreekdramaworemaskstoshowtheaudiencewhethertheyplayedthevillain’s(壞人)orthehero’srole.Infact,thewords“person”and“personality”comefromtheLatinpersona,meaning“mask”.Today,mosttelevisionandmovieactorsdonotwearmasks.Butwecaneasilytellthe“goodguys”fromthe“badguys”becausethetwotypesdifferinappearanceaswellasinactions.

70.Whichofthefollowingisthemajorpointofthepassage?

A)Whyitisnecessarytoidentifypeople’spersonality

B)Whyitispossibletodescribepeople

C)Howtogettoknowpeople

D)Howbesttorecognizepeople2、開門見山型

Mostepisodesofabsent-mindedness—forgettingwhereyouleftsomethingorwonderingwhyyoujustenteredaroom-arecausedbyasimplelackofattention,saysSchacter.“You’resupposedtoremembersomething,butyouhaven’tencodeditdeeply.”

Encoding,Schacterexplains,isaspecialwayofpayingattentiontoaneventthathasamajorimpactonrecallingitlater.Failuretoencodeproperlycancreateannoyingsituations.Ifyouputyourmobilephoneinapocket,forexample,anddon’tpayattentiontowhatyoudidbecauseyou’reinvolvedinaconversation,you’llprobablyforgetthatthephoneisinthejacketnowhanginginyourwardrobe(衣柜).“Yourmemoryitselfisn’tfailingyou.”saysSchacter.“Rather,youdidn’tgiveyourmemorysystemtheinformationitneeded.”

Lackofinterestcanalsoleadtoabsent-mindedness.“Amanwhocanrecitesportsstatisticsfrom30yearsago.”saysZelinski,“maynotremembertodropaletterinthemailbox.”Womenhaveslightlybettermemoriesthanmen,possiblybecausetheypaymoreattentiontotheirenvironment,andmemoryreliesonjustthat.

Visualcuescanhelppreventabsent-mindednesssaysSchacter.“Butbesurethecueisclearandavailable.”hecautions.Ifyouwanttoremembertotakeamedication(藥物)withlunch,putthepillbottleonthekitchentable—don’tleaveitinthemedicinechestandwriteyourselfanotethatyoukeepinapocket.

Anothercommonepisodeofabsent-mindedness:walkingintoaroomandwonderingwhyyou’rethere.Mostlikely,youwerethinkingaboutsomethingelse.“Everyonedoesthisfromtimetotime.”saysZelinski.Thebestthingtodoistoreturntowhereyouwerebeforeenteringtheroom,andyou’lllikelyremember.(2002年6月四級真題)

30.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A)Theprocessofgradualmemoryloss.

B)Thecausesofabsent-mindedness.

C)Theimpactoftheenvironmentonmemory.

D)Awayofencodingandrecalling.3、對比型(C)

Americansareproudoftheirvarietyandindividuality,yettheyloveandrespectfewthingsmorethanauniform,whetheritistheuniformofanelevatoroperatorortheuniformofafive-stargeneral.WhyareuniformssopopularintheUnitedStates?

Amongtheargumentsforuniforms,oneofthefirstisthatintheeyesofmostpeopletheylookmoreprofessionalthancivilian(百姓的)Clothes.Peoplehavebecomeconditionedtoexpectsuperiorqualityfromamanwhowearsauniform.Thetelevisionrepairmanwhowearsauniformtendstoinspiremoretrustthanonewhoappearsincivilianclothes.Faithintheskillofagaragemechanicisincreasedbyauniform.Whateasierwayisthereforanurse,apoliceman,abarber,orawaitertoloseprofessionalidentity(身份)thantostepoutofuniform?

Uniformsalsohavemanypracticalbenefits.Theysaveonotherclothes.Theysaveonlaundrybills.Theyaretax-deductible(可減稅的).Theyareoftenmorecomfortableandmoredurablethancivilianclothes.

Primaryamongtheargumentsagainstuniformsistheirlackofvarietyandtheconsequentlossofindividualityexperiencedbypeoplewhomustwearthem.Thoughtherearemanytypesofuniforms,thewearerofanyparticulartypeisgenerallystuckwithit,withoutchange,untilretirement.Whenpeoplelookalike,theytendtothink,speak,andactsimilarly,onthejobatleast.

Uniformsalsogiverisetosomepracticalproblems.Thoughtheyarelong-lasting,oftentheirinitialexpenseisgreaterthanthecostofcivilianclothes.Someuniformsarealsoexpensivetomaintain,requiringprofessionaldrycleaningratherthanthehomelaunderingpossiblewithmanytypesofcivilianclothes

35.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe_______.

A)UniformsandSociety

B)TheImportanceofWearingaUniform

C)PracticalBenefitsofWearingaUniform

D)AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofUniforms4、問題型

Amtrak(美國鐵路客運(yùn)公司)wasexperiencingadownswinginridership(客運(yùn)量)alongthelinescomprisingitsrailsystem.OfmajorconcerntoAmtrakanditsadvertisingagencyDDBNeedham，werethelong-distancewesternrouteswhereridershiphadbeendecliningsignificantly.

Atonetime，trainsweretheonlypracticalwaytocrossthevastareasofthewest.Trainswerefaster，luxurious，andquiteconvenientcomparedtootherformsoftransportationexistingatthetime.However，timeschangeandtheautomobilebecameAmerica'sstandardofconvenience.Also，airtravelhadeasilyestablisheditselfasthefastestmethodoftravelinggreatdistances.Therefore，thetaskforDDBNeedhamwastoencourageconsumerstoconsiderotheraspectsoftraintravelinordertochangetheirattitudesandincreasethelikelihoodthattrainswouldbeconsideredfortravelinthewest.

Twoportionsofthetotalmarketweretargeted:1)anxiousfliersthoseconcernedwithsafety，relaxation，andcleanlinessand2)travel-loversthoseviewingthemselvesasrelaxed，casual，andinterestedinthetravelexperienceaspartoftheirvacation.Theagencythendevelopedacampaignthatfocusedontravelexperiencessuchasfreedom，escape，relaxation，andenjoymentofthegreatwesternoutdoors.Itstressedexperiencesgainedbyusingthetrainsandportrayedwesterntraintripsaswonderfuladventures.

Advertisementsshowedpicturesofthebeautifulscenerythatcouldbeenjoyedalongsomeofthemorefamouswesternroutesandemphasizedtheromanticnamesofsomeofthesetrains(EmpireBuilder，etc.).Theseadswerestrategicallyplacedamongfamily-orientedTVshowsandprogramsinvolvingnatureandAmericainordertomosteffectivelyreachtargetaudiences.Resultswereimpressive.TheEmpireBuilder,whichwasfocusedoninonead.enjoyeda15percentincreaseinprofitsonitsChicagotoSeattleroute

31.What'stheauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassage?

A)Toshowtheinabilityoftrainstocompetewithplaneswithrespecttospeedandconvenience.

B)TostresstheinfluenceoftheautomobileonAmerica'sstandardofconvenience.

C)Toemphasizethefunctionoftravelagenciesinmarketpromotion.

D)Toillustratetheimportantroleofpersuasivecommunicationinchangingconsumerattitudes.5、實(shí)驗(yàn)型

Communicationstechnologiesarefarfromequalwhenitcomestoconveyingthetruth.Thefirststudytocomparehonestyacrossarangeofcommunicationsmediahasfoundthatpeoplearetwiceaslikelytotellliesinphoneconversationsastheyareinemails.Thefactthatemailsareautomaticallyrecorded-andcancomebacktohaunt(困擾)youappearstobethekeytothefinding.

JeffHancockofCornellUniversityinIthaca,MewYork,asked30studentstokeepacommunicationsdiaryforaweek.Inittheynotedthenumberofconversationsoremailexchangestheyhadlastingmorethan10minutes,andconfessedtohowmanyliestheytold.Hancockthenworkedoutthenumberofliesperconversationfoeeachmedium.Hefoundthatliesmadeup14percentofemails，21percentofinstantmessages,27percentofface-to-faceinteractionsandanastonishing37percentofphonecalls.

Hisresultstobepresentedattheconferenceonhuman-computerinteractioninVienna,Austria,inApril,havesurprisedpsychologists.Someexpectedemailerstobethebiggestliars,reasoningthatbecausedeceptionmakespeopleuncomfortable,thedetachment(非直接接觸)ofemailingwouldmakeiteasiertolie.Othersexpectedpeopletoliemoreinface-to-faceexchangesbecausewearemostpracticedatthatformofcommunication.

ButHancocksaysitisalsocrucialwhetheraconversationisbeingrecordedandcouldbereread,andwhetheritoccursinrealtime.Peopleappeartobeafraidtoliewhentheyknowthecommunicationcouldlaterbeusedtoholdthemtoaccount,hesays.Thisiswhyfewerliesappearinemailthanonthephone.

Peoplearealsomorelikelytolieinrealtime—inainstantmessageorphonecall,say—thaniftheyhavetimetothinkofaresponse,saysHancock.Hefondmanyliesarespontaneous(脫口而出的)responsestoanunexpecteddemand,suchas:"Doyoulikemydress?"

Hankcockhopeshisresearchwillhelpcompaniesworkoutthebestwaysfortheiremployeestocommunicate.Forinstance,thephonemightbethebestmediumforsaleswhereemployeesareencouragedtostretchthetruth.But,givenhisresults,workassessmentwherehonestyisapriority,mightbebestdoneusingemail.(2006年6月四級真題)57.Hancock'sstudyfocuseson____________.

A)theconsequencesoflyinginvariouscommunicationsmedia.

B)thesuccessofcommunicationstechnologiesinconveying