聽力背景知識-environmental science科學(xué)是一門研究人類社會發(fā)展活動與環(huán)境演化

環(huán)Environmentalscienceisaninterdisciplinaryacademicfieldthatintegratesphysical,biologicalandinformationsciencestothestudyoftheenvironment,andthesolutionofenvironmentalproblems.EnvironmentalscienceemergedfromthefieldsofnaturalhistoryandmedicineduringtheEnlightenment.Todayitprovidesan tative,andinterdisciplinaryapproachtothestudyofenvironmental全球環(huán)境變化是由人類活動和自然過程相互交 Environmentalchangeisachangeordisturbanceoftheenvironmentmostoftencausedbyhumaninfluencesandnaturalecologicalprocesses.Environmentalchangescanincludeanynumberofthings,includingnaturaldisasters,humaninterferences,oranimalinteraction.Environmentalchangedoesnotonly passphysicalchanges,butitcanbethingslikeaninfestationofinvasivespeciesisalsoenvironmentalTPO23Lecture2:BasicallyacloudeithercontributestothecoolingofEarth'ssurfaceortoitsheating.Earth'sclimatesystemisconstantlytryingtostrikeabalancebetweenthecoolingandwarmingeffectsofclouds.地球天氣系統(tǒng)不斷地試圖在云的降溫和變暖效應(yīng)中尋求一個平衡。It'sveryclose,butoverall,thecumulativeeffectofcloudsistocoolEarthratherthanAndthisbalancebetweentheamountofsolarradiation-energyfromtheSun-that'sabsorbedbyEarthandtheamountthat'sreflectedbackintospace,wecallthisEarth's"radiationbudget."這個平衡是 TPO11Lecture3:人為Whenlandgetsdevelopedforhumanuse,thelandscapechanges.Wedon'tseeasmanytypesofvegetation,treesgrassesandsoforth.當(dāng)土地被開發(fā)為人類使用，景觀就會改變。我們Thisnturnleadsootherlosses:thelossofanimalthatoncelived.buttheseetheobviouschanges,buttherearealsolessobviouschanges,liketheclimate.這接著就導(dǎo)動變Thechangesinthetemperaturepatternhadbeenbroughtaboutbythelossofwetlands濕（農(nóng) 種金屬、化石等，需要經(jīng)過漫長的地質(zhì)年代才能形成2）可再時間內(nèi)再生產(chǎn)出來或循環(huán)再現(xiàn)和風(fēng)力、能（solarenergy）等，被利用后不會導(dǎo)致量減少的能源。Naturalresourcesareresourcesthatexistwithoutactionsofhumankind.Thisincludesallvaluedcharacteristicssuchasmagnetic,gravitational,electricalpropertiesandforcesetc.OnEarthitincludessunlight,atmosphere,water,land(includesallminerals)alongwithallvegetation,cropsandanimallifethatnaturallysubsistsuponorwithintheheretoforeidentifiedcharacteristicsandsubstances.TPO12Lecture4:solarAlrightfolks,let'scontinueourdiscussionofalternativeenergysources,andmoveontowhat'sprobablythemostwell-knownalternativeenergysource,umm,solarenergy.好了，我 Thesunbasicallyprovidesearthwithavirtuallyunlimitedsourceofenergyeveryday,buttheproblemhasalwaysbeenhowdowetapthissourceofenergy. Solarenergyiseverywhere,butit'salsoquitediffused.Andthethingis,thedreamofsolarenergyisnotanewone.Humanityhasbeentryingtousethesun'slightasareliablesourceofenergyforcenturies. TPO33Lecture2:I'dliketocontinuewiththetopicofmanagingwaterresources,butIwanttofocusonaparticularcase,a—uh,anexampleofwatermanagementthat'smadeusreconsiderthemethodsweusewhenwemakethesedecisions. 重點講一個具體的例子，一個水資源管理的Solet'slookatwhat'shappeningintheColoradoRiverbasin.TheColoradoRiverbasinisaregioninthesouthwestUnitedStates.所以讓我們看看在科羅拉多河流域發(fā)生的事?？屏_拉多河流域是 SevenstatesrelyontheColorado'swater,andasyoucanimagine,asthepopulationsofthesebegantogrow,itbecameclearthatasystemtodistribute,ah,tomakesureeachstategotitsfairsharewater,somekindofsystemhadtobecreated.有七個州依賴著科羅拉多的水資源。正如你所想， 著這些州的人口開始增長，很明顯為了確保每個州的水資源得 分配系統(tǒng) 處 （e.g.anaerobic和減量化（compression壓縮，burning）處理。廣泛采用的城 Wastedisposal/managementaretheactivitiesandactionsrequiredtomanagewastefromitsinceptiontoitsfinaldisposal.Thisincludesthecollection,transport,treatmentanddisposalofwaste,togetherwithmonitoringandregulationofthewastemanagementprocess.Wastecanbesolid,liquid,orgaseousandeachtypehasdifferentmethodsofdisposalandmanagement.TPO34LectureAttheendofyesterday'sclasswewerediscussinglandfillsandthehundredsofmillionsoftonsofeverydaygarbagewhicharedepositedintothemeachyearintheUnitedStates在昨天那節(jié)課的最后，我們講了填埋區(qū)和每年存放的上百噸日常生活。It'sagrowingproblem-quitesimplywe'rerunningoutofspacetoputourgarbage.這個問題越來越突出了。簡單來說，我們用以堆放的空間快用光了。Andthisise