當(dāng)代研究生英語(上)unit5拓展

第十組Unit5

TheuniverseGalaxiesTheMilkyWaySolarsystemThehumannewexplorationoftheuniverseTheuniverse

Theuniverseisahugewide-openspacethatholdseverythingfromthesmallestparticletothebiggestgalaxy.NooneknowsjusthowbigtheUniverseis.

Astronomerstrytomeasureitallthetime.TheyuseaspecialinstrumentcalledaspectroscopetotellwhetheranobjectismovingawayfromEarthortowardEarth.光譜儀原子吸收光譜儀火花直讀光譜儀纖維光學(xué)光譜儀葉變換紅光光譜儀Basedontheinformationfromthisinstrument,scientistshavelearnedthattheuniverseisstillgrowingoutwardineverydirection

Scientistsbelievethatabout13.7billionyearsago,apowerfulexplosioncalledtheBigBanghappened.

Scientistsarenotyetsureifthemotionwillstop,changedirection,orkeepgoingforever.GalaxyAgalaxycontainsstars,gas,anddustwhichareheldtogetherasagroupbygravity.Theremaybemillions,orevenbillions,ofstarsinonegalaxy.Therearebillionsofgalaxiesintheuniverse.Classifybyshape

theylooklikegiantpinwheelsinthesky.Thegalaxywelivein,TheMilkyWay,isaspiralgalaxy."spiral"

theylooklikeflatballs."elliptical"SombreroGalaxy

itdoesn'treallyhaveashape."irregular"MiceGalaxies

Hourglassgalaxies

Inthistypeofgalaxy,newstarsjustseemto'burstout'veryquickly."starburst"AnewtypeofgalaxyTheMilkyWay

TheMilkyWayisover100,000lightyearswide.Itiscalledaspiralgalaxybecauseithaslongarmswhichspinaroundlikeagiantpinwheel.OurSunisastarinoneofthearms.

AmythbytheancientGreekssaidthiswhitestreakwasa"riverofmilk".TheancientRomanscalledittheViaGalactica,or"roadmadeofmilk".SolarsystemTheSunTheGreekscalleditHelios.

TheSun'snamecomesfromtheRomanswhocalleditSol.TheSunispersonifiedinmanymythologies.

TheSun'ssurface,calledthephotosphere,isatatemperatureofabout5800K.Therearesomeregionsthataremuch"cooler."Thesecoolregionsarecalled"sunspots."Sunspotsareonlyabout3800Kintemperature,thisiswhytheylookdarkerthantherestoftheSun.Sunspotscanbeaslargeas50,000kmacross!Scientistsarestilltryingtoexplainwhatcausessunspots.

TheMoonpassesdirectlybetweentheEarthandSun.Whenthishappens,lightfromtheSunisblockedoffforashorttime.Asolareclipsecancausecompletedarknessduringthedaytime!

solareclipseNotesaboutsunTheSunisastar,itisnotaplanet.TheSunissobigthatyoucouldfitmorethan1millionearthsinsideofit!TheSunisabout75%hydrogenand25%helium.ThisisthesymbolfortheSun:TheSun'scenterisabout15millionCelsius.TheSun'senergyisproducedbynuclearfusionreactions.IAUassemblyvote(InternationalAstronomicalUnion)PlutoInoursolarsystem,eightplanetscirclearoundourSun.TheSunsitsinthemiddlewhiletheplanetstravelincircularpaths(calledorbits)aroundit.Theseeightplanetstravelinthesamedirection(counterclockwiselookingdownfromtheSun'snorthpole).MercuryVenusEarthMarsJupiterSaturnUranusNeptuneTheoriginoftheeightplanetsnameMercuryInRomanmythologymercuryisthegodofcommerce,travelandthievery,theRomancounterpartoftheGreekgodHermes,themessengeroftheGods.Theplanetprobablyreceivedthisnamebecauseitmovessoquicklyacrossthesky.VenusVenus(Greek:Aphrodite;Babylonian:Ishtar)isthegoddessofloveandbeauty.Theplanetisnamedprobablybecauseitisthebrightestoftheplanetsknowntotheancients.(Withafewexceptions,thesurfacefeaturesonVenusarenamedforfemalefigures.)MarsMars(Greek:Ares)isthegodofWar.Theplanetprobablygotthisnameduetoitsredcolor;MarsissometimesreferredtoastheRedPlanet.(Aninterestingsidenote:theRomangodMarswasagodofagriculturebeforebecomingassociatedwiththeGreekAres;thoseinfavorofcolonizingandterraformingMarsmaypreferthissymbolism.)ThenameofthemonthmarchderivesfromMars.Jupiter(Jove;GreekZeus)wastheKingoftheGods,therulerofOlympusandthepatronoftheRomanstate.ZeuswasthesonofCronus(Saturn).JupiterInRomanmythology,Saturnisthegodofagriculture.TheassociatedGreekgod,Cronus,wasthesonofUranusandGaiaandthefatherofZeus(Jupiter).SaturnistherootoftheEnglishword"Saturday"SaturnUranusUranusistheancientGreekdeityoftheHeavens,theearliestsupremegod.UranuswasthesonandmateofGaiathefatherofCronus(Saturn)andoftheCyclopesandTitans(predecessorsoftheOlympiangods).InRomanmythologyNeptune(Greek:Poseidon)wasthegodoftheSea.

NeptuneEarthEarthistheonlyplanetwhoseEnglishnamedoesnotderivefromGreek/Romanmythology.ThenamederivesfromoldEnglishandGermanic.Thereare,ofcourse,hundredsofothernamesfortheplanetinotherlanguages.InRomanmythology,thegoddessoftheEarthwasTellus-thefertilesoil(Greek:Gaia,terramater-MotherEarth).TheEarthForaspacetraveler,thedistinguishingEarthfeaturesarethebluewaters,brownandgreenlandsandwhitecloudssetagainstablackbackground.EarthisthethirdplanetfromtheSunata

distanceofabout150millionkilometers(93.2millionmiles).Ittakes365.256daysfortheEarthtotravelaroundtheSunand23.9345hoursfortheEarthrotateacompleterevolution.EarthStatisticsMass(kg) 5.976e+24Equatorialradius(km) 6,378.14MeandistancefromtheSun(km) 149,600,000Rotationalperiod(hours) 23.934Equatorialsurfacegravity(m/sec^2) 9.78Meansurfacetemperature 15°CAtmosphericcompositionNitrogenOxygenOther 77%21%2%TheMoonOnJuly20,

1969,NeilArmstrongbecamethefirstmantostepontothesurfaceoftheMoon.HewasfollowedbyEdwinAldrin,

bothoftheApollo11mission.

Radiocommunicationswereusedbecausesound

wavescan

onlybeheardbytravellingthroughthe

mediumofair.

Thelunarskyis

alwaysblackbecausediffractionof

lightrequiresan

atmosphere.Themoon's

gravityisone-sixththatoftheEarth's.

TheMoonis384,403kilometers(238,857miles)distantfromtheEarth.Itsdiameteris3,476kilometers(2,160miles).BoththerotationoftheMoonanditsrevolutionaroundEarthtakes27days,7hours,and43minutes.MoonStatisticsMass(kg) 7.349e+22Equatorialradius(km) 1,737.4Equatorialradius(Earth=1) 2.7241e-01Meandensity(gm/cm^3) 3.34MeandistancefromEarth(km) 384,400Rotationalperiod(days) 27.32166Meansurfacetemperature(day) 107°CMeansurfacetemperature(night) -153°CMaximumsurfacetemperature 123°CMinimumsurfacetemperature -233°CThehumannewexplorationoftheuniverseOctober4,1957,theworld'sfirstman-madeearthsatellitelaunchInJuly20,1969,Apollo11landedontheMoonChina'sfirstman-madeearthsatellitedongfanghongnumberone

thespaceprobedVenera1hadprobetheVenus,inNov.28,1965ResourcessatelliteResources

satellite，surveyandresearchtheearthisnaturalresourcessatellite.Itcan"seethrough"formation,foundpeopleinvisibletotheundergroundtreasure,historicsites,thestratastructure,cancensuscrops,forest,thesea,theair,resources,andforecastofseriousnaturaldisasters.

CommunicationsatelliteReconnaissancesatelliteScienceexperimentsatelliteAlliancemannedspaceshipTheshenzhounumbertwospacecraftThespaceshuttleendeavourTheshenzhou5mannedspacemissionsuccessThespaceshuttlediscoveryMirSpaceStation

"Peace"fromspacefalltheearth,debrissplasheddowninthePacific.

Theexpansionoftheuniversediscoveredauniversalresonanceistheforcethatiscausingtheuniversetoexpand.Butalsoratherthanexpandlikeauniversaldynamothesameresonanceisdrawingtheuniverseoutwards,theenergynotbeingabletobemoreinsidetheuniversethanwhatisputinthatsystem.CosmicexpansioncontributestoredshiftKathrynReese-TaylorontheMayansand20122012theendoftheworldmayanprophecyintroduction:Didyouleaveoutthe