3行為的生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)05-06心理學(xué)與生活

Chapter3TheBiologicalBasesofBehavior行為的生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)Thismultimediaproductanditscontentsareprotectedundercopyrightlaw.Thefollowingareprohibitedbylaw:anypublicperformanceordisplay,includinganytransmissionofanyimageoveranetwork;preparationofanyderivativework,includingtheextraction,inwholeorinpart,ofanyoftheimages;anyrental,lease,orlendingoftheprogram1Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon遺傳和行為HeredityandBehavior自然選擇NaturalselectionFavorableadaptationstofeaturesoftheenvironmentallowsomemembersofaspeciestoreproducemoresuccessfullythanothers2Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon自然選擇NaturalSelection基因型GenotypeGeneticstructure表現(xiàn)型PhenotypeObservablecharacteristics3Copyright2002Allyn&BaconHowNaturalSelectionWorks環(huán)境壓力Environmentalpressure(changesintheenvironment)競爭Competition(forresources)Selectionoffittestphenotype(fromamongavarietyofphenotypes)Reproductivesuccess(genotypecorrespondingtofittestphenotypepassedtonextgeneration)Frequencyofthatgenotype(andphenotype)increases(innextgeneration)Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon4Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon自然選擇NaturalSelectionHumanevolution兩足行走Bipedalism大腦發(fā)達(dá)Encephalization語言出現(xiàn)Language文化發(fā)展Culturalevolution5Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon人類基因型的變化

VariationintheHumanGenotype遺傳HeredityBiologicaltransmissionoftraitsfromparentstooffspring遺傳學(xué)GeneticsStudyoftheinheritanceofphysicalandpsychologicaltraitsfromancestors祖先6Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon基礎(chǔ)遺傳學(xué)BasicGeneticsDNAPhysicalbasisforthetransmissionofgeneticinformationGenesBiologicalunitsofheredity7Copyright2002Allyn&BaconGenesandBehaviorHumanbehaviorgeneticsEvaluatesgeneticcomponentofindividualdifferencesinbehaviorsandtraits幸福感的遺傳性遺傳決定了你如何應(yīng)對環(huán)境。8Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon心理遺傳學(xué)的研究選擇性交配selectivebreeding9Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon選擇性交配selectivebreeding10Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon雙生子研究同卵雙生子（identicaltwins/monozygotictwins,MZ）異卵雙生子（fraternaltwins/dizygotictwins,DZ）11Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon111項(xiàng)雙生子的研究結(jié)果

Bouchard＆McGue，198112Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon生物學(xué)和行為BiologyandBehavior神經(jīng)科學(xué)NeuroscienceScientificstudyofthebrainandofthelinksbetweenbrainactivityandbehavior13Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon對腦的竊聽

EavesdroppingontheBrain對腦的干預(yù)InterventionsinthebrainLesions–injuriestoordestructionofbodytissue蓋吉布羅卡電刺激14Copyright2002Allyn&BaconRecordingandImagingBrainActivity腦電圖Electroencephalogram(EEG)Electricalactivityofthebrain正電子斷層掃描PETscansRecordsradioactivityemittedbycellsduringcognitiveandbehavioralactivities磁共振成像(MRI)Magneticresonanceimagine(MRI)Scansthebrainusingmagneticfieldsandradiowaves功能性磁共振成像FunctionalMRI(fMRI)Detectsmagneticchangesinbloodflowtocellsinthebrain15Copyright2002Allyn&BaconNervousSystemCentralNervousSystem(brainandspinalcord)PeripheralNervousSystem(neuraltissueoutsidebrainandspinalcord)Somaticnervoussystem(sensoryandmotornerves,voluntary)Autonomicnervoussystem(internalsystems,involuntary)Sympatheticdivision(“troubleshooter”)Parasympatheticdivision(“housekeeping”)Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon16Copyright2002Allyn&BaconNervousSystemCentralnervoussystem(CNS)BrainandspinalcordPeripheralnervoussystem(PNS)SpinalandcranialnervesConnectsthebody’ssensoryreceptorstotheCNSandtheCNStomusclesandglands17Copyright2002Allyn&BaconTheBrainStemandCerebellumBrainstemMedullaPonsThalamusCerebellum18Copyright2002Allyn&BaconTheLimbicSystemHippocampusAcquisitionofimplicitmemoryAmygdalaControlsemotion,aggression,andformationofemotionalmemoryHypothalamusRegulatesmotivatedbehavior19Copyright2002Allyn&BaconTheCerebrumCerebralcortexCerebralhemispheresCorpuscallosum20Copyright2002Allyn&BaconTheFourLobesoftheCerebralCortexFrontallobesParietallobesOccipitallobesTemporallobes21Copyright2002Allyn&BaconCopyright2002Allyn&Bacon22Copyright2002Allyn&BaconMotorandSomatosensoryCortexMotorcortexControlstheactionofthebody’svoluntarymusclesSomatosensorycortexProcessessensoryinputfromvariousbodyareas23Copyright2002Allyn&BaconMotorandSomatosensoryCortexAuditorycortexReceivesandprocessesauditoryinformationVisualcortexProcessesvisualinformationAssociationcortexHigh-levelbrainprocesses24Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon斯佩里Sperry裂腦人的研究[美]神經(jīng)心理學(xué)家斯佩里Sperry自1960年代末期開始，從事腦分割后病人的行為研究，獲1981年諾貝爾醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。閱讀P58-60描述實(shí)驗(yàn)過程實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)論是什么？25Copyright2002Allyn&BaconHemisphericLateralization26Copyright2002Allyn&BaconHemisphericLateralizationCopyright2002Allyn&Bacon27Copyright2002Allyn&BaconHemisphericLateralization28Copyright2002Allyn&BaconHemisphericLateralizationCopyright2002Allyn&Bacon雪景雞爪右手指著雞頭左手指著鐵鍬說：用鐵鍬清理雞舍29Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon心理的實(shí)質(zhì)什么是心理？心理是什么？心理從何而來？如何產(chǎn)生？心與物，心與腦的關(guān)系如何？令人頭疼的問題。涉及到哲學(xué)的本體論問題，自從古希臘哲學(xué)心物二分以來，西方哲學(xué)就一直爭論不休。這就造成了所謂唯物與唯心的對峙。唯心：精神與靈魂與生俱來，精神和靈魂可以脫離身體而存在；唯物：心理是物質(zhì)運(yùn)動(dòng)的產(chǎn)物，心理是腦的機(jī)能，是客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)的反映。30Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon還原論將整個(gè)世界置于一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的可理解的譜序之中，世界上的任何事物都可以在亞原子粒子/原子/分子/細(xì)胞/生命/意識(shí)序列中得到理解。31Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon還原論亞原子粒子原子分子細(xì)胞生命意識(shí)32Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon還原論極端的還原論的代表，著名的分子生物家弗蘭西斯

克里克在《分子和人》在批判活力論，即用物理學(xué)領(lǐng)域之外的生命力量來解釋生命現(xiàn)象的時(shí)候?qū)懙剑骸吧飳W(xué)的現(xiàn)代運(yùn)動(dòng)的最終目標(biāo)實(shí)際上是用物理學(xué)和化學(xué)來解釋全部生物學(xué)?！彼^物理學(xué)和化學(xué)是指關(guān)于原子層次上的東西的知識(shí)，只有在這個(gè)層次上的認(rèn)識(shí)才是可靠的。33Copyright2002Allyn&Bacon還原論AD雷蒙1948說，只要我們有足夠的辦法，就有可能創(chuàng)立研究一般的生命過程的分析力學(xué)（牛頓），甚至可以解決自由意志這個(gè)問題。也就是說，按照還原論的思路，從心靈到生理學(xué)、細(xì)胞生理學(xué)、分子生物學(xué)，直至原子物理學(xué)，所有這些認(rèn)識(shí)都建立在量子物理學(xué)的定律之上，心理學(xué)成為物理學(xué)的一個(gè)分支。34Copyright2002Allyn&BaconEndofChapter3生命、大腦、神經(jīng)、身體、心靈我們（的心靈）在哪兒？我們（的心靈）是什么？誰是我（們）？我（們）是誰？35Copyright2002Allyn&BaconEndocrineSystemEndocrinesystemNetworkofglandsthatmanufactureandsecretehormonesHormonesChemicalmessengersthatregulatemetabolismandinfluencebodygrowth,mood,andsexualcharacteristics36Copyright2002Allyn&BaconEndocrineSystem37Copyright2002Allyn&BaconEndocrineSystemPituitaryglandSecretesgrowthhormoneandinfluencesthesecretionofhormonesbyotherendocrineglandsTestosteroneMalesexhormoneEstrogenFemalesexhormone38Copyright2002Allyn&BaconTheNeuronCopyright2002Allyn&Bacon39Copyright2002Allyn&BaconTheNeuronNeuronCellinthenervoussystemspecializedtoreceive,process,and/ortransmitinformationtoothercells40Copyright2002Allyn&BaconTheNeuronDendritesSomaAxonTerminalbuttons41Copyright2002Allyn&BaconMajorClassesofNeuronsSensoryneuronsFromsensereceptorstowardtheCNSMotorneuronsFromCNStowardmusclesandglandsInterneuronsFromsensoryneuronstootherinterneuronsortomotorneurons42Copyright2002Allyn&BaconPainWithdrawalReflexCopyright2002Allyn&Bacon43Copyright2002Allyn&BaconActionPotentialsActionpotentialNerveimpulseRestingpotentialPolarizationofcellularfl