材料專業(yè)英語課件-專題4-學術論文的語言

學術論文寫作的語言表達

Maincomplaintsofstudents——我們老板改文章好慢啊，不知道他整天在忙啥？！——我們老板才啰嗦，每次改完一稿給他，他又改些地方，就不能一次解決嘛？——我們老板簡直搞不清我做的是什么，每次給了他文章，還要再跟他一遍又一遍地解釋，我暈！Maincomplaintsofsupervisors——我最怕學生寫英文的文章，連中文都寫不好，還英文！那哪是給人改的！——有的學生的文章我要來回給他改十稿，那才叫郁悶呢！——每次我指出學生的錯誤，他都不能全部改好，不是漏了這個，就是丟了那個！——我真不知道他到底想說什么？——還是我自己替學生寫最省心，節(jié)約時間、節(jié)省精力。MaincomplaintsofEditors

Abstracts,titlesvague/unscientific摘要、題目不明確–ABSTRACTisthemost-readpartofapaper–TITLEismainattention-getterKeywordsmissing,ornotaccordingtojournalspecifications關鍵字缺失/不符合期刊要求–KEYWORDSisessentialforfindingyourpaperReferencelistslimited/outdated參考文獻選擇不合理不充分/不具有前沿性–nottoomany;avoidexcessiveself-citationLowqualityfiguresandmeaninglessCaptions圖表質量低、圖表標題對圖表解釋不充分–Figure+Captiontellacompletestory,bespecific面對一篇問題眾多、患有綜合癥的稿件決不是改改個別語句那么簡單需要解決一系列問題高層次低層次層次1整體格式行距、字號圖表方程式大小標題參考文獻……層次2細節(jié)格式、語言的規(guī)范化大小寫標點符號空格……層次3語句語言是否有以下錯誤？時態(tài)單復數主謂一致冠詞……句子是否奇怪？生澀難懂？層次4語句科學意義概念、定義的范圍，科學上是否含糊、不恰當？因果關系層次5語句組織、思路前后連貫性思路順暢性邏輯性層次6文章結構、層次是否結構合理、層次分明？層次7文章的說服力數據、結論的相關性實驗設計的合理性層次8文章的創(chuàng)新性、科學意義研究工作的獨特性、重要性是否明確闡述？ForaWorld-classPaperContentisessential

內容是基礎Presentationiscritical

表達是關鍵

PlanningamanuscriptWriteyourmanuscriptsothatittellsaclearstory–itmusthaveapurpose論文目的清楚明確Youwantpeopletolearnaboutyourwork–makeiteasyforthem論文內容通俗易懂Makeiteasyforreviewersandeditors論文格式便于編輯和審稿人閱讀評審Usethespellcheckerandgrammarchecker使用拼寫檢查和語法檢查來避免拼寫和語法錯誤Makeneatbreaksbetweenpagesandsections合理使用分頁和分節(jié)GivethedocumentaprofessionallookLanguageissueGrammaticalandspellingmistakes語法與拼寫錯誤Theresultsshowed

that*****are

0bviously<->ObviouslyWrongusageofwords

用詞不當ThemorphologywascharacterizedwithaScanningelectronmicroscopy.Inthissentence,techniqueiswronglyusedasinstrument.microscopymicroscopeBadlyconstructedsentences句子結構錯誤Because

thesawdustderivativeshowedverygoodself-adheringability,so

itcouldbemold-pressedintoshapedbulkmaterial.應注意的問題時態(tài)數冠詞從句、分詞、不定式標點時態(tài)時態(tài)是個比較復雜的問題，雖然有一般的規(guī)則，但往往在實際文章中很難把握總體的，在同一段落中要避免時態(tài)跳躍最常見的描述一般現象的時態(tài)是一般現在時，有時也用一般過去時或一般將來時Abstract根據具體內容，當提到做了那些具體工作時，通常用一般過去時、被動態(tài)。根據具體內容，當提到本文做了某工作、闡述了某觀點時常用一般現在時、被動態(tài)。Introduction時態(tài)根據具體內容而定，現在完成時使用較多ExperimentalSection通常用一般過去時、被動態(tài)。ResultsandDiscussion論述普遍現象通常用一般現在時，有時也用一般過去時；注意在同一段落中要避免時態(tài)跳躍,但這不是絕對的。Conclusions時態(tài)根據具體內容而定。論述所做的研究工作通常用一般過去時；論述普遍現象通常用一般現在時，有時也用一般過去時。Acknowledgement表示感謝的態(tài)度時，時態(tài)用一般現在時；表示研究工作等是由哪里支持、幫助時，時態(tài)用一般過去時。需要注意的語法Inrecentyears作時間狀語時通常要用完成時Inrecentyears,Pleschandcoworkershaveconcludedthatmanyso-calledcationicpolymerizationsdonotproceedthroughintermediatesofanionicnature.當提到本文、此圖、此表等說明了、表達了什么時要用一般現在時，而不用一般過去時。Thispaperdescribes…Thefocusofthispaperis…Figure1shows

…MostofthecommoncondensationpolymersarelistedinTable1-1.數注意在一個句子中的數和謂語動詞的統(tǒng)一即可以下是需要注意的語法不規(guī)則變化的單復數單數復數中文詞意criterioncriteria依據phenomenonphenomena現象mediummedia介質radiusradii半徑indexindices指數appendixappendices附錄stimulusstimuli刺激basisbases基礎synthesissyntheses合成matrixmatrices基體[krai'ti?ri?n]Analysis-analysesThesis-thesesdatum-data一些數有特殊性的名詞data,kinetics

通常作復數名詞research,work:不可數名詞Thedata

inTable1are

obtainedfromthereactionsatdifferenttemperatures.Thekinetics

ofpolymerizationwithineachdropletare

thesameasthoseforthecorrespondingbulkpolymerization.Muchresearchhas

beendonetoredirectthetropismof…….Mostresearch

on…….has

focusedonthesynthesisofpolymers.oneof+復數名詞：noneof+復數名詞：noneof+不可數名詞：no+復數名詞：no+不可數名詞：akindof+單數名詞：this/thatkindof+單數名詞：thesekindsof+復數名詞：一些結構的數<主謂的統(tǒng)一>單數復數單數復數單數單數單數復數復數名詞+

ofthis/thatkind：sort與kind類似atypeof+單數名詞：aseriesof+復數名詞：aclassof+復數名詞：thenumberof+復數名詞：anumberof+復數名詞：復數單數復數復數單數復數Controlleddrugdeliverytechnologyrepresent

oneofthemostrapidadvancingareaofscienceinwhichchemistsarecontributingtohumanhealthcare.Controlleddrugdeliverytechnologyrepresents

oneof

themost

rapidadvancingareas

ofscienceinwhichchemistsarecontributingtohumanhealthcare.Severalmodelshavebeenproposedbutnoneappearstobegenerallyapplicable.Severalmodels

havebeenproposedbutnoneappear

tobegenerallyapplicable.Thusfarno

studieshasconclusivelydemonstratedlong-termvalueofanyofthecardiacgenetherapyapproaches.Thusfarnostudieshave

conclusivelydemonstratedlong-termvalueofanyofthecardiacgenetherapyapproachesCardiac['kɑ:di?k]心臟(病)的

Thistypeofterminationareoftenreferredtoasspontaneoustermination.Thistypeof

termination

is

oftenreferredtoasspontaneoustermination.spontaneous

自發(fā)的

[sp?n'teinj?s,-ni?s]Anumberofpolymerbackbonesthatarepotentiallydegradableisdetailedinthetext.Anumberof

polymerbackbones

thatare

potentiallydegradableare

detailedinthetext.Aseriesoftelomerreportedintable1wasthensynthesized.Telomer調聚物,終端調節(jié)劑

Adiverserangeofmechanismhasbeendeveloped.Polymersareapromisingclassofbiomaterialthatcanbeengineeredtomeetspecificend-userequirements.Themostimportantclassofpoly(amide)forcontrolledreleasearethepoly(aminoacids).Themajorityofpoly(anhydride)ispreparedbymelt-condensationpolymerization.Awidevarietyofnaturalandsyntheticpolymerhavebeenusedtofabricatetissue-engineeringmatrices.改錯Aseriesof

telomers

reportedintable1were

thensynthesized.Adiverserange

ofmechanisms

have

beendeveloped.Polymers

are

apromisingclassofbiomaterialsthatcanbeengineeredtomeetspecificend-userequirements.Themostimportantclass

ofpoly(amides)forcontrolledreleaseare

thepoly(aminoacids).Themajorityof

poly(anhydrides)are

preparedbymelt-condensationpolymerization.Awidevarietyof

naturalandsyntheticpolymers

have

beenusedtofabricatetissue-engineeringmatrices.后面通常要用復數名詞

（對可數名詞而言）variousdifferentMost、all、many、several、oneof、manyofkindsofanumberofa(wide)varietyof、aclassofaseriesof、awiderangeofDozensofdifferenttypesofreceptorsarepresentontheaveragemammaliancell.Inanumberofspecialapplications(e.g.contactlensesandskin-graftingmaterials),additionalrequirementssuchastransparencyshouldbeconsideredwhenselectingapolymer.Manyofthesetransmembraneproteinsarereceptors.Somepolymersarehighlycrystallineprimarilybecausetheirstructureisconductivetopacking,whileothersarecrystallineprimarilybecauseofthesecondaryforces.Forstillotherpolymers,bothfactorsmaybefavorableforcrystallization.形容可數名詞的量詞afew、many、anumberof形容不可數名詞的量詞agreat、small、certainamountof、agreat（good）dealof形容可數和不可數名詞均可的量詞alotof、lotsofAlthoughafewpolymermaybecompletelyamorphousandafewcompletelycrystalline,mostpolymersarepartiallyorsemi-crystallineincharacter.TheuseofIPNshasreceivedagreatdealofattentioninrecentyearsanddifferentkindofIPNshavebeensynthesizedwithdifferentcompositions.Themajoramountofworkonsizedistributionshavebeenonpolyestersandpolyimides.Asizeableamountworkhavebeenpublishedonthecopolymerizationsofvariouscyclicmonomer.改錯Althoughafew

polymers

maybecompletelyamorphousandafewcompletelycrystalline,most

polymers

are

partiallyorsemi-crystallineincharacter.TheuseofIPNshasreceivedagreatdealof

attention

inrecentyearsanddifferentkinds

ofIPNshavebeensynthesizedwithdifferentcompositions.Themajoramountofwork

onsizedistributionshas

beenonpolyestersandpolyimides.Asizeableamountworkhas

beenpublishedonthecopolymerizationsofvariouscyclicmonomers.以下結構的謂語的數由前一個決定,aswellas……由較靠近謂語動詞的決定notonly……butalso……either……or……neither……nor……學術論文、有關學術的科普文章中的名詞的可數或不可數特性的劃分區(qū)別于非學術文章（非學術文章中名詞的可數或不可數特性可從字典查到）。以下是在學術文章中通常視為可數名詞的單詞：（但在一般字典中它們或它們做某種含義解時可能被劃歸不可數名詞。）applicationdevelopmentconsiderationcompositionconcentrationdistributionstructurelengthweight冠詞冠詞是最易犯錯誤的地方一定要注意否則編輯的負擔極重因為每句話都會用到冠詞最普通的規(guī)則如下單數名詞前一般要加冠詞a,the等但有些情況可不加復數名詞前一般可不加冠詞也可加the,these,those.The

molecularweightofa

polymerisofprimeimportanceinitssynthesisandapplication.Whena

water-insolubleoronlyslightlywater-solublemonomerisadded,averysmallfractiondissolvesandgoesintosolution.Alargebutstillsmallportionofthe

monomerentersthe

interiorhydrocarbonpartofthe

micelles.Thelargestportionofthe

monomerisdispersedasmonomerdroplets.被修飾的名詞前要加theTherehasbeenarapidlyincreasingeffortinthelasttentofifteenyearstowardthesynthesisofnewpolymerswithmarkedlyhighertemperatureresistancethanthosepreviouslyavailable.Thecatalystsusuallymustbepreparedatthelowtemperaturessincemostofthembecomeheterogeneouswhenpreparedatorwarmeduptothetemperaturesaboveabout-4