2023年全國(guó)職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試真題及答案理工類(A級(jí))

2023年全國(guó)職稱英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試真題及答案理工類〔A級(jí)〕第一局部：詞匯選項(xiàng)〔第1—15題，每題1分，共15分〕下面每個(gè)句子中均有1個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)劃有底橫線，請(qǐng)為每處劃線局部確定1個(gè)意義最為接近的選項(xiàng)。1Forsomeobscurereason,thesimplegameisbecomingverypopular.AunclearBobviousCmajorDminor2Theseaturtle'snaturalhabitathasbeenconsiderablyreduced.AgreatlyBsuddenlyCgenerallyDslightly3IgotanotefromMoiraurgingmetogetintouch.AinstructingBnotifyingCpushingDinviting4Itispossibletoapproachtheprobleminadifferentway.AraiseBposeCexperienceDhandle5Thedecisiontoinvadeprovokedstormsofprotest.AignoredBorganizedCcausedDreceived6Janesaidthatshecouldn'ttoleratethelonghours.AspendBtakeClastDstand7At80,PeckwasstillvigorousandlivinginParis.AenergeticBhappyCaloneDbusy8Foresterstaredathiscar,tremblingwithrage.AshakingBturningCjumpingDshouting9Ayoungmanisbeinghailedaherotonightafterrescuingtwochildren.AreportedBprovedCpraisedDcaught10Iwantedtoaskheroutbutwasscaredthatshemightrefuse.AanxiousBsureCsadDafraid11Atthattime,wedidnotfullygraspthesignificanceofwhathadhappened.AgiveBattachCloseDunderstand12Andersonleftthetable,remarkingthathehadsomeworktodo.AdoubtingBsayingCthinkingDknowing13Heassertedthatnuclearpowerwasasafeandnon-pollutingenergysource.AmaintainedBrecommendedCconsideredDacknowledged14Thestudyalsonotesasteadydeclineinthenumberofcollegestudentstakingsciencecourses.ArelativeBgeneralCcontinuousDsharp15Shealwaysfindsfaultwitheverything.AcriticizesBsimplifiesCevaluatesDexamines第2局部：閱讀判斷(第16～22題，每題1分，共7分)下面的短文后列出了7個(gè)句子，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容對(duì)每個(gè)句子做出判斷：如果該句提供的是正確信息，請(qǐng)選擇A；如果該句提供的是錯(cuò)誤信息，請(qǐng)選擇B；如果該句的信息文中沒(méi)有提及，請(qǐng)選擇C。EarthRocksOnMostofthetime,thegroundfeelssolidbeneathourfeet.That'scomforting.Butit'salsomisleadingbecausethere'sactuallyalotgoingonunderground.Massesofland(calledplates)slip,slide,andbumpagainsteachother,slowlychangingtheshapeofcontinentsandoceansovermillionsandbillionsofyears.ScientistsknowthatEarthformedabout4.5billionyearsago.Theyalsoknowthatourplanetwashotatfirst.Asitcooled,itsoutermostlayer,calledthecrust,eventuallyformedmovingplates.Exactlywhenthisshifthappened,however,isanopenquestion.Now,aninternationalgroupofresearchershasananswer.They'vefoundnewevidencesuggestingthatEarth'scrust(地殼)startedshiftingatleast3.8billionyearsago.Thenewestimateis1.3billionyearsearlierthanpreviousones.Notlongbefore3.8billionyearsago,lotsofasteroids(小行星)werepummelingEarth,keepingitscrustinahot,moltenstate.Afterthehardcrustformed,muchofitsankatvarioustimesintotheplanet'shotinsides.There,itmeltedbeforereturningtothesurfaceaslava.Insomeplaces,however,thecrustneversank.OneoftheoldestsuchplacesisinGreenland,inanareacalledtheIsuasupracrustal(上地殼)belt.Therockycrustthereisbetween3.7and3.8billionyearsold.Thebeltwasoncepartoftheseafloor,butnowitisexposedtoair.TheresearchersrecentlylookattheIsuasupracrustalbelt.Theynoticedlong,parallelcracksintherockthathavebeenfilledinwithatypeofvolcanicrock.Toexplainthisstructure,thescientistsproposethattensioninthecrustcausedtheseafloortocrackopenlongago.Hot,liquidrock,calledmagma(巖漿),flowedupslowlyfromdeepinsideEarthtofillthecracks.Finally,theareacooled,formingwhatweseetoday.Thatexplanation,pluschemicalcluesinsidetherock,suggeststhattheIsuasupracrustalbeltwasoncepartofaplateundertheocean,beginningaround3.8billionyearsago.16Thegroundbeneathourfeetisindeedstill.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned17Theshapeoflandsandoceansareslowlychangedwiththemovementsofplates.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned18Earthcooleddownshortlyafteritwasformed.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned19ScientistsonceestimatedthatEarth'scruststartedshiftingthreebillionyearsago.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned20.Ittookalongtimeforthemeltedcrusttobecomehard.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned21.TheformationoftheIsuasupracrustalbeltisthoughttohavestartedabout3.8billionyearsago.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned22.Thelsuasupracrustalbeltisnowapopularholidayresort.ARightBWrongCNotmentioned第3局部：概括大意與完成句子(第23～30題，每題1分，共8分)下面的短文后有2項(xiàng)測(cè)試任務(wù)：(1)第23～26題要求從所給的6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為第2-5段每段選擇1個(gè)最正確標(biāo)題；(2)第27～30題要求從所給的6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為每個(gè)句子確定1個(gè)最正確選項(xiàng)。TheIPad1TheIPadisatabletcomputer(平板電腦)designedanddevelopedbyApple.Itisparticularlymarketedasaplatformforaudioandvisualmediasuchasbooks,periodicals(期刊),movies,music,andgames,aswellaswebcontent.Atabout1.5pounds(680grams),itssizeandweightarebetweenthoseofmostcontemporarysmartphonesandlaptopcomputers.ApplereleasedtheIPadinApril2023,andsold3millionofthedevicesin80days.2TheIPadrunsthesameoperatingsystemasIPodTouchandIPhone.ItcanrunitsownapplicationsaswellasonesdevelopedforIPhone.Withoutmodification,itwillonlyrunprogramsapprovedbyAppleanddistributedviaitsonlinestore.3LikeIPhoneandiPodTouch,theIPadiscontrolledbyamultitouchdisplay-abreakfrommostprevioustabletcomputers,whichusesapressure-triggeredstylus(觸控筆).TheIPadusesaWi-Fidataconnectiontobrowse(瀏覽)theInternet,loadandstreammedia,andinstallsoftware.Somemodelsalsohavea3GwirelessdataconnectionwhichcanconnecttoGSM3Gdatanetworks.Thedevicesismanagedandsynchronized(同步)byITunesonapersonalcomputerviaUSBcable.4AnIPadhasdifferentfeaturesandapplicationsonecanusetoexecutedifferentandinterestingthings.TherearelotsofIPadapplicationsthattheownercanusetoenhancethewaytheycommunicate.Someofthesearehowtousesocialnetworkingsitesandotheronlineoptions.Oneofthemostcommonusesisfore-mailservices.IPandapplicationslikeMarkdownMailallowtheadoptionofspecificandparticularoptions.Theyenabletheownertopersonalizetheiremailaccounts.5WhiletheIPadismostlyusedbyconsumersitalsohasbeentakenupbybusinessusers.SomecompaniesareadoptingIPadsintheirbusinessofficesbydistributingormakingavailableIPadstoemployees.Examplesofusesintheworkplaceincludelawyersrespondingtoclients,medicalprofessionalsaccessinghealthrecordsduringpatientexams,andmanagersapprovingemployeerequests.AsurveybyFrost&SullivanshowsthatIPadusageinworkplacesislinkedtothegoalsofincreasedemployeesproductivity,reducedpaperwork,andincreasedrevenue.23、Paragraph224、Paragraph325、Paragraph426、Paragraph5ABusinessusageBDifferencesfromIPhoneCOperatingsystemDOnlinestoresEFeaturesandapplicationsFDisplayanddataconnection27InApril2023theIPaddevelopedbyApplewas.28TheIPadwillonlyrunprogramsapprovedbyAppleifnot.29IPadapplicationsenabletheowner'semailaccountstobe.30IPadusageinofficesenablesemployeeproductivitytobe.AbrowsedBincreasedCreleasedDmodifiedEdistributedFpersonalized第4局部：閱讀理解〔第31～45題，每題3分，共45分〕下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題。請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文答復(fù)其后面的問(wèn)題，為每題確定一個(gè)最正確答案。第一篇CellPhones:HangUporKeepTalking?Millionsofpeopleareusingcellphonestoday.Inmanyplacesitisactuallyconsideredunusualnottouseone.Inmanycountries,cellphonesareverypopularwithyoungpeople.Theyfindthatthephonesaremorethanameansofcommunication—havingamobilephoneshowsthattheyarecoolandconnected.Theexplosionsaroundtheworldinmobilephoneusemakesomehealthprofessionalworried.Somedoctorsareconcernedthatinthefuturemanypeoplemaysufferhealthproblemsfromtheuseofmobilephones.InEngland,therehasbeenaseriousdebateaboutthisissue.Mobilephonecompaniesareworriedaboutthenegativepublicityofsuchideas.Theysaythatthereisnoproofthatmobilephonesarebadforyourhealth.Ontheotherhand,whydosomemedicalstudiesshowchangesinthebraincellsofsomepeoplewhousemobilephones?Signsofchangeintheissuesofthebrainandheadcanbedetectedwithmodernscanning(掃描)equipment.Inonecase,atravelingsalesmanhadtoretireatayoungagebecauseofseriousmemoryloss.Hecouldn'trememberevensimpletasks.Hewouldoftenforgetthenameofhisownson.Thismanusedtotalkonhismobilephoneforaboutsixhoursaday,everydayofhisworkingweek,foracoupleofyears.Hisfamilydoctorblamedhismobilephoneuse,buthisemployer'sdoctordidn'tagree.Whatisitthatmakesmobilephonespotentiallyharmful?Theanswerisradiation.High-techmachinescandetectverysmallamountsofradiationfrommobilephones.Mobilephonecompaniesagreethatthereissomeradiation,buttheysaytheamountistoosmalltoworryabout.Asthediscussionabouttheirsafetycontinues,itappearsthatit'sbesttousemobilephoneslessoften.Useyourregularphoneifyouwanttotalkforalongtime.Useyourmobilephoneonlywhenyoureallyneedit.Mobilephonescanbeveryusefulandconvenient,especiallyinemergencies.Inthefuture,mobilephonesmayhaveawarninglabelthatsaystheyarebadforyourhealth.Sofornow,it'swisenottouseyourmobilephonetoooften31PeoplebuycellphonesforthefollowingreasonsEXCEPTthatAthey'repopularBthey'recheapCthey'reusefulDthey'reconvenient32Theworld"detected"inparagraph3couldbebestreplacedbyAcuredBremovedCdiscoveredDcaused33ThesalesmanretiredyoungbecauseAhedislikedusingmobilephonesBhewastiredoftalkingonhismobilephoneChecouldn'tremembersimpletasksDhisemployer'sdoctorpersuadedhimto34Onthesafetyissueofmobilephones,themanufacturingcompaniesAdenytheexistenceofmobilephoneradiationBdevelopnewtechnologytoreducemobilephoneradiationCtrytoprovethatmobilephonesarenotharmfultohealthDholdthattheamountofradiationistoosmalltoworryabout35Thewriter'spurposeofwritingthisarticleistoadvisepeopleAtobuymobilephonesBtoupdateregularphonesCtousemobilephoneslessoftenDtostopusingmobilephones第二篇SomePeopleDoNotTasteSaltLikeOthersLow-saltfoodsmaybeharderforsomepeopletolikethanothers,accordingtoastudybyaPennStateCollegeofAgriculturalSciencesfoodscientist.Theresearchindicatesthatgeneticfactorsinfluencesomeofthedifferenceinthelevelsofsaltweliketoeat.Thoseconclusionsareimportantbecauserecent,well-publicized(大力宣傳的)effortstoreducethesaltcontentinfoodhaveleftmanypeoplestrugglingtoacceptfarethatsimplydoesnottasteasgoodtothemasitdoestoothers,pointedoutJohnHayes,leadinvestigatoronthestudy.Dietshighinsaltcanincreasetheriskofhighbloodpressureandstroke.Thatiswhypublichealthexpertsandfoodcompaniesareworkingtogetheronwaystohelpconsumerslowersaltintakethroughfoodsthatareenjoyabletoeat.Thisstudyincreasesunderstandingofsaltpreferenceandconsumption.Theresearchinvolved87carefullyscreenedparticipantswhosampledsaltyfoodssuchassoupandchips,onmultipleoccasions,spreadoutoverweeks.Testsubjectswere45menand42women,reportedlyhealthy,ranginginagefrom20to40years.Thesamplewascomposedofindividualswhowerenotactivelymodifyingtheirdietaryintakeanddidnotsmokecigarettes.Theyratedtheintensityoftasteonacommonlyusedscientificscale,rangingfrombarelydetectabletostrongestsensationofanykind."Mostofuslikethetasteofsalt.However,someindividualseatmoresalt,bothbecausetheylikethetasteofsaltinessmore,andbecauseitisneededtoblockotherunpleasanttastesinfood,"saidHayes."Supertasters,peoplewhoexperiencetastesmoretensely,consumemoresaltthannontastersdo.Snackfoodshavesaltinessastheirprimaryflavor,andatleastforthesefoods,moreisbetter,sothesupertastersseemtolikethemmore."However,supertastersalsoneedhigherlevelsofsalttoblockunpleasantbittertastesinfoodssuchascheese,Hayesnoted."Forexample,cheeseisawonderfulblendofdairyflavorsfromfermented(發(fā)酵的),milk,butalsobittertastesfromripeningthatareblockedbysalt,"hesaid."Asupertasterfindslow-saltcheeseunpleasantbecausethebitternessistoopronounced.Hayescitedresearchdonemorethan75yearsagobyachemistnamedFoxandageneticistnamedBlakeslee,showingthatindividualsdifferintheirabilitytotastecertainchemicals.Asaresult,Hayesexplained,weknowthatawiderangeintasteacuityexists,andthisvariationisasnormalasvariationsineyeandhaircolor.36JohnHayespointedoutthat__________.Afoodwithlesssalttastesbetter.Bmanypeoplenevereatlow-saltfood.Cmanypeoplemakeeffortstoacceptlow-saltfood.Ditisgoodtohealthtoeatfoodwithoutsalt.37Thefourthparagraphbrieflydescribes______?Awhythenumberofsubjectswaslimitedto87.Bwhymoremalesubjectswerechosenthanfemaleones.Chowsaltyfoodsweremadeanddistributedtothesubjectsintheresearch.Dhowthesubjectswereselectedandwhattheywereaskedtodo.38Itistruethat________.Anontastersliketosharesaltycheesewithsupertasters.Bsupertasterslikethetasteofsaltinesstoblocksweettastesinfood.Cnontastersconsumemoresaltbecausetheylikeintensetastes.Dsupertasterslikesnackfoodsmoreastheycontainhigherlevelsofsaltiness.39Supertasterspreferhigh-saltcheesebecause________.Aitisgoodtohealth.Bittasteslessbitter.Citisrichinnutrition.Dithasintensebittertastes.40Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthattasteacuityis________.Ageneticallydetermined.Bidentifiedwithcertainchemicals.Cdevelopedovertimeafterbirth.Drelatedtoone'seyeandhaircolor.第三篇CalculatingCrimeWhenyouthinkaboutmath,youprobablydon'tthinkaboutbreakingthelaw,solvingmysteriesorfindingcriminals.ButamathematicianinMarylanddoes,andhehascomeupwithmathematicaltoolstohelppolicefindcriminals.Peoplewhosolvecrimeslookforpatternsthatmightreveal〔揭示〕theidentityofthecriminal.It'slongbeenbelieved,forexample,thatcriminalswillbreakthelawclosertowheretheylive,simplybecauseit'seasiertogetaroundintheirownneighborhood.Ifpoliceseeapatternofrobberiesinacertainarea,theymaylookforasuspectwholivesnearthecrimescenes.So,thefartherawayfromtheareaacrimetakesplace,thelesslikelyitisthatthesamecriminaldidit.ButMikeO'Leary,amathematicianatTowsonUniversityinMaryland,saysthatthiskindofapproachmaybetoosimple.Hesaysthatpolicemaygetbettercluestothelocationofanoffender'shomebasebycombiningthesepatternswithacity'slayoutandhistoricalcrimerecords.Therecordsofpastcrimescontaingeographicalinformationandcanrevealeasytargets-thatis,thekindofstoresthatmightbelessdifficulttorob.Becausethesestoresarealongroads,thelocationsofpastcrimescontaininformationaboutwheremajorstreetsandintersections(十字路口)are.O'Learyiswritinganewcomputerprogramthatwillquicklyprovidethiskindofinformationforagivencity.Hisprogramalsoincludesinformationaboutthepeoplewholiveinthecity,andinformationabouthowacriminal'spatternschangewithage.(It'sbeenshown,forexample,thattheyoungerthecriminal,theclosertohomethecrime.)Othercomputerprogrammershaveworkedonsimilarsoftware,butO'Leary'susesmoremath.Themathematicianplanstomakehiscomputerprogramavailable,freeofcharge,topolicedepartmentsaroundthecountry.Theprogramisjustonewaytousemathtofightcrime.O'Learysaysthatcriminology-thestudyofcrimeandcriminals-containsalotofgoodmathproblems."IfeellikeI'minagoldmineandI'mtheonlyonewhoknowswhatgoldlookslike,"hesays."It'salotoffun."41Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmathistrue?AItistoodifficultforthepolicetouseinfindingcriminals.BFewpeopleassociateitwithfindingcriminals.CSomecriminalsmakeuseofitwhencommittingcrimes.Dithaslongbeenemployedinsolvingcrimes.42PeopletendtothinkthereisarelationshipbetweenAthetimeofacrimeandtheageofthecriminal.Bthetypeofacrimeandtheidentityofthecriminal.Cthepatternofacrimeandtheequipmentofthecriminal.Dthelocationofacrimeandtheresidenceofthecriminal.43O'LearyincludesallthefollowinginformationinwritinghisprogramEXCEPTAtherecordsofpastcrimes.Bthelocationsofpolicebureaus.Cthepeoplelivinginthecity.Dthechangeofacriminal'spatternswithage.44O'Leary'sprogramisdifferentfromothersimilarsoftwareinthatAitisinexpensive.Bitusesmoremath.Citismoreuser-friendly.Ditisavailableallovertheworld.45ItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatO'LearyAwilldevelopprogramsforothergovernmentaldepartments.Bisgoingtousemathinlookingforgold.Cthinksit'sinterestingtolearnmath.Dwillfurtherusemathinstudyingcrimesandcriminals.第5局部：補(bǔ)全短文〔第46—50題，每題2分，共10分〕下面的短文有5處空白；短文后有6個(gè)句子，其中5個(gè)取自短文，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容將其分別放回原有位置，以恢復(fù)文章原貌。Mt.DesertIslandThecoastoftheStateofMaineisoneofthemostirregularintheworld.Astraightlinerunningfromthesouthernmostcoastalcitytothenorthernmostcoastalcitywouldmeasureabout225miles.Ifyoufollowedthecoastlinebetweenthesepoints,youwouldtravelmorethantentimesasfar.Thisirregularityistheresultofwhatiscalledadrownedcoastline.____(46)Atthattime,thewholeareathatisnowMainewaspartofamountainrangethattoweredabovethesea.Astheglacier(冰川)descended,however,itexpendedenormousforceonthosemountains,andtheysankintothesea.Asthemountainssank,oceanwaterchargedoverthelowestpartsoftheremainingland,formingaseriesoftwistinginletsandlagoons(咸水湖).Thehighestpartsoftheformermountainrange,nearesttheshore,remainedasislands.____(47)Marinefossilsfoundhere225feetabovesealevel,indicatingtheleveloftheshorelinepriortotheglacier.The2,500-mile-longrockycoastlineofMainekeepswatchovernearlytwothousandislands.Manyoftheseislandsaretinyanduninhabited,butmanyarehometothrivingcommunities.Mt.DesertIslandisoneofthelargest,mostbeautifuloftheMainecoastislands.Measuring16milesby12miles,Mt.Desertwasessentiallyformedastwodistinctislands.____(48)Foryears,Mt.DesertIsland,particularlyitsmajorsettlement,BarHarbor,affordedsummerhomesforthewealthy.Recentlythough,BarHarborhasbecomearapidlygrowingartscommunityaswell.ButthebestpartoftheislandistheunspoiledforestlandknownasAcadiaNationalPark.Becausetheislandsitsontheboundarylinebetweenthetemperate(溫帶)andsub-Arcticzones,theislandsupportstheplantsandanimalsofbothzonesaswellasbeach,inland,andalpine(高山的)plants.____(49)TheestablishmentofAcadiaNationalParkin1916meansthatthisnaturalreservewillbeperpetuallyavailabletoallpeople,notjustthewealthy.VisitorstoAcadiamayreceivenatureinstructionfromtheparknaturalistsaswellasenjoycamping,cycling,andboating.Ortheymaychoosetospendtimeatthearcheologicalmuseum,learningabouttheStoneAgeinhabitantsoftheisland.ThebestviewonMt.DesertislandisfromthetopofCadillacMountain.___(50)Fromthesummit,youcangazebacktowardthemainlandoroutovertheAtlanticOceanandcontemplatethebeautycreatedbyretreatingglacier.AItalsoliesinamajorbirdmigrationlaneandisarestingspotformanybirds.BMt.DesertIslandisoneofthemostfamousofalloftheislandsleftbehindbytheglacier.CThewealthyresidentsofMt.DesertIslandselfishlykeptittothemselves.DThetermcomesfromtheactivityoftheiceage.EThismountainrises1,532feet,makingitthehighestmountainontheAtlanticseashore.FItissplitalmostinhalfbySomesSound,adeepandnarrowstretchofwatersevenmileslong.第6局部：完形填空〔第51-65題，每題1分，共15分〕下面的短文有15處空白，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容為每處空白確定1個(gè)最正確選項(xiàng)。YoungAdultsWhoExerciseGetHigherIQScoresYoungadultswhoarefithaveahigherIQandaremorelikelytogoontouniversity，revealsamajornewstudy________(51)outattheSahlgrenskaAcademyandSahlgrenskaUniversityHospital．TheresultswererecentlypublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences(PNAS)．Thestudy________(52)l.2millionSwedishmend