2022年全國碩士研究生招生考試英語（二）試題

PAGEPAGE102022年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語（二）試題SectionⅠ UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)HarlanCobenbelievesthatifyou’reawriter,you'llfindthetime;andthatifyoucan’tfindthetime,thenwritingisn’tapriorityandyou’renotawriter.Forhim,writingis1job—ajoblikeanyother.Hehas2itwithplumbing,pointingoutthataplumberdoesn’twakeupandsaythathecan’tworkwithpipestoday.3,likemostwritersthesedays,you’reholdingdownajobtopaythebills,not4tofindthetimetowrite.Butnotimpossible.Itrequiresdeterminationandsingle-mindedness.5thatmostbestsellingauthorsbeganwritingwhentheyweredoingotherthingstoearnaliving.Andtoday,evenwriterswhoarefairly6oftenhavetodootherworkto7theirwritingincome.AsHarlanCobenhassuggested,a8ofpriorities.Tomakewritingapriority,you’llhaveto9someyourday-to-dayactivitiesandsomethingsyoureallyenjoy.Dependingonyour10andyourlifestyle,thatmightmeanspendinglesstimewatchingtelevisionorlisteningtomusic,thoughsomepeoplecanwrite11theylistentomusic.mighthaveto12theamountofexerciseorsportyoudo.havetomakesocialmediaan13activityratherthanadaily,time-consuming14.There’llprobablyhavetolesssocializingwithyourfriendsandlesstimewithyourfamily.a15learningcurve,anditwon’talwaysmakeyoupopular.There’sjustonethingyoushouldtrytokeepatleastsometimefor,16yourwriting—andthat’sreading.Anywriterneedstoreadasmuchandaswidelyastheycan;theone17supporter—somethingyoucan’tdowithout.Timeisfinite,theolderyouget,the18itseemstogo.needtouseitascarefullyandas19aswecan.Thatmeansprioritizingoutactivitiessothatwespendmosttimeonthethingswereallywanttodo.Ifyouareawriter,thatmeans—20[A]difficult[A]combined—writing.[B]normal[B]compared[C]steady[C]confused[D]pleasant[D]confronted3.[A]If[B]Through[C]Once[D]Unless4.[A]enough[B]strange[C]wrong[D]easy5.[A]Accept[B]Explain[C]Remember[D]Suppose6.[A]well-known[B]well-advised[C]well-informed[D]well-chosen7.[A]donate[B]generate[C]supplement[D]calculate8.[A]cause[B]purpose[C]question[D]condition9.[A]highlight[B]sacrifice[C]continue[D]explore10.[A]relations[B]interests[C]memories[D]skills11.[A]until[B]because[C]while[D]before12.[A]putupwith13.[A]intelligent[B]makeupfor[B]occasional[C]hangonto[C]intensive[D]cutdownon[D]emotional14.[A]habit[B]test[C]decision[D]plan15.[A]tough[B]gentle[C]rapid[D]funny16.[A]inplaceof[B]inchargeof[C]inresponseto[D]inadditionto17.[A]indispensable[B]innovative[C]invisible[D]instant18.[A]duller[B]harder[C]quieter[D]quicker19.[A]peacefully[B]generously[C]productively[D]gratefully20.[A]atmost[B]inturn[C]onaverage[D]aboveallSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,CMarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)TEXT1Onarecentsunny13,000chickensroamoverLarryBrown’s40windsweptacresinShiner,Somerestintheshadeofaparkedcar.Othersdrinkwaterwiththecows.Thisallseemsrandom,butbydesign,partofwhatthe$6.1billionU.S.eggindustrybetswillbenextbigthing:climate-friendlyeggs.Theseeggs,whicharemakingtheirdebutnowonshelvesforasmuchas$8adozen,arestilllabeledorganicandanimal-friendly,butthey’realsofrombirdsthatliveonfarmsusingregenerativeagriculture-specialtechniquestocultivaterichsoilsthatcantrapgreenhousegases.Sucheggscouldmarketedashelpingtofightclimatechange.“I’mexcitedaboutourprogress,”saysBrown,whoharvestseggsforDenver-basedNestFreshEggsandisaddingmorecovercropsthatdrawwormsandcricketsforthechickenstoeat.Thebirds’wastethenfertilizesfields.Suchimprovements“allowourhenstoforageforhigher-qualitynaturalfeedthatwillbegoodfortheland,thehens,andtheeggsthatwesupplytoourcustomers.”Theeggindustry’spushisthefirstmajortestofwhetheranimalproductsfromregenerativefarmscanbecomethenextpremiumoffering.Inbarelymorethanadecade,organiceggswentfrombeingdismissedasanicheproductinnaturalfoodsstorestobeingsoldatMorerecentlythereweresimilardoubtsaboutprobioticsandplant-basedmeats,butbothhaveexplodedintomajorsupermarketcategories.Ifthesustainable-eggrolloutissuccessful,itcouldopenthefloodgatesforregenerativebeef,broccoli,andbeyond.Regenerativeproductscouldbeahardsell,becausetheconceptistoughtodefinequickly,saysJulieStanton,associateprofessorofagriculturaleconomicsatPennsylvaniaStateUniversityBrandywine.Suchfarmingalsobringsminimal,ifany,improvementtothefoodproducts(thoughsomeproducerssaytheireggshavemoreprotein).Theindustryisbettingthatthesameconsumerspayingmoreforpremiumattributessuchasfree-range,non-GMO,andpasture-raisedeggswillembracesustainability.Surveysshowthatyoungergenerationsaremoreconcernedaboutclimatechange,andsomeofthesuccessofplant-basedmeatcanbechalkeduptoshopperswantingtosignaltheirdesiretoprotecttheenvironment.Youngadults“reallycareabouttheplanet,”saysJohnBrunnquell,presidentofEggInnovations.“TheyareabsolutelyalteringthefoodchainbeyondwhatIthinkeventheyunderstandwhatthey’redoing.”Theclimate-friendlyeggsareproduced [A]ataconsiderablylowcost[B]atthedemandofregularshoppers[C]asareplacementfororganiceggs[D]onspeciallydesignedfarmsLarryBrownisexcitedabouthisprogressin [A]reducingthedamageofworms[B]acceleratingthedisposalofuses[C]creatingasustainablesystem.[D]attractingcustomerstohisproductsTheexampleoforganiceggsisusedintheparagraph4tosuggest [A]thedoubtstoovernaturalfeeds[B]thesetbacksintheeggsindustry[C]thepotentialofregenerativeproducts[D]thepromotionalsuccessofsupermarketsItcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatyoungpeople [A]arereluctanttochangetheirdiet[B]arelikelytobuyclimate-friendlyeggs[C]arecuriousaboutnewfood[D]areamazedatagriculturaladvancesJohnBrunnquellwoulddisagreewithJulieStantonoverregenerativeproducts’ [A]marketsprospectsstandarddefinitionnutritionalvaluemoralimplicationTEXT2MoreAmericansareoptingtoworkwellintotheretirement,agrowingtrendthatthreatenstoupendtheoldworkforcemodel.OneinthreeAmericanswhoareatleast40haveorplantohaveajobinretirementtoprepareforalongerlife,accordingtoasurveyconductedbyHarrisPollforTDAmeritrade.Evenmoresurprisingisthatmorethanhalfofunretirees—thosewhoplantoworkinretirementorwentbacktoworkafterretiring—saidtheywouldbeemployedintheirlateryearseveniftheyhadenoughmoneytosettledown,thesurveyshowed.Financialneedsaren’ttheonlyculpritforthe“unretirement”trend.Otherreasons,accordingtothestudy,includepersonalfulfillmentsuchasstayingmentallyfit,preventingboredomoravoidingdepression.About72%of“unretire”respondentssaidthattheywouldreturntoworkonceretiredtokeepmentallyfitwhile59%saiditwouldbetiedtomakingendsmeet.CanCongresssavetheeconomy?Fedchairsays“USdebtis‘onunsustainablepath’”.Autoindustryisstillaboys’clubatthetopdespiteGMCEOMaryBarrassuccess.“Theconceptofretirementisevolving,”saidChristineRussellseniormanagerofretirementatTDAmeritrade.“It’snotjustaboutfinances.Thevalueofworkisalsodrivingfolkstocontinueworkingpastretirement.”O(jiān)nereasonforthechangeinretirementpatterns:Americansarelivinglonger.Theshareofthepopulation65andolderwas16%in2018,up3.2%fromtheprioryear,accordingtotheU.S.CensusBureau.That’salsoup30.2%since2010.OlderAmericansarealsothefastest-growingsegmentoftheU.Sworkforce,andboomersareexpectedtolivelongerthanpreviousgenerations.Thepercentageofretirement-agepeopleinthelaborforcehasdoubledoverthepastthreedecades.About20%ofpeople65andolderwereintheworkforceinFebruary,upfromanall-timelowof10%inJanuary1985,accordingtomoneymanagerUnitedIncome.Becauseoflongerlifespans,Americansarealsoboostingtheirsavingstopreservetheirnesteggs,theTDAmeritradestudyshowedwhichsurveyed2,000adultsbetween40to79.Sixin10“unretires'"areincreasingtheirsavingsinanticipationofalongerlife,accordingtothesurvey.Amongthemostpopularwaystheyaredoingthis,thecompanysaid,isbyreducingtheiroverallexpenses,securinglifeinsuranceormaximizingtheircontributionstoretirementaccounts.Seniorsarelivinglonger,butplanningfortheextendedyearsisUnfortunately,manypeoplewhoareoptingtoworkinretirementarepreparingtodosobecausetheyareworriedaboutmakingendsmeetintheirlateryears,saidBrentWeiss,aco-founderatBaltimore-basedfinancial-planningfirmFacetWealth.Hesuggestedthatpreretireeshouldspeakwithafinancialadvisertosetlong-termfinancialgoals.“Themostchallengingmomentsinlifearegettingmarried,startingafamilyandultimatelyretiring.”Weisssaid.“It’snotjustafinancialdecision,butanemotionalone.Manypeoplebelievetheycan’tretire.＂ThesurveyconductedbyHarrisPollindicatesthat .overhalfoftheretireesarephysicallyfitforwork[B]theoldworkforceisasactiveastheyoungerone[C]oneinthreeAmericansenjoyearlierretirement[D]moreAmericansarewillingtoworkinretirementItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatAmericanstendtothinkthat [A]retirementmaycauseproblemsforthemboredomcanrelievedafterretirement[C]thementalhealthofretireesisoverlooked[D]“unretirement”contributestotheeconomyRetirementpatternsarechangingpartlydueto [A]laborshortage[B]populationgrowth[C]longerlifeexpectancy[D]risinglivingcostsManyretireesareincreasingtheirsavings[A]investingmoreinstocks[B]takingupoddjobs[C]gettingwell-paidwork[D]spendinglessregardtoretirement,Brentthinksthatmanypeopleare [A]unprepared[B]unafraid[C]disappointed[D]enthusiasticTEXT3Wehaveallencounteredthem,inbothourpersonalandprofessionallives.Thinkaboutthetimesyoufelttrickedorfrustratedbyamembershiporsubscriptionthathadaseamlesssign-upprocessbutwaslaterdifficulttocancel.Somethingthatshouldbesimpleandtransparentcanbecomplicated,intentionallyorunintentionally,inwaysthatimpairconsumerchoice.Theseareexamplesofdarkpatterns.Firstcoinedin2010byuserexperienceexpertHarryBrignull,”darkpatterns”isacatch-alltermforpracticesthatmanipulateuserinterfacestoinfluencethedecision-makingabilityusers.Brignullidentifies12typesofcommondarkpatterns,rangingfrommisdirectionandhiddencoststo"roachmotel”whereauserexperienceseemseasyandintuitiveatthestart,butturnsdifficultwhentheusertriestogetout.Ina2019studyof53,000productpagesand11,000websites,researchersfoundthataboutonein10employsthesedesignpractices.Thoughwidelyprevalent,theconceptofdarkpatternsisstillnotwellunderstood.Businessandnonprofitleadersshouldawareofdarkpatternsandtrytoavoidthegrayareastheyengender.Whereisthelinebetweenethical,persuasivedesignanddarkpatterns?BusinessesshouldengageinconversationswithIT,compliance,risk,andlegalteamstoreviewtheirprivacy,andincludeinthediscussionthecustomer/userexperiencedesignersandcodersresponsibleforthecompany’suserinterface,aswellasthemarketersandadvertisersresponsibleforsign-ups,checkoutbasketspricing,andpromotions.Anyoralltheseteamscanplayaroleincreatingoravoiding"digitaldeception.”Lawmakersandregulatorsareslowlystartingtoaddresstheambiguityarounddarkpatterns,mostrecentlyatthestatelevel.InMarch,theCaliforniaAttorneyGeneralannouncedtheapprovalofadditionalregulationsundertheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)that“ensurethatconsumerswillnotbeconfusedormisledwhenseekingtoexercisetheirdataprivacyrights.”Theregulationsaimtobandarkpatterns—thismeansprohibitingcompaniesfromusing"confusinglanguageorunnecessarystepssuchasforcingthemtoclickthroughmultiplescreensorlistentoreasonswhytheyshouldn’toptout.”Asmorestatesconsiderpromulgatingadditionalregulations,thereisaneedforgreateraccountabilityfromwithinthebusinesscommunity.Darkpatternsalsocanbeaddressedonaself-regulatorybasis,butonlyiforganizationsholdthemselvesaccountable,notjusttolegalrequirementsbutalsotoindustrybestpracticesandstandards.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthatdarkpatterns improveuserexperiencesleakuserinformationforprofit[C]undermineusers’decision-making[D]remindusersofhiddencostsThe2019studyondarkpatternsismentionedtoshow theirmajorflawstheircomplexdesignstheirseveredamagetheirstrongpresenceTohandledigitaldeception,businessesshould [A]listentocustomerfeedback[B]talkwithrelevantteams[C]turntoindependentagencies[D]relyonprofessionaltrainingTheadditionalregulationsundertheareintendedto [A]guideusersthroughopt-outprocessesprotectconsumersfrombeingtrickedgrantcompaniesdataprivacyrights[D]restrictaccesstoproblematiccontentAccordingtothelastparagraph,akeytocopingwithdarkpatternsis [A]newlegalrequirements[B]businesses'self-discipline[C]strictregulatorystandards[D]consumerssafetyawarenessText4Althoughethicsclassesarecommonaroundtheworld,scientistsareunsureiftheirlessonscanactuallychangebehavior;evidenceeitherwayisweak,relyingoncontrivedlaboratorytestsorsometimesunreliableself-reports.ButanewstudypublishedinCognitionfoundthat,inatleastonereal-worldsituation,asingleethicslessonmayhavehadlastingeffects.Theresearchersinvestigatedoneclasssession'simpactoneatingmeat.Theychosethisparticularbehaviorforthreereasons,accordingtostudyco-authorEricSchwitzgebel,aphilosopherattheUniversityofCalifornia,Riverside:students’attitudesonthetopicarevariableandunstable,behavioriseasilymeasurable,andethicsliteraturelargelyagreesthateatinglessmeatisgoodbecauseitreducesenvironmentalharmandanimalsuffering.Halfofthestudentsinfourlargephilosophyclassesreadanarticleontheethicsoffactory-farmedmeat,optionallywatchedan11-minutevideoonthetopicandjoineda50-minutediscussion.Theotherhalffocusedoncharitablegivinginstead.Then,unknowntothestudents,theresearchersstudiedtheiranonymizedmeal-cardpurchasesforthatsemester-nearly14,000receiptsforalmost500students.Schwitzgebelpredictedtheinterventionwouldhavenoeffect;hehadpreviouslyfoundthatethicsProfessorsdonotdifferfromotherprofessorsonarangeofbehaviors,includingvotingrates,blooddonationandreturninglibrarybooks.Butamongstudentsubjectswhodiscussedmeatethics,mealpurchasescontainingmeatdecreasedfrom52to45percent-andthiseffectheldsteadyforthestudy'sdurationofseveralweeks.Purchasesfromtheothergroupremainedat52percent.“That’sactuallyaprettylargeeffectforaprettysmallintervention,”Schwitzgebelsays.PsychologistNinaStrohmingerattheUniversityofPennsylvania,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysshewantstheeffecttoberealbutcannotruleoutsomeunknownconfoundingvariable.Andifreal,shenotes,itmightbereversiblebyanothernudge:“Easycome,easygo.”Schwitzgebelsuspectsthegreatestimpactcamefromsocialinfluence—classmatesorteachingassistantsleadingthediscussionsmayhavesharedtheirownvegetarianism,showingitasachievableormorecommon.Second,thevideomayhavehadanemotionalimpact.Leastrousing,hethinks,wasrationalargument,althoughhisco-authorssayreasonmightplayabiggerrole.Nowtheresearchersareprobingthespecificeffectsofteachingstyle,teachingassistants’eatinghabitsandstudents'videoexposure.Meanwhile,Schwitzgebel-whohadpredictednoeffect-willeatinghiswords.Scientistsgenerallybelievethattheeffectsofethicsclassesare[A]hardtodetermine[B]narrowlyinterpreted[C]difficulttoignore[D]poorlysummarizedWhichofthefollowingisareasonfortheresearcherstostudymeateating?[A]Itiscommonamongstudents.[B]Itisabehavioreasytomeasure.[C]Itisimportanttostudents’health[D]Itisahottopicinethicsclasses.EricSchwitzgebel’spreviousfindingssuggestthatethicsprofessors[A]areseldomcriticaloftheirstudents[B]arelesssociablethanotherprofessors[C]arenotsensitivetopoliticalissues[D]arenotnecessarilyethicallybetterNinaStrohmingerthinksthattheeffectoftheinterventionis[A]permanent[B]predictable[C]uncertain[D]unrepeatableEricSchwitzgebelsuspectsthatthestudents’changeinbehavior[A]canbringpsychologicalbenefits[B]canbeanalyzedstatistically[C]isaresultofmultiplefactors[D]isasignofself-developmentPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtestandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubtitlesfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubtitleswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MakeyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)MakeitahabitDon’tgoitaloneStartgoslowwithyourdoctorListentoyourbodyGothroughthemotionsRoundoutyourroutineHowtogetactiveagain?Gettingbackintoexercisecanbeachallengeinthebestoftimes,butwithgymsandin-personexerciseclassesoff-limitstomanypeoplethesedays,itcanbetrickytoknowwheretostart.Andit’simportanttogettherightdoseofactivity.“Toomuchtoosooneitherresultsininjuryorburnout,”saysMaryYoke,PhD,afacultymemberinthekinesiologydepartmentatIndianaUniversityinBloomington.Thefollowingsimplestrategieswillhelpyoureturntoexercisesafelyafterabreak.41. Don’ttrytogobacktowhatyouweredoingbeforeyourbreak.Ifyouwerewalking3milesaday,playing18holesofgolfthreetimesaweek,orlifting10-pounddumbbellsforthreesetsof10reps,reduceactivityto?mileeveryotherday,ornineholesofgolfonceaweekwithshortwalksonotherdays,oruse5-pounddumbbellsforonesetof10reps.Increasetime,distance,andintensitygradually.“Thisisn’tsomethingyoucandoovernight,”sayKeriL.Denay,MD,leadauthorofarecentAmericanCollegeofSportsMedicineadvisorythatencouragesAmericantonotoverlookthebenefitsofactivityduringthepandemic.Butyou’llreapbenefitssuchaslessanxietyandimprovedsleeprightaway.42. Ifyou’rebreathingtoohardtotalkincompletesentences,backoff.Ifyoufeelgood,goalittlelongerorfaster.Feelingwipedoutafterasession?Goeasiernexttime.Andstayalerttoserioussymptoms,suchaschestpainorpressure,severeshortnessofbreathordizziness,orfaintness,andseekmedicalattentionimmediately.43. Consistencyisthekeytogettingstrongerandbuildingenduranceandstamina.minutesofactivityperdayisagoodstart,saysMarcusJackovitz,aphysicaltherapistattheUniversityofMiamiHospital.Alltheexpertswespokewithhighlyrecommendwalkingbecausetheeasiest,mostaccessibleformofexercise.Althoughitcanbeaworkoutonitsown,ifyourgoalistogetbacktoZumbaclasses,tennis,cycling,oranyotheractivity,walkingisalsoagreatfirststep.44. Evenifyoucan’tyetdoafavoriteactivity,youcanpracticethemove