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初三英語總復(fù)習資料八種動詞時態(tài),有的只要求達到理解層次,有的則要求達到熟練運用層次。至少其中五種時態(tài)包括過去進行時是要求達到熟練運用層次的,而且其考查方式肯定不會以某一時態(tài)的獨立形式出現(xiàn),而是時態(tài)的綜合運用,尤其要重視各種時態(tài)之間的區(qū)別。找出它們之間的不同冠詞的用法.現(xiàn)以冠詞為例:.Johnwasgiven orangebagforhisbirthdaybut bagwaslostjustnow.A.an,aB.a,theC.the,aD.an,the.There's oldtreenear house.A.a,anB.an,theC.a,theD.the,a.Thereis___800-metre-longroadbehind___hospital.A.an,anB.a,aC.an,theD.a,the. good,kindgirlsheis!A.HowB.WhataC.WhatD.Howa. badweather!Ihopeitwon'tlastlong.A.HowB.WhatC.WhataD.Howa. theyarelisteningtotheteacher!A.HowcarefulB.WhatcarefulC.HowcarefullyD.Whatcarefully由上例題我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)冠詞和感嘆句是必考內(nèi)容。同樣,象賓語從句的語序、代詞的格、主謂語一致、動詞和介詞的搭配、近義詞的比較以及習慣表達法和情態(tài)動詞的使用等,無一不在考查之列。所有這一切語言基礎(chǔ)知識,我都將通過對典型試題的解題分析,展開討論,分層展示難易對比,系統(tǒng)歸納。對于語言基礎(chǔ)知識是這樣處理,那么對以能力測試為主要目的的中考其他試題形式又該怎么辦呢?這里我們以一篇完形填空題為例:Apoorfarmerhadneverlefthissmallvillage.Afterhe(1)alotofmoney,hedecidedtospendaholidayinanexpensivehotel(旅館)inabigtown.(2)lunchtimecameonhisfirstdaythere,hewenttoeatintherestaurant(餐館)ofthehotel(3)hisnewclothes.Theheadwaiter(服務(wù)員)(4)himtothetable,tookhisorderandwentaway.Whenheturnedand(5)thefarmeragain,hehada(6)!Thefarmerhadtied(系)histableclothroundhis(7).Theheadwaitertoldanotherwaitertogotothefarmerand(8)himthatpeople(9)dosuchathinginhisrestaurant.Sothewaiterwenttothefarmerandsaidina(10)voice(聲音),"Goodmorning,sir.Wouldyoulikeahaircut?"1.A.lentB.madeC.paidD.gave2.A.DuringB.ThoughC.WhenD.Because3.A.forB.with C.onD.in4.A.wantedB.putC.showedD.brought5.A.lookedatB.watchedC.sawD.found6.A.lookB.restC.tableclothD.surprise7.A.armB.neckC.hand D.head8.A.askB.tellC.taughtD.told9.A.can'tB.don'tC.won'tD.mustn't10.A.friendlyB.tiredC.sadD.ter要求考生從所給的選項中選出正確答案,使補足后的短文意思通順,結(jié)構(gòu)完整。對此,考生必須通篇考慮,不能拿來就做,那樣必然顧此失彼,前后意思不得連貫。目前的中考完型還側(cè)重于語法,這將在逐年試題的變革中轉(zhuǎn)向按上下文的要求來推斷理解。在解這類題時,必須掌握“詞感現(xiàn)象”,注意學會區(qū)分“干擾項”。所謂詞感,“thesenseofword"是指一種對詞或詞群的感受能力。對詞的感受力強,在解題時會較為容易地找到它與情景的關(guān)系。詞感并不僅僅指詞與詞之間的細微差異,也并不注重詞的搭配與組合,它較多地強調(diào)選用恰當?shù)脑~,以利于對情景作出合乎邏輯的判斷。同時也就把其它三個作為干擾項的選擇項排除掉了。最后復(fù)讀一篇全文,就會語感流暢,句意明確。這兒舉例的目的是想說明,我從一個較高的立意來對中考題型,特別是完形、閱讀等,進行分析、探討,借以使同學們詞獲匯得較(為一完整)的解題思路和解題方法。這一講里,主要幫助同學們掌握名詞、冠詞、數(shù)詞的用法,特別是針對同學不易掌握的方面。一、名詞 關(guān)于名詞,我們必須掌握名詞的數(shù),名詞的格。單數(shù)可用a、an來修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),在元音發(fā)音開頭的單詞前用an,而不是a.復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成方法:(1)一般在復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加s,如:dog--dogs。(2)以s、x、ch、sh結(jié)尾的名詞加es,如:watch--watches。(3)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加es,如:country-countrieso請區(qū)別:如果是元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,則只須加so 如:monkey--monkeys。(4)以o結(jié)尾的名詞,只有potato(土豆),tomato(西紅柿)加es構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。⑸以f、fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f、fe為v再加es,如:knife--knives。.單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同的詞:sheep--sheep,fish--fish Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese.特殊變化的單詞有:(1)tooth--teeth,foot--feeth(2)man--men,woman--women,policeman--policemen,Frenchman--Frenchmen請區(qū)別:German(德國人)一Germans (3)child—children.常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞:people(人),clothes(衣服),trousers(褲子)glasses(眼鏡),這些名詞作主語時,同學們應(yīng)特別注意它們的謂語,用復(fù)數(shù)。 如:Myclothesare(be)newerthanyours..有些名詞看似復(fù)數(shù)形式,實際上是單數(shù)。這一點是同學不易掌握的,應(yīng)特別加以記憶。如:news(消息),maths(數(shù)學),physics(物理) Nonewsisgoodnews..可用howmany,many,afew,few,alotof,lotsof,some,any等來修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。 Howmanyarethereinyourpencil-box?(knife)不可數(shù)名詞:1.常見的不可數(shù)名詞有:water,rice,fish,meat,等。應(yīng)特別記medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood..不可數(shù)名詞無復(fù)數(shù),作主語時??闯蓡螖?shù)。如:Somebreadoverthere.(be).常用howmuch,much,alittle,little,alotof,some,any等來修飾不可數(shù)名詞。.常用apieceof,acupof等來表示不可數(shù)名詞的量。如要表達“兩片面包”這樣的意義,bread仍為不可數(shù)名詞,不加s,Wpiece貝U可力口s。即:twopiecesofbread請區(qū)別:可數(shù)名詞也可用量來表示, 如:三箱蘋果threeboxesofapples例:1、Thesetwopiecesofbread overthere.(be)2、CouldIhavethree ,please??eofbreadB.pieceofbreads C.piecesofbread D.piecesofbreads名詞所有格的構(gòu)成方法,在名詞后加“‘s"。如:Tom-Tom's譯為“…的”,若遇上以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,則在s后加“’”即可。如:Teachers'Day,twoweeks'holiday,而不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞的所有格,仍按慣例加's。如:Children'sDay關(guān)于名詞所有格,應(yīng)掌握以下幾點:.可用名詞所有格表示地點。如:myaunt's我姑姑家。gotothedoctor's去醫(yī)生家。.表示兩人共同擁有,在最后一個名詞后加's 如:LucyandLily's露西和莉莉的.掌握詞組:agirloffive一個五歲的女孩afriendofmine我的一個朋友eg;Thewhhi詞shirtisandblueoneis.A、Kate,myB.Kate's,mineC.Kate,mineD.Kate's,my冠詞是詞匯中的基礎(chǔ)的,也是簡單的部分,所以同學們有必要掌握其基本用法,歸納起來,同學們應(yīng)該掌握以下幾點:1.冠詞指不定冠詞a,an和定冠詞the.不定冠詞an常用于元音發(fā)音開頭的詞前,如:anhour,anEnglishcar.請區(qū)別:ausefulmachine.指上文提到過的人或物,用定冠詞the.在世界上獨一無二的事物前用定冠詞the.如:thesun,themoon,theearth.定冠詞the用于序數(shù)詞前,表示方位的名詞和形容詞最高級前。如:thefirst,thebest,inthesouth.在復(fù)數(shù)姓氏前加the,表示XX一家人,??闯蓮?fù)數(shù)。如:TheBrownsaregoingtoShanghaiforaholidaythissummer..在介詞短語中常用定冠詞the,如:inthebox,behindthechair特別注意不能用定冠詞the的幾個方面:(1)在節(jié)日、星期、月份、季節(jié)、年等詞前不用冠詞。如:insummer,inAugust請區(qū)別:inthespringof1945.(這里表示特指,故加the)(2)一日三餐和球類運動名不用冠詞。 如:havebreakfast,playfootball(3)一些固定詞組中,如:gotobed,gotoschool,bybus,atnight.在有些詞組中,有冠詞和無冠詞意思不同,請注意區(qū)別:infrontof在…前面 inthehospital在醫(yī)院里inthefrontof在…范圍內(nèi)的前部 inhospital(生病)住院練習:There's 800-metre-longroadbehind hospital.三A,an^anz=j B.a,aC.an,theD.a,the同學們首先應(yīng)會讀會寫所有基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞,以及與數(shù)詞有關(guān)的鐘點表達法。對數(shù)詞的考查,中考常采用單選題及聽力題,這些題型歸納起來,應(yīng)掌握以下幾點特別容易出錯的地方。1.基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞。其規(guī)律為:1,2,3特殊記,加th從4起(first,second,third,fourth)8少t,9去e,千萬別忘記(eighth,ninth)逢5逢12,ve變f(fifth,twelfth)20到90,y要變ie(twentieth,ninetieth) 若是幾十幾,前基后序別倒位(ninety-first).hundred,thousand,million在構(gòu)成具體的數(shù)字時用單數(shù)形式。 如:fivehundredpeople.只有在表達籠統(tǒng)的多數(shù)時才加s,構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)形式。hundredsof數(shù)以百計的,成百上千的 thousandsof數(shù)以千計的,成千上萬的millionsof數(shù)百萬的這些詞組前不能用具體數(shù)字。.序數(shù)詞常與定冠詞the連用。練習:①HenryhaslearnedeightFrenchwordsthisyear.A.hundredB.hundredsC.hundredofD.hundredsof②ThelessonisthemostdifficultoneinBookTwo.(twenty)另外,同學們還應(yīng)掌握與數(shù)詞有關(guān)的鐘點表達法。順讀法(鐘點+分鐘) 如:4:30fourthirty4:45fourforty-five4:15fourfifteen 倒讀法(分鐘+to/past+鐘點)如:4:30halfpastfour4:15fifteenpastfour/aquarterpastfour4:45fifteentofive/aquartertofive練習題:.Atthebeginningofthe (twenty)century,theworld'spopulationwasabout1700million..Arethese (watch)yours?Yes..Youdon'tlookwell.You'dbettergotothe (doctor)atonce..Wouldyougiveme ,please?A.twopapersB.twopieceofpaperC.twopiecesofpaperD.twopiecesofpapers.Therearethree andseven inthepicture.A.monkeys,sheepsB.monkeys,sheepC.monkies,sheepD.monkies,sheeps.Alotof aretalkingwithtwo .A.Germans,FrenchmansB.Germen,FrenchmansC.German,FrenchmenD.Germans,Frenchmen.June1is__.A.theChildren'sDayB.theChildrens'DayC.Children'sDayD.Childrens'Day. peoplewentouttoseewhathadhappened.A.ThousandsofB.ThreethousandofC.ThousandofD.Threethousands.Wehavebeenintheschoolfor .A.threeandahalfmonth B.threeandahalfmonthsC.threemonthandahalf D.threemonthsandhalf. Englishis usefullanguage.A.A,anB./,aC.The,anD.A,/.Johnwasgiven orangebagforhisbirthdaybut bagwaslostjustnow.A.an,aB.a,theC.the,aD.an,the.There's oldtreenear house.A.a,anB.an,theC.a,theD.the,a.Thereis 800-metre-longroadbehind hospital.A.an,anB.a,aC.an,theD.a,the四.代詞①人稱代詞: 主格:單數(shù)I、you、he、she、it復(fù)數(shù)we、you、they賓格:單數(shù)me、you、him、her、it復(fù)數(shù)us、you、them⑵物主代詞:形容詞性my、your、his、her、its、our、your、their名詞性mine、yours、his、hers、its、ours、yours、theirs③反身代詞: myself、yourself、himself、herself、itself、ourselves、yourselves、themselves.形容詞性物主代詞在句中只能作定語,相當于一個形容詞,名詞性物主代詞在句中可作表語、主語和賓語,相當于一個名詞。.注意名詞性物主代詞在句中所指代的關(guān)系,是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。如:⑴Thesebooksaren'tours. Oursarenew.(這里ours=ourbooks)⑵Thisisnotourroom. Oursisoverthere.(這里ours=ourroom)."of+名詞性物主代詞"表示所屬如:asisterofhis他的一個妹妹afriendofmine我的一個朋友.人稱代詞在并列使用時的順序為:“第二人稱,第三人稱,第一人稱”。如:You,sheandIallenjoythemusic..關(guān)于反身代詞,同學們須掌握其固定結(jié)構(gòu):enjoyoneself=haveagoodtime(過得很愉快) byoneself=alone(單獨、獨自)helponeselfto…(隨便吃/喝些...) learnsth.byoneself=teachoneselfsth.(自學)練習題.-Whosetrousersarethese?- ,Ithink.A.TheyB.TheirC.TheirsD.Them.Nobodytaught___English.Hetaught .A.him,himselfB.his,himselfC.him,byhimselfD.his,his(二)修飾可數(shù)名詞manyfew表否定意義afew表肯定意義修飾不數(shù)名詞muchlittle表否定意義alittle表肯定意義few和little與quite或only連用時,常加不定冠詞a.如:丁卜016arequiteafewnewbooksinthelibrary.=用little,alittle,few,afew填空:1.IoftenstayathomebecauseIhave friendshere..Jim,don'tgoandgetsomewater.Thereis waterintheglass..ThoughhelearnedFrenchonly weeks.Hecanspeakverywell..Lilyhad breadbecauseshewashungryyesterday.(三)不定代詞:something,anything,nothing.當形容詞修飾這三個不定代詞時,常后置。如:somethingnewThere'sintoday'snewspaper.中考題A.importantanythingB.importantsomething C.anythingimportant D.somethingimportant(四)另外,還要注意代詞some,every,all,both,either,anotherl.some(一些,某)一般用于肯定句中 注:some有時也可用于表示請求的疑問句中。any(任何)多用于疑問句和否定句①Willyougivemesomewater? ②Wouldyoulikesomemeat?③MayIasksomequestions? ④CouldIhavesomeapples?every+單數(shù)名詞“每一個”強調(diào)共性,作定語,形式上為單數(shù)。each“每一個”強調(diào)個性,作定語、主語、賓語和同位語,常與of連用。如:Eachstudentwasaskedtotryagain.Eachofthemhasaniceskirt.Everychildlikesplayinggames.all”(全部)都”表示三者或三者以上,作同位語時,一般放在連系、助動詞之后,行為動詞之前。none“沒有”表示三者或三者以上都不,后常踉介詞。f如:WeareallfromCanada.=AllofusarefromCanada.Noneofusis/areafraidofdogs.(單、復(fù)數(shù)均可)both"(兩者)者B",作主語時,看作復(fù)數(shù);作定語時,后踉名詞復(fù)數(shù)。either”兩者中任何一個",作主語時,謂語用第三人稱單數(shù);作定語時,后踉名詞單數(shù)。neither”(兩者)都不”,含有否定意義,用法同either。如:①Theybothswimwell.=Bothofthemswimwell.②Therearetreesonbothsidesofthestreet.=Therearetreesoneithersideofthestreet.?NeitherofusisgoingtoBeijingnextweek.?Neitheranswerisright.another+單數(shù)名詞,“另一個”one…theother”一個 ,另一個 ”theother+復(fù)數(shù)名詞=theothers”其他的人或物”(指確定范圍內(nèi)剩下的全部) others“別人”(五)疑問代詞5個“wh",即who,whose,whom,what,which這里,which是同學們不易掌握的內(nèi)容,其實,同學們只須記住,對作定語的內(nèi)容提問,常用which.例如:Iliketheredshirt.doyoulike?練習:一、根據(jù)所給單詞的適當形式填空,使句意通順,語法完整Canyoucomewithus?(we)Theseskirtsarehers.Yoursareoverthere.(she)Pleasetakecareofyourselves,boysandgirls.(you)Idon'tthinkthisismyfrisby,thoughitlookslikemine.(I)Lookatthosebooks.Aretheyyours?(that)二、根據(jù)首字母填空Isthereanythinginterestinginthenewspaper?Sheaskedustohelpeachother.Theoldmancanneitherreadnorwrite.Nothingisdifficultifyouputyourheartintoit.Pleasehelpyourselftosomefish,Lucy.三、同義句轉(zhuǎn)換A:Thechildrenplayedhappilyinthezooyesterday.Thechildrenenjoyedthemselvesinthezooyesterday.17、A:Hedoesn'tlikemutton,andshedoesn't,either.Neitherhenorshelikesmutton.A:AlltheAmericanpeopledon'tlikesandwiches.NotalltheAmericanpeoplelikesandwiches.A:Theydon'toftenhearthetwinssingthesongintheschool.Neitherofthetwinsisoftenheardtosingthesongintheschool.[ZK)]四、單項選擇(C)20、-CanyouspeakChinese,Peter?-Yes,butonly.A.littleB.fewC.alittleD.afew(A)21、-DoyoulikeJane5snewskirt?-Yes,verymuch.I511askmumtobuyforme.A.oneB.itC.theotherD.a⑻22、Thecolorofherskirtisdifferentfromofmine.A.oneB.thatC.itD.this(B)23、Studentsareusuallyinterestedinsports.Somelikerunning,somelikeswimming.likeballgames.A.theothersB.othersC.theotherD.other(A)24、-I'llgivetheboystoeat.-Oh,Iknow,fishandchips.A.somethingEnglishB.EnglishsomethingC.anythingEnglishD.Englishanything(D)25、-ShallIhelpyouwiththeheavybox?-No,thanks,Icandoit.A.meB.myC.mineD.myself(D)26、-Whattimeshallwemeetthisafternoon,3:00or4:00?-Idon'tmind.timeisOK.A.NeitherB.EachC.AnyD.Either(C)27、-Mybagisfull,whatabout?-isfull,too.A.you,YoursB.his,HeC.yours,MineD.hers,She(D)28、-I'vehadenoughbread,Wouldyoulike?-No,thanks.A.afewmoreB.onemoreC.anothermoreD.somemore(A)29、Therearemanytreesonsidesoftheriver.A.bothB.eitherC.neitherD.each(A)1、Hehastwobikes,oneisnew,isold.A.theotherB.otherC.theothersD.others(C)2、Withoutthesun,couldgrowintheworld.A.anythingB.somethingC.nothingD.everything(B)3、ofthemisgoingtoplaybasketballwithyouthisafternoon.A.AllB.NeitherC.SomeD.Both(B)4、-Canyoutellmewhatapandalookslike?-Look!Thisisapictureof.A.itB.oneC.twoD.some(B)5、Therearenotmanypearshere,butyoucantakeifyouwantto.A.fewB.afewC.alittleD.little二、形容詞副詞大多數(shù)的形容詞、副詞都有三個等級:原級:比較級:比較…,更…一些最高級:最…(A)1.構(gòu)成:(規(guī)則情況)情況變化方法例詞單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞:一般情況加er,estclever-cleverer-cleverest以字母e結(jié)尾力口r,stnice-nicer-nicest重讀閉音節(jié)、末尾只有一個輔音字母時雙寫加er,estbig-bigger-biggest以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾變y為i加er,estearly-earlier-earliest部分雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)詞在詞前加more,mostslowly-moreslowly-mostslowly2.不規(guī)則變化,須熟記:good/well-better-bestmany/much-more-mostfar-farther-farthestbad/badly/ill-worse-worstlittle-less-least(B)常見的使用情況.as…as…和…一樣(中間用原級).notas(so)…as和…不一樣(中間用原級)3…than…...比…(用比較級).有范圍修飾的用最高級 如血,of,among或用從句修飾的eg.⑴Winteristhecoldestseasonoftheyear. (⑵ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen..比較級+and+比較級意為“越來越….eg:wetterandwettermoreandmorebeautiful.The+比較級,the+比較級越……就越…… eg:Themore,thebetter.越多越好(C)注意點:1.形容詞最高級前一定要用the,副詞最高級前可省略。.可用much,alittle,even,still等修飾比較級。.在比較級中為了避免重復(fù),在than后常用one,that,those等詞來替代前面提到過的名詞。eg:TheweatherhereiswarmerthanthatofShanghai.(D)掌握三種同義句轉(zhuǎn)換:.Heistallerthananyotherstudentinhisclass.=Heisthetallest(student)inhisclass..Thisfilmislessinterestingthanthatone.=Thisfilmisn'tasinterestingasthatone.=Thatfilmismoreinterestingthanthisone.3.IprefermathstoEnglish.=IlikemathsbetterthanEnglish.Whichdoyoulike ,fish,meat eggs?A.best,orB.better,orC.best,andD.better,and此外,關(guān)于形容詞、副詞的內(nèi)容同學們還須掌握:.形容詞修飾名詞作定語,跟在連系動詞之后作表語。.副詞修飾動詞、形容詞或其它副詞 enough屬例外詞:形屬ij+enoughtodoenough+名詞例如;Sheisoldenoughtogotoschool.她夠上學的年齡了。.區(qū)別幾組易混淆的副詞:也too用于肯定、疑問句also較為正式書面語either用于否定句已經(jīng)already常用于肯定句、疑問句yet常用于否定句、疑問句不再no(notany)longer從時間上講no(notany)more從動作上講如此這樣such修飾名詞eg:suchabigboxso修飾形容詞、副詞eg:sobig單獨、獨自alone作表語=byoneself孤獨的lonely可作表語、定語eg:Agroupofgirlsaresinginganddancing overthere.(happy)練習題.Thestudentsarehavingagoodtimeinthepark.Somearedrawingbythelake._areclimbingthehill.A.OthersB.OtherC.AnotherD.Theother.Thereisn't intoday'snewspaper.A.importantsomethingB.importantanythingC.anythingimportantD.nothingimportant.-Whosewatchisthis,Mary?Isityoursister's?-No,Mum.It'snot .It's .A.hers,myB.her,myC.Mine,hersD.hers,mineheChangjiangRiveristhethird__riverintheworld.A.longB.longerC.longestD.thelongestAnelephantis thanahorse.A.morestrongB.muchstrongerC.themoststrongD.muchmorestrongWhichdoyoulike ,tea,orangeorwater?A.goodB.WellC.BetterD.Best一、介詞1.與形容詞搭配的詞組有:beafraidof(怕)beangrywith(生某人的氣)beawayfrom(不在某地)bedifferentfrom(與…不同)begoodat(善于)begood/badfor(對…有益/有害) beinterestedin(對…感興趣)belatefor(遲到)be/getreadyfor(為作好準備)besureof(對…有把握)beworriedabout(為…感到擔憂).介詞后常用人稱代詞賓格和動詞-ing形式1)Youmusttakegoodcareofher.2)Thankyouforteachingussowell..幾組易混淆的介詞A. “在...之后”in+一段時間(用于一般將來時)after+一段時間(用于一般過去時) after+一點時間(常用于一般將來時)如:Thebabystoppedcryingafterhalfanhour.Thebabywillstopcryinginhalfanhour.TheywillvisittheirteacherafterFriday.for+一段時間 since+過去的一點時間這兩者均用于現(xiàn)在完成時,具體在時態(tài)部分,我會繼續(xù)向同學們講解。bemadeof"用 制成"bemadein“由某地制造"bemadebysomebody“由某人制成”in,on,at表時間in“在某月(季節(jié)、年)等”eg:in1996,inJanuary,insummer固定詞組:inthemorning,inaweek,inaminute,intime,intheendon"用于指具體的某一天或?qū)V改骋惶焐衔?、下午或晚上?eg:onChristmasDay,onthenightofFebruary16at“用于具體時刻前和某些固定詞組中”固定詞組:atseven,atthemoment,atnight,atlast,atfirst,atnoon,attimes,atonce,atthistimeoftheyear,atthebeginningof,attheendofthismonth,atthesametime注意:在表時間里,下列情況下一般不用介詞。詞組里有:next,last,this,that,tomorrow,yesterday,one,every,all以及thedaybeforeyesterday和thedayaftertomorrow前不用介詞。如:不能說intomorrow,只能說tomorrow在明天except+賓格/doingsomething"除…之外” (不包括本身)EveryoneisatschooltodayexceptLinTao.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)=OnlyLinTaoisn'tatschooltoday.“用”通過交通工具byplane用語言inEnglish通過媒介on/overthetelephone,on/overtheradio,onTV用工具手段withapen,withone'shandsbetween”在?和?(兩者)之間”between...and...,betweenthetwo...among在...之間(三者或三者以上)eg.Su^pentovertwohoursherhomeworkyesterdayevening.A.onB.withC.atD.over二、R⑵.并列連詞 both-and既?又?謂語用復(fù)數(shù)動詞neither-nor既不?也不?含否定意義,(就近原則)謂語動詞由靠近它的那個主語來決定單復(fù)數(shù)。either--or-“或者…或者…”“不是…就是…”and“和”連接兩個并列成分,連接謂語時,兩個動詞時態(tài)應(yīng)一致。but“但是”表轉(zhuǎn)折,不能與though同時出現(xiàn)在句中。or“或者”在否定句中,并列句中的列舉常用or,而不用andoEg:Ihavebrothersandsisters.(pj)Idon'thavebrothersorsisters—Ihavenobrothersandnosisters..引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連詞陳述句:that可省略一般疑問句:if/whether“是否” 特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞.引導(dǎo)原因狀從的有:because(不能與so同時出現(xiàn)在句中).引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的連詞:when(當…時候),assoonas---(一…就),not,--until(直到…才),after(在…之后),引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句,主句為一般將來時,從句則用一般現(xiàn)在時來代替一般將來時。Eg:Iwon'tleaveuntilhecomesback.since(自從…以來)引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句,主句為現(xiàn)在完成時,從句用一般過去時。Eg:Wehaven'tmeteachothersincesheleftherelastyear.while(當…時候,一邊…一邊…)它引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句常用進行時態(tài)。Eg:MyfathercameinwhileIwasdoingmyhomework..引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的連詞:if“如果”,引導(dǎo)條件狀從,主句用一般將來時,從句則用一般現(xiàn)在時。請區(qū)別于if"是否”相當于whether,引導(dǎo)賓語從句,時態(tài)根據(jù)語境確定eg:1)1don'tknowifit(rain)tomorrow.2)Ifit(rain)tomorrow,I(notclimb)thehills.3)JoanandMaryhaven'tseeneachothertheyleftschoolfiveyearsago.A.asB.before C.after D.since三、構(gòu)祠法構(gòu)詞有法記無定法一、利用構(gòu)詞法記憶:.合成法:note+book^notebook,school+yardschoolyard,book+mark^bookmark.派生法(即在詞根上加前、后綴記憶):en—(使 有)+courage^encourage;inter—(onewithanother;facetoface)+viewinterview;foreign+er(人)fforeigner,play+er(執(zhí)行動作的人)fplayer,sharpen+er(執(zhí)行動作的物)fsharpener;library+(yfi)an(人)flibrarian;miss(v.)+ing^missing(adj.),probable(adj.)+(1)yfprobably(adv.),sad(adj.)+lyfsadly(adv.);compose(v.)+(e^i)tion^composition(n.),inform(v.)+(a)tion^information(n.).轉(zhuǎn)化法:know(v.)fknowledge(n.)二、意義關(guān)聯(lián)幫你記憶:dictionary—words,umbrella-rain,library—book—shelf,kitchen—cook三、英英解釋,溫故知新:overseas;interview—overseas;interview—meetingwithsb.說攏祀憶單祠的方法詞是構(gòu)成句子的重要元素,詞匯量的多少在英語學習中占有重要地位。今天我們講講怎樣記憶單詞。一、把單詞放入句子中,在一定的語言環(huán)境中記憶單詞。如果一旦忘記詞義,就回憶它所在的句子。很多成績較好的同學都有一個體會,抓住對句子的理解和背誦這樣一個關(guān)鍵,記憶單詞一般來說是毫不費力的。二、將單詞按歸類的方法進行記憶。把同義詞歸成一類,如leam study,between among;反義詞歸成一類,如left right,high low,strong weak;或根據(jù)含義和用途把同一類型的詞歸成一類,如交通工具類:car,bus,ship,plane,truck,…學科類:maths,science,art,geography,…頻度副詞類:always,usually,often,sometimes,never,…等等。這樣當遇到其中一個詞時,頭腦中出現(xiàn)的就是一組詞,這樣記憶單詞的效率就會大大提高。同時,還可以掌握詞與詞之間的區(qū)別和各自特殊的用法,將平時極易混淆的單詞清楚地區(qū)別開來。
三、利用構(gòu)詞法記憶單詞。比如happy(幸福的),加前綴“un”成為unhappy(不幸福的),改“y”為“i”加后綴“ness”則變成了名詞:happiness(幸福);“pea(豌豆)”與“nut(堅果)”可合成為“peanut(花生)”when(何時)+ever(在任何時候)=whenever(無論什么時候)等等。四、根據(jù)記憶與遺忘的規(guī)律來記憶單詞,即應(yīng)及時在第二天、第三天甚至以后再讀第一天記憶的單詞,定期作階級性的復(fù)習,同遺忘作斗爭。要記憶單詞就不能怕重復(fù),重復(fù)也是記憶的一種好方法。五、初中階段還有一個很實用的記憶單詞的好方法就是根據(jù)音標即單詞讀音來記單詞。只要你首先根據(jù)音標把一個單詞讀準、讀對,那么就可根據(jù)其讀音基本拼寫出該單詞。首先這要掌握一定的拼讀規(guī)則。比如“dirty”,根據(jù)音標我們就能拼寫出d-ir-t-y(在非重讀音節(jié)中發(fā)⑴)。這種方法對于記憶字母較多的單詞尤其有效,如“contribution",根據(jù)音標我們可把它分成四部分來記憶:con—tri—bu—tion,這樣就能較快地記住單詞。以系統(tǒng)的方式來學習記憶知識能起到事半功倍的效果。因此背單詞時我們一定要留心觀察,尋找詞與詞之間的關(guān)系,這樣將有助于我們記憶單詞。總之,只要我們掌握一些科學的方法,并用心去記憶,就一定能記住英語單詞。英語中有許多種形式的合成形容詞,僅在初中階段需要學習使用的就達九種。現(xiàn)分述如下:1.數(shù)詞+單數(shù)名詞。如:20—minute20分鐘的It's20—minutewalk.步行20分鐘的路程。 second-class二等的That,sthesecond—classroom. 那是個二等房間。500—word五百字的Thisisa500—wordcomposition. 這是一篇五百字的文章。.數(shù)詞+單數(shù)名詞+形容詞。如:8—year—old八歲的MrGreenhasan8—year—oldchild. 格林先生有個八歲的孩子。.數(shù)詞+名詞的ed形式。如:three—legged三條腿的 Tomboughtathree—leggedtableyesterday. 昨天湯姆買了一張三條腿的桌子。.形容詞+名詞。如:round—trip來回的;往返的 Doyouneedaround—tripticket? 你想要一張往返的車票嗎?part-time非全部工作時間的;兼職的Hefoundapart-timejob. 他找到了一份額外的工作。.形容詞+名詞的ed形式。如:kind—hearted好心的FatherChristmasisverykind—hearted. 圣誕老人的心腸非常好。.名詞+過去分詞。如:man-made人造的Chinahassentupmanyman—madesatellites.中國已發(fā)射了許多人造衛(wèi)星。.名詞十名詞的ed形式。如:glass-topped帶有玻璃罩的Iwanttoownaglass—toppedtable. 我想要一張帶有玻璃罩的桌子。.副詞+過去分詞。如:so-called所謂的Idon'tlikethoseso—calledsingers. 我不喜歡那些所謂的歌星。.副詞+副詞。如:so—so馬馬虎虎;不好不壞的 MyEnglishisjustso-so. 我的英語很一般。.Eg:ToanAmerican,aChineseisa .(foreign)前綴例詞派生詞un-“不”happyunhappylikeunlikeusualunusualfriendlyunfriendlyim-“不”possibleimpossible 后綴例詞派生詞-er“人”teach/play/cleanteacher/player/cleanerdrivedriver(以e結(jié)尾,-r) runrunner(重讀閉音節(jié),雙寫-er)winwinnertraveltraveller-or“人”inventinventorvisitvisitor-ly(副詞后綴)badbadlydeepdeeplyquickquicklycarefulcarefullyhappyhappily
luckyluckilyusualusuallynoisynoisilybadbadlydeepdeeplyforgetforgetful去e,加-y)slowslowlyangryangrilystrongstronglyquietquietly特例:true-trulyterribleforgetforgetful去e,加-y)-y(形容詞后綴)-ion(名詞后綴)-ness(名詞后綴)一些特例:動詞形容詞rainrainyluckluckycloudcloudynoisenoisy(以e結(jié)尾,-ion(名詞后綴)-ness(名詞后綴)一些特例:動詞形容詞inventinventionoperateoperationbusybusinessgoodgoodness動詞現(xiàn)在分詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞sleepasleepboatboatingdiedeadbuildbuildingenjoyenjoyablebeginbeginningcrosscrossing名詞形容詞meetmeetingfriendfriendlyturnturningsouthsouthernshopshoppingwoolwoolendangerdangerous動詞過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞 differencedifferentfry
friedworryworried動詞名詞breakbrokenknowknowledgeloselostflyflightpleasepleasedpleasepleasurecolourcoloured名詞名詞動詞現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞farmfarmer農(nóng)夫followfollowinginterestinterested“感興趣的”只作表語,僅用于beinterestedindevelopinteresting“有趣的”可作表語和定語developed“發(fā)達的”developing“發(fā)展中的”練習題1、Lucycanwritealetter___Japanesethoughshehaslearneditonlyafewmonths.A.fromB.toC.inD.with2、TheywillhaveanEnglishtest___twodays.A.forB.atC.inD.after3、WuDongwasborn___theeveningofApril2,1975.A.at B.inC.onD.to4、Ihaven'theard her shelefthome.A.from,sinceB.from,afterC.of,whenD.of,as5、Tomdidn'tknow___JackwouldleaveforBeijingtomorrow.A.howB.weatherC.whetherD.what6、Hisparentswere (happy)becausehehadfailedtheexamagain.7、Mrs.Greenlikedtostay (safe)atthesameplace.8、The (visit)fromFrancearegoingtovisitourschoolthisafternoon.思考題 1、Thefarmerwas___tired___hecouldn'tfallasleep.A.very…to B.too...toC.so...that D.neither...nor2、Workhard,___youwon'tcatchupwiththeothers.A.butB.andC.ifD.or3、Thegameisvery___andshe's___init.A.interesting,interestingB.interested,interestedC.interested,interestingD.interesting,interested重要的短語、C.interested,interestingD.interesting,interested重要的短語、句型和慣用法(一)geton/off(thebus)上/下車 getup起床getreadyfor為...作準備getoneselfdressed自己穿衣服getwell(better)身體好getin進入,收集getsb.sth.=getsth.forsb.為某人買某物getonwellwithsb/sth.與某人相處很好,...進展順利haveanaccident出事故haveagoodtime=enjoyoneself玩得很高興haveacoldwetday天氣又冷又濕haveacough咳嗽haveadrink(of)...喝一杯...haveatalk聽報告havelunch吃午飯have...forlunch午飯吃...haveameeting開會havenoidea不知道havearest休息一下makeamistake犯錯誤mistakeAforB把A錯認為Btakesth.bymistake錯拿某物makefriendswith與...交朋友makefaces做鬼臉makeafire生火makeanexcuse找籍口makea...sound發(fā)...音maketea沏茶makeroomfor...為...找出空間makeit如期赴約makeateam組成一個隊eg.Let'smakeithalfpastone. 注意:時間前不用介詞atturnsth.on/off打開/關(guān)掉...turnsth.up/down把...音量開大/小注意:當sth是代詞時,常放中間trysth.on試穿(衣、鞋、帽)注意:當sth為it或them,常放中間tryout試驗、嘗試tryone'sbesttodosth.盡力干某事=4。one'sbesttodosth.sendsb.away開除、解雇某人sendforsb.派人去請某人sendup發(fā)射hearfromsb收到...的來信 hearof聽說hurryoff匆匆離去,趕快去hurryup趕快getto+名詞get+副詞(不用to)reach+名詞/副詞arrivein/at+大/小地點(后接副詞,不用at/in)eg.gettoShanghai、reachShanghai、arriveinShanghai至U達上海eg.reachhome、gethome、arrivehome至家teachsb.English教某人英語 teachoneself=learnsth.byoneself自學至...末為止bytheendof+過去時間(用于過去完成時)bytheendof+將來時間(用于一般將來時)attheendof+地點在...盡頭intheend=atlast最后,終于hundredsof成百上千 thousandsof成千上萬的 millionsof成百萬的bepleasedtodosth很高興地干某事bepleasedwithsth.為某事而高興beusedfor被用來 beusedas被當作beusedby被...所使用sofar至目前為止, 用于現(xiàn)在完成時onaTuesdaymorning一個星期二的早上onthemorningofJune15th.1998在1998年6月15日早上keepsb.doingsth.讓某人一直干某事keepdoingsth.繼續(xù)做某事keepondoingsth.持續(xù)不斷地做某事muchtoo+形容詞/副詞原級實在太…toomuch+不可數(shù)名詞相當多的...eg.It'sexpensive.Ican'tbuyit.There's rainthisyear.thanksto...由于,多虧thankstoone'shelp=becauseofone'shelp由于某人的幫忙thanksforone'shelp謝謝某人的幫助befarawayfrom+aplace/sb遠離某地wearout穿壞、穿舊、用盡常用于被動語態(tài)。其P.P為wornsellout售完賣完two-monthholiday=twomonths'holiday二個月的假期fallasleep入睡(進入狀態(tài))gettosleep入睡(還沒睡著)stopsb.fromdoingsth.阻止某人干某事eg.Shestoppedthechildfromlistening.stopdoingsth.停止干某事,不再干某事stoptodosth.停止下來干另一件事。hardlyany+n.幾乎沒有...quitea/an+形容詞+名詞一個相當...eg.Twomonthsisquitealongtime.avery+形容詞+名詞eg.Englishisaveryusefullanguage.beafraidof+名詞害怕…beafraidto+動詞擔心、害怕… beafraidthat+從句恐怕…so+形容詞sostrongsobeautiful such+形容詞+名詞(復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù))suchbeautifulpicturessuchnicesmellsuch+a/an+形容詞+名詞(單數(shù))suchaninterestingstoryfeellikedoing想干某事bemade/grown/produced三個詞的被動語態(tài)都可解釋為“生產(chǎn)”歸類:機器一類一make(制造)鹽.糖.絲綢—produce(經(jīng)機器加工生產(chǎn)) 農(nóng)作物、水果-grow(人工種出來的)finishdoingsth.做完某事bebusydoingsth.忙于干某事goondoingsth.繼續(xù)干某事bealwaysdoing老是干某事hopetodosth.希望干某事…h(huán)opethat…希望某人干某事,不可用hopesb.todosth.insurprise驚奇地(作狀語) besurprisedatsb.對某人的舉動感到詫異besurprisedtodosth.對做某事感到驚訝nospace(room)tostandin沒有站的地方、空間beangrywithsb.生某人的氣agreewithsb.同意某人的觀點withone'shelp在某人的幫助下選擇題:.Theyarrived___London___acoldwinternight.A.at,inB.in,onC.at,onD.in,att'srathercoldtoday.You'dbetter___moreclothesbeforeyougoout.A.putonB.wearC.toputonD.towear.Youmustbeverytired.Whynot___arest?A.stoptakingB.stoptotakeC.tostoptakingD.tostoptotake.___,I'vecaughtupwithmyclassmatesinmyEnglishstudies.A.UnderhishelpB.WithhishelpC.UnderthehelpofhimD.Withthehelpofhim.Mothertoldme inthesun.A.notreadB.don'treadC.readnotD.nottoread.WatchingTV___isbadforyoureyes.A.muchtooB.manytooC.toomuchD.toomany.Thoseforeignvisitors___ourcitythedaybeforeyesterday.A.arrivedB.reachedC.reachedtoD.gotin.Sheaskedmetohelpher___herChinese.A.atB.withC.forD.on9.Look___thewordsinthedictionarywhenyoudon'tknow___theymean.A.up,whatB.up,thatC.for,thatD.for,what10.Oneafteranother,threeofthem___.A.fellasleepB.gottoasleepC.wenttoasleepD.weresleeping完成句子:.你想不想喝杯桔子汁? Doyou drinkingaglassoforange?.小楊畢業(yè)離校以來,我們從未收到他的來信。Wehavenever XiaoYangsincehe schoolforthelasttime..人們興建綠色長城是為了阻止風將土刮走。PeoplestartedtobuildtheGreatGreenWall itcouldstopthewindfrom___theearthaway..魏華把你錯當成他的兄弟,是嗎?WeiHua you hisbrother,didn'tshe?思考題:.人造衛(wèi)星能用來向國外發(fā)送電視和廣播節(jié)目Man-madesatellitescanbe___for___TVandradioprogrammestoforeigncountries..多虧有了綠色長城,現(xiàn)在他們種的棉花比以前多得多了。 totheGreatGreenWall,theycangrowalot___cottonthanbefore..學生們相互交朋友,通常相處得很好。Thestudentsmakefriends___oneanotherandusually well..店主說你的尺寸的羊毛衫已售完了。Theshopkeepersaidthewoolensweaters___yoursizewere .重要的短語、句型和慣用法(二).Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)a.這是英語中常見的一種結(jié)構(gòu),表示“某地有某物”其含義為“存在有”。eg.Therearetwentygirlsinourclass.have也解釋為“有”但是與therebe有區(qū)別,它的含義是“所有,屬有”,其主語為某人。eg.Ihaveanicewatch.b.Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中的be動詞要和后面所跟名詞保持一致。c.Thereisarivernearourschool.否:Thereisnotarivernearourschool.問:Istherearivernearourschool.回答:Yes,thereis.No,thereisn't
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