大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫作基本知識(shí)

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫作簡(jiǎn)介

一．寫作的目的及要求二、評(píng)分原則三、四級(jí)短文寫作目的：測(cè)試學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)思想的能力，能夠直接有效地測(cè)出考生綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力，較準(zhǔn)確地反映考生的英語(yǔ)水平。一．寫作的目的及要求要求:大學(xué)英語(yǔ)作文測(cè)試要求考生能夠運(yùn)用學(xué)到的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)，按規(guī)矩的題目要求，在30分鐘內(nèi)寫出一篇120個(gè)詞左右的短文，語(yǔ)義連貫，表達(dá)正確，無(wú)重大語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。題目的內(nèi)容包括科技，社會(huì)，文化，或日常生活等方面的一般常識(shí)。題目形式多種多樣，有提綱作文，段首句作文，關(guān)鍵詞作文，圖表作文，書信作文，和規(guī)定情景作文等。1.

四級(jí)作文題采用總體評(píng)分方法。閱卷人員就總的印象給出獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)分，而不是按語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)的錯(cuò)誤數(shù)目扣分。2.

從內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言兩個(gè)方面對(duì)作文進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)判。內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體。作文應(yīng)表達(dá)題目所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容，而內(nèi)容要通過(guò)語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)。要考慮作文是否切題，是否充分表達(dá)思想，也要考慮是否用英語(yǔ)清楚而適切的表達(dá)思想，也就是要考慮語(yǔ)言上的錯(cuò)誤是否造成理解上的障礙。

二.評(píng)分原則考生要有較堅(jiān)實(shí)的語(yǔ)言功底，具有一定的英語(yǔ)短文的寫作知識(shí)，而且也要具備一定的寫作技巧。下面，我們擬就段落寫作、書信寫作、圖標(biāo)寫作三方面講解四級(jí)短文寫作。三、四級(jí)短文寫作段落寫作

一．段落的組成段落大多由三個(gè)部分組成：主題句(Topicsentence)；擴(kuò)展句（Developingsentences）；結(jié)尾句(Endingsentence).1.

主題句主題句表明全段是關(guān)于什么及討論什么的段落中心句，即：明確地表示全段要展開(kāi)的中心點(diǎn),四級(jí)短文寫作中最好是把主題句放在段首。

E.g.Smoking

isharmfultopeople’shealth.E.g.Smokingisharmfultopeople’shealth.

Medicalsciencehasnowprovedthatsmokingcancauselungcancerandotherdiseasessuchasemphysema.Yourchancesofhavingaheartattackalsoincreasethemoreyousmoke.Smokingisdefinitelyahealthhazard.2.

擴(kuò)展句擴(kuò)展句是用來(lái)說(shuō)明，解釋，引申，或論證主題句所表達(dá)的中心思想的句子。

Itisnotdifficulttomakearightchoicebetweenbuyingahouseinthelow-riseareaandbuyingoneinthehigh-risearea(主題句).Ifwewanttoeconomizeandgetmorepersonalarea,wecanchoosethelow-rise;butifwewanttolivemorecomfortably,wewillchoosethehigh-rise(擴(kuò)展句).Inaword,thekeyliesinthealternativeofeconomyandcomfort(結(jié)尾句).3.

結(jié)尾句結(jié)尾句是用一句話對(duì)段落的主題進(jìn)行重述,評(píng)論,或總結(jié),借以強(qiáng)化主題,加深讀者的印象.Englishisfavoredonthefollowinggrounds.Itistheofficiallanguageofanumberofcountries.Ofothercountries,itistheirsecondlanguage.Instillothers,Englishisspokenastheirmajorforeignlanguage.That’swhyEnglishissopopularinourpresentworld.二.段落的基本特征要寫好段落就要清楚段落應(yīng)具有的基本特征，即統(tǒng)一性(unity)，連貫性(coherence)，簡(jiǎn)潔性(conciseness)，重點(diǎn)突出(emphasis)，用字遣句有變換(variety)1.段落的統(tǒng)一性

一個(gè)段落只有一個(gè)主題。組成該段落的所有句子都應(yīng)為這個(gè)主題服務(wù)。任何與主題無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容，任何不能支持段落主題的內(nèi)容都必須舍棄。例如：

Autumnisagoodseasonforpicnic.Theweatherisfineanditisnotashotasitisinthesummer.Peoplefeelcoolandcomfortable.Thesceneryisverybeautifulwithallkindsofflowershereandthere.

Andtherearevariouskindsoffruits.Thepeasantsbegintogatherincropsandfruits.修改后的段落為：Autumnisagoodseasonforpicnic.Itiseasyforpeopletochooseafinedayforanoutingbecausetheweatherisalwaysnice，neithertoohotnortoocold.Thesceneryisbeautiful，too.Theredleavescoveringthemountains，thewildflowersboominginthefieldsandcolorfulfruitshangingonthetreesareallpleasanttolookat.Apicnicintheopenairinautumnwillcertainlybeenjoyedbyeveryone.2.段落的連貫性一個(gè)段落除了內(nèi)容統(tǒng)一,意思完整之外,句與句之間還必須按一個(gè)清晰,合乎邏輯的順序安排內(nèi)容,轉(zhuǎn)折自然,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊.Sinceshelostherweight,Carolehaschangedherimage.Shenolongerwearsdark-coloredclothes.Infact,sheoftenwearsred,pink,andevenbrightorange.Inadditiontowearingbrightclothes,shehaslightedthecolorofherhair.Frommousybrown,shehasprogressedtosun-streakedblonde.三.段落內(nèi)外的銜接過(guò)渡為確保段落內(nèi)容的連貫性，除了內(nèi)容安排要符合一定的順序外，句子與句子之間還應(yīng)使用過(guò)渡句型或者是連接語(yǔ)。例一：(1)Todeveloptourismhasadvantages.Tourismhelpsdevelopanation’scommerceandcontributetoonenation’seconomy.Tourismprovidesjobsformanypeopleandhelpsussolveoreasethesocialproblemofunemployment.Tourismhelpsincreaseunderstandingbetweenpeoplesandhelpspeoplelearnaboutdifferentculturesoftheworld.上段無(wú)連接詞語(yǔ)，實(shí)質(zhì)是一堆簡(jiǎn)單句的拼湊，讀起來(lái)枯燥乏味。(2)Todeveloptourismhasmanyadvantages.Inthefirstplace,tourismhelpsdevelopanation’scommerceandcontributetoonenation’seconomy.Inthesecondplace,tourismprovidesjobsformanypeopleandhelpsussolveoreasethesocialproblemofunemployment.Third,tourismhelpsincreaseunderstandingbetweenpeoplesandhelpspeoplelearnaboutdifferentculturesoftheworld.

上段雖然也是由簡(jiǎn)單的句子組成，但由于有效使用了連接詞語(yǔ)，并不給人留下簡(jiǎn)單的印象；相反，讀者通過(guò)連接詞語(yǔ)，正確地了解到作者所陳述的manyadvantages的具體內(nèi)容。作文常用句式和過(guò)渡連接詞Aproverbsays…Itiseasytoseethat…Astheproverbsays…Thepiegraphshows…Somepeoplesaythat…

Noonecandenythat…

Manypeoplebelievethat…Asweallknowthat…Itisquiteclearthat…Variousviewsexistasto…,but…Thereismuchdiscussionabout/attentionto…擴(kuò)展段的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)或常用句式Clearly,However,Obviously,Similarly,Moreover,Likewise,Inadditionto…,Meanwhile,Incontrastto,Inprinciple,First,second,Third,Finally,Lastbutnottheleast…Notonly…butalso…Foronething,…foranother,Ononehand,…Ontheotherhand,Itistruethat…but…Thereisnodoubtthat…終結(jié)段與擴(kuò)展段之間的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)Personally,Tosumup,Asforme,Tosummarize,AsfarasIamconcerned,Toconclude,Inmyopinion,Asaresult,Tobefrank,Ithink…Forthis(very)reason,Withrespectto…

Fromthispointofview,Itfollowsthat…Allinall,Insummary,Inshort,Onthewhole,段落之間的轉(zhuǎn)接承啟詞語(yǔ)結(jié)論歸納過(guò)渡詞

generally,speakinggenerally,asageneralrule,ingeneral,inasense,onalargerscale,atalocallevel,totaketheideafurther,inaway,tosomeextent,inmyview,practicallyspeaking,intermsof,insomerespects,allinall,inaword,onthewhole,asfarasIamconcerned,etc表例證關(guān)系的過(guò)渡性詞forexample,forinstance,asanexample,asanillustration,suchas,acaseinpointis,toillustrate,inparticular,specifically,say,next,namely,thatis,like,take…asanexample,etc.讓步過(guò)渡詞although,however,nevertheless,inspiteof,itistrue…but,eventhough,but,grantedthat,yet,attheveryworst,admittedly,though,stillafterall,ofcourse,clearly,andstill,etc.常用表因果關(guān)系的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)because,as,since,for,owingto,becauseof,dueto,onaccountof,asaresultof,forthereason,resultfrom,thus,so,hence,therefore,accordingly,consequently,forthisreason,onthataccount,asaconsequence,itfollowsthat…,resultin,contributeto…

四.段落寫作常用方法

1.列舉法2.舉例法3.比較和對(duì)照法

4.因果法5.分類法6.時(shí)間順序7.空間順序8.綜合法1.

列舉法

列舉法是指在主題句之后列舉足夠的（至少三個(gè)）足以支持主題觀點(diǎn)的具體細(xì)節(jié).

Bicyclehasmanyadvantages.

First,itishandyandconvenient.Itcancarryyoutoanywhereyoulikeincityanddoesnotneedalargeparkingplace.Secondly,itisnotsoexpensive,andtherefore,everyfamilycanaffordtobuyitandtorepairit.Thirdly,itdoesnotcauseairpollution.Besides,itdoesgoodtoyourhealthifyourideitregularly2.

舉例法

舉例法通常指用具體的事例來(lái)闡述主題句中包含的中心思想.

PublictelevisioninAmericanpresentsmanykindsofprograms.Therearenewsandopinionprograms.Therearefilmsaboutsocialandhistoricalevents.Andthereareshowsaboutscienceandnature.Thereareshowstoteachpeoplehowtocook,growvegetablesorfixahouse.TherearemanydramaprogramsproducedinBritain.Andthereareprogramsthatpresentmusic,danceandtheaterofAmerica.3.

比較和對(duì)照法

比較(comparison)主要是指出兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上不同種類的事物的共同點(diǎn)或相似點(diǎn)。(1).整體對(duì)比。即先描述甲，再描述乙（A1,A2,A3,…;B1,B2,B3…）

(2)逐項(xiàng)對(duì)比。即雙方同時(shí)描述，逐點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較（A1，B1；A2，B2；A3，B3；）整體對(duì)比

Itiseasytobeawinner.

Awinnercanshowhisjoypublicly.Hecanlaughandsinganddanceandcelebratehisvictory.Peoplelovetobewithwinners.Winnersareneverlonely.Unlikewinners,

losersarethelonelyonesoftheworld.

Itisdifficulttofacedefeatwithdignity.Loserscannotshowtheirdisappointmentpublicly.Theycannotcryorgrieveabouttheirdefeat.Theymustsufferprivately,buttheymustbecomposedinpublic.Theyhavenothingtocelebrateandnoonetosharetheirsadness.逐項(xiàng)對(duì)比

Mytwofriendshavesimilaranddifferentcharacteristics,suchasappearance,personalityandhobbies.Wendyisshortandblonde.Incontrast,LisaistallerthanWendy,andLisa’shairismuchdarkerandcurlierthanWendy’s.Wendyistheshytypeanddoesn’ttalkloudlywhenotherpeoplearethere.Ontheotherhand,LisaismoreoutgoingthanWendyandlikestospeakmore.BothLisaandWendyenjoydoingdifferentthings,andtheydothemwell.Forinstance,Wendyisafolkdancer,andshedancesmoregracefullythanLisa,butLisacanplaybaseballbetterthanWendy.WendyandLisaarefriends;forthisreason,otherpeopleliketocomparethem.4.

因果法因果法是指按事物的因果關(guān)系發(fā)展段落.可以先把結(jié)果提出來(lái),然后解釋其(多種)原因,也可以先列出原因,再說(shuō)明其(多個(gè))結(jié)果.(1).先因后果(2).先果后因(1).先因后果

SinceIhavechangedmycurriculumtolawenforcement,therehavebeenamazingconsequences.Firstofall,Iamnowinterestedinmycourses.Iamsointerested,infact,thatIhavedonealotofextrareadingforthecourse.Also,myparentsaremuchmoreinvolvedwithwhatIamdoinginschoolsincemyfatherisapoliceman.Finally,mygradeshaveshownremarkableimprovement.Iexpectedbettergradestoresultformtheswitch,butIneverthoughtIwouldgetalltheA’sIhavebeengetting.(2).先果后因

GuiyouRestaurantislosingbusinessforthreemajorreasons.First,customersarestayingawaybecauseoftheunsanitaryconditionsintherestaurant.Thetablesareoftenmessyandthefloorsdirty.Inaddition,theserviceispoor.Thewaitersandwaitressesaregenerallyslowandunfriendly.Thewaitersandwaitresseswearuniforms.Mostimportantofall,customersarenotpleasedwiththefoodatGuiyouRestaurant.Themealsareofpoorqualityandoverpriced.

5.分類法分類，即將某一復(fù)雜的事物分拆開(kāi)來(lái)，根據(jù)性質(zhì)、形態(tài)、成因功能等屬性的差別分成若干類，然后逐一進(jìn)行說(shuō)明.Chinesefoodcanbeclassifiedintofourtypes:northern,coastal,inlandandsouthern.

NorthernChinesefoodislightanddelicate.Beijingduckisanexampleofanorthernspecialty.Coastalfoodcontainsalotofsoysauceandsugar,soysaucechickenistypicalofthisarea.Mostinlandfoodisveryspicyandcontainshotpepper.Kang-paochicken,forexample,isfoundintheinlandarea.Foodfromthesouthernareaisoftenstir-friedandcontainshighlyconcentratedchickenbroth.6.時(shí)間順序

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