國際結(jié)算(雙語)第七章：銀行保函 chapter7 Guarantee

INTERNATIONALSETTLEMENTChapter7LetterofGuaranteeChapter7LetterofGuarantee7.1DefinitionofLetterofGuarantee7.2CharacteristicsandfunctionofGuarantee7.3PartiesofLetterofGuarantee7.4ContentsofLetterofGuarantee7.5BasicProceduresofLetterofGuarantee7.6TypesofLetterofGuarantee7.7DifferencesbetweenBankGuaranteeandDocumentaryLetterofCredit7.8internationalcustomsandpracticeofL/G

7.1DefinitionofLetterofGuarantee

Definition：Letterofguarantee(L/G)isawrittenundertakingmadebytheguarantorattherequestoftheapplicanttothebeneficiary,guaranteeingthattheapplicantwillperformobligationsunderthecontractsignedbetweentheapplicantandthebeneficiary.7.2CharacteristicsandfunctionofGuarantee1CharacteristicsofLetterofGuarantee1）AssurableTheissuingbankwillassuretothebeneficiarythatapplicantwillfulfilltheresponsibilityandobligationofthecontractwithitsownreputation,onlywhentheapplicantbreachofthecontractcanthebeneficiaryclaimreimbursementonissuingbank.Whenthecontracthasbeenfulfilled,theguaranteewillbeastandbydocumentsandwillceasedtobevalidatmaturitydateautomatically.2）IndependentLetterofguaranteeisissuedonthegroundofthebasistransactioncontractbetweentheapplicantandthebeneficiary.Onceitisissued,itwillnotbeboundtothebasiccontractandconstituteaindependentdocuments,bearstheindependentlegaleffect.3）DocumentaryPaymentunderletterofguaranteeisbasedonthedocumentspresentedbybeneficiaryaccordingtotheguaranteeregulationclause.Itincludesbeneficiary’scertificate,applicant’sdefaultdeclarationandotherrelativedocuments.2FunctionofLetterofGuaranteeAssistthebiddertoawardtenderFacilitatetheconclusionofcontractPromotethestartofprojectBesides，L/Gcanalsobeusedtopromisethequalityoftheproject,paymentofthecontract,therepaymentofloanprincipalandinterestandetc.7.3PartiesofLetterofGuarantee1Applicant——Itisthepartyappliesletterofguaranteetothebank.Itcanbeeitherthebuyerortheseller.Itisthepartythatbearsresponsibilityintheunderlyingcontract.Itpaysbacktheguarantorafteritspaymenttothebeneficiary.ItfillstheformofapplicationforL/Gandthusbearsrelativecommission.2

Beneficiary——ItistheacceptorofL/G,itcanexecuteitsrecourserighttotheguarantorunderL/G,itisnormallyanotherpartyoftheunderlyingcontract.Iftheapplicantdoesnotfulfillitsduty,thebeneficiarycanuseL/Gtoaskforcompensationfromtheguarantor.3

Guarantor——Itisthepartythatacceptsapplicant’sentrustandopenstheL/G.Itisoftenabank.Itsliabilitiesis:Whenthebeneficiarypresentsdocumentsorcertificatesoftheapplicant’sbreachingofcontract,itmushmakepaymentorcompensation.Afterthis,itcanmakeclaimstotheapplicantorthecounterguaranteebank.4AdvisingBank——ItisthepartyhandstheL/Gtothebeneficiaryunderthecommitmentofguarantor.WhenaL/Gisissued,itcanbedirectlysenttothebeneficiary,withoutreachingtheadvisingbank;Oritcanbesenttotheadvisingbankforverificationfirst,thenbesenttothebeneficiary,thisisfrequentlyhappenedwhentheguarantorandbeneficiaryareindifferentplaces.5CounterGuarantor——Itisthepartythatopenscounter-guaranteefortheapplicant.Inordertoavoidrisks,theguarantorcanrequireathirdpartytoguaranteetheL/G(nottheapplicantitself),thethirdpartyiscalledcounterguarantor,itcanbeabank,abureauoragovernmentorganization.Whenthebeneficiaryclaimrightstotheguarantor,afterthepayment,theguarantorcanusecounterguaranteetomakeclaimstothecounterguarantor.Thecounterguarantorhaslowertheriskofguarantor.6

ConfirmingBank——ItisthebankthatconfirmedtheL/G,itguaranteesthattheguarantorwillexecutecompensationliability.Itcompensatetothebeneficiarywhentheguarantordoesnotfulfillitsobligation.ThecharacteristicsoftheconfirmingbankofL/Gissimilartotheconfirmingbankundercredit.7ReissuingBank——It

isthepartythatissueletterofguaranteetoitsdomesticbeneficiaryaspertherequestoftheforeigncounterguarantor.Reissuingguaranteeisalwaysestablishedasperthebeneficiarycountry’slaw,governmentregulationortherequestofthebeneficiary.7.4ContentsofLetterofGuarantee1basiccontentsofabankguaranteeThenameandaddressofthebeneficiary;Thenameandaddressoftheapplicant;Thenameandaddressoftheadvisingbank;Thename,nationalityanddetailedaddressoftheguarantorbank;Thetypeandpurposeoftheguarantee;Therelativecontractnumber,agreementnumber,tendernumberandtherelativereferencenumberoftheproject;Thecurrencyandamountoftheguarantee;Thedurationorexpirydateoftheguarantee;i.Theclaimingconditionandclaimingmethod.Claimingconditionisthespecificconditionunderwhichtheguarantorundertakestopay.Itisthespecificdocumentsrequirementwhenclaimoccurs.Claimmethodmeanswhichway(T/Treimbursementormailreimbursement)istobeused,whethertheclaimingroutewillpassbytheadvisingbank;j.Thehighestcompensationamountandcurrency,k.Theguarantorbank’sliability(primaryobligationoraccessoryobligation)l.Bankingchargesclausesm.Thestipulationtolanguageusedinguaranteeandclaimdocumentsn.Underwhichlaw,regulationofarbitrationclausetheguaranteeissubjectto2basiccontentsofacounterguaranteeAcounterguaranteemainlycontainstwoclauses:theauthorizationinstructionclauseandthereimbursementclause.Anexampleoftheauthorizationinstructionclause:“pleaseissueunderourfullresponsibilityyourtender/performance/advancepaymentguarantee...”Anexampleofthereimbursementclause:“inconsiderationofyourissuingthesaidguaranteeonourbehalf,weherebyundertaketokeepyoureimbursedsubjecttothesameconditionasmentionedaboveuponourreceiptofyourclaimdeclaringthatyouhavebeencalledupontomakepaymentunderyourguarantee,togetherwithacopyofthebeneficiary’sdemandonyou....”3additionalclauseofaletterofguarantee1)Thevalidityclause——Thisclauseistodefinewhenandatwhatcircumstancethenguaranteewillbeeffective.Example：“

Thisperformancebondwillcomeintoforceonlywhenthesellerhasreceivedaletterofcreditacceptabletohim.”2)Automaticextensionclause——Sinesomeguarantee’smaturitydatescannotbedeterminedatthetimeofissuing,orthebeneficiaryisnotassurableofthetimewhentheprojectwillbecompleted.Example:“Thisguaranteeshallbeautomaticallyextendedforanotherthreemonthsiftheguarantorshallnothavereceivedbytheendofthevalidityhereof,anyconfirmationfromthebeneficiarythatitcanbereleasedfromitsobligationhereunder.”3)Unconditionaltopayclause——Thisclauseguaranteetheguarantortakestheprimaryliabilitytopayuponpresentationofthecomplieddocuments.Example：

“Thebeneficiaryshallbethesoleandfinaljudgesfordecidingwhetherornottheapplicanthasdulyperformedhisobligationofthecontract,andweherebyundertakestopayyouimmediatelyuponreceiptofyouwrittenclaimnotwithstandinganycontestation,defence,orobjectionfromtheapplicantandwithoutitbeingnecessaryforyoutoproduceoradduceanyprooforanyjudicialoradministrativeproceedingswhatsoeverinsupportofyourclaim.....”4)Nochangeoradditionclause——Toensuretheguaranteeresponsibilitynottobechangedaspertheexecutionoftheunderlyingtransaction,thebeneficiarymayrequesttheissuingbanktocontainaclauseintheguaranteetomakesurethatallthetermsandconditionsoftheguaranteeshouldnotbechanged,addedordeducted.Example：“Wefurtheragreethatnochangeoradditiontoorothermodificationtothetermsofthecontractorofworkstobepreformedthereunderorofanyofthecontractdocuments,whichmaybemadebetweenthecontractparties,shallinanywayreleaseusfromanyliabilityunderthisguaranteeandweherebywaiveourrightstoaskfornoticeofanyofsuchchanges,additionsormodifications.....”

5)Thevaluereductionclause——Underabankguarantee,theguarantor’sliabilitywillnotbealwaysthesame,itmaychangeaccordingtothefulfillmentoftheunderlyingcontract.Toindicatethispoint,thevaluereductionclausewillalwaysbeincorporated.Example：“TheguaranteeamountoftheL/Gshallbediminishedautomaticallyandproportionallyinaccordancewiththevalueofeachshipmentasshownintherelevantinvoice.”6)Returnclause——IncountriessuchasJordan,PakistanandThailand,thelawsstipulatesthat,byaguaranteeissuedtoagovernmentorquasigovernmentdepartment,eveniftheguaranteeexpires,thebeneficiaryshouldstillhavetherightofclaimingwithinacertainperiodoftime.Example：“Uponitsexpiration,thisL/Gshallbenullandvoid,andshallbeimmediatelyreturnedtousforcancellation.Anyactionofmaintainingtheoriginalofthisguaranteeoranyofitsamendmentshallthengivenorighttothebeneficiaryforlodginganymoreclaimhereunder.”7)Legalclause——Itisaboutthelawapplicabletoabankguarantee.Sincedifferentcountrieshavedifferentlaws,itisaquestionwhichoneshouldbeapplicable.Inordertoassuretheapplicablelaworjurisdiction,abankguaranteeusuallycontainsalegalclause.Example：“Thisguaranteeisgovernedbythelawof...Country,andissubjecttotheexclusivejurisdictionofthecourtof....”7.5BasicProceduresofLetterofGuarantee1DirectL/GBeneficiaryApplicant

Guarantor(1)Thebeneficiaryandapplicantsignstheunderlyingcontract,beneficiaryrequirestapplicanttoopenanL/G(2)ApplicantappliesanL/G,guarantoropensanL/G(3)GuarantorsendstheL/Gtothebeneficiary(4)Underthebreachingofcontractoftheapplicant,thebeneficiaryusesL/Gtoaskforcompensationfromtheguarantor,andguarantormakespayment(5)Theguarantorasksreimbursementfromtheapplicant.2IndirectL/GBeneficiaryAdvisingBank

GuarantorApplicant(1)Thebeneficiaryandapplicantsignstheunderlyingcontract,beneficiaryrequiresapplicanttoopenanL/G(2)ApplicantappliesanL/G,guarantoropensaL/G(3)GuarantorsendstheL/Gtoadvisingbank(4)AdvisingbanksendstheL/Gtobeneficiary;(5)Underthebreachingofcontractoftheapplicant,thebeneficiaryusesL/Gtoaskforcompensationfromtheguarantorthroughadvisingbank,guarantormakespayment;(6)Theguarantoraskspaymentfromtheapplicant.(5)7.6TypesofLetterofGuarantee1ConditionalL/GandDemandlL/GConditionalL/Gmeanstheapplicantsetssomerestrictionstoclaimingrightsandaccepting;DemandL/Gmeanstheapplicantdoesn’tsetanyrestrictionstoclaimingrightsandaccepting,itisanunconditionalL/G;2IndependentL/GandAccessoryL/GIndependentL/Gisissuedbasedonunderlyingcontract,butithasindependentlegaleffect.Theguarantorbearsthefirstpayingliabilitynomatterwhethertheapplicantiswillingtopay.AccessoryL/Gisaattachedagreementtotheunderlyingcontract,itslegaleffectiscoexistwiththecontract.Theguarantorbearssecondaryliability,whichmeansthepayingobligationoftheguarantorisbasedontheliabilityoftheapplicantintheunderlyingcontract.3directL/GandindirectL/GDirectguarantee:isissuedbytheguarantordirectlytothebeneficiaryandmaybeadvisedthroughalocalbankbutwithoutanyresponsibilityonthepartofthelocalbank.

Indirectguarantee:abankrequestalocalbanktoissuetherequiredguaranteeinfavorofthebeneficiaryandthebankissueacounterguaranteeinfavorofthelocalbankinwhichitundertakestoirrevocablypaythelocalbanktheamountpaidbyitunderitsguarantee.4settlementL/GandcreditL/GSettlementguaranteeistheindependenttransactionsettlementinstrumentthattheguarantorbanktaketheprimaryliabilitytoeffectpayment.

CreditL/Gbearsthenatureofstandby,theguarantorbanktaketheprimaryoraccessoryliabilitytocompensatethebeneficiaryintheeventthattheapplicantfailstofulfilltheperformanceoftheunderlyingtransaction.5limitedamountL/GandunlimitedamountL/GLimitedamountL/Gmeansthattheguarantorwillonlyberesponsibleforthepaymentliabilityofaspecificamount(theamountcanbeaccumulativeorun-accumulative),anyclaimexceedingthisamountwillnotbeconsidered.UnlimitedamountL//Gmeanstheguarantorwilltaketheguaranteeresponsibilitytocovertheborrower’sdebt(principalplusinterest)andallthetaxanddefaultcompensationfundswhicharisesfromthedirectdebt.revocableL/GandirrevocableL/GRevocableL/Gmeanswithouttheconsentofotherrelatedparties,theguarantorcanhastherightstocanceloramendtheissuedletterofguaranteeatitsdiscretion.IrrevocableL/Gmeansthatwithoutalltheconsentofthealltherelatedparties,theletterofguaranteecannotbecanceledoramended.limiteddurationL/GandunlimiteddurationL/GLimiteddurationL/GisonekindofL/Gthatstipulatethevalidityperiodintheguarantee,thebeneficiarymustmakeclaiminthestipulatedperiod,otherwise,theguarantorwillrefusetoeffectpayment.UnlimiteddurationL/Gistheguaranteethatdoesnotstipulatethevalidityperiod.Unlessthelegitimatespecificeventoccurs,oralltheclaimsofthebeneficiaryhasbeensatisfied,thenbeneficiaryhastherighttoclaimontheguarantorbankatanytime.8ExportingL/GandImportingL/Ga.ExportingL/G(1)Tender/BidBondGuaranteeIninternationalmarket,majorprojectusuallyopensbidingsoastoattractqualifiedcompanies.ThetendererhastoprovideL/Gofsomeamountsoastoindicateitssincerity.(2)PerformanceGuaranteeTheapplicantusesperformanceguaranteetoassuretothebeneficiarythatitwillperformcontract,deliverygoodsatthescheduleddatewithquantityandquality.(3)AdvancePaymentGuarantee.Itisalsocalledtherepaymentguaranteeordownpaymentguarantee.Underthisguarantee,thebankpromisesthatiftheexportercannotorrefusestofulfillitsperformanceofcontract,thebankwillreturntotheimportadvancedpaymentplusinteresttotheimporter.(4)QualityGuarantee/MaintenanceGuaranteeInthecontractofindustryproduct、mechanicalequipment、vessel、airplaneetc.,inordertoguaranteethequalityofcargo,theimporternormallyaskstheexportertoapplyaqualityguarantee.Itmeansifthegoodscannotmeettherequirementsofcontract,thebankwillcompensatetheimporterforitslosses.(5)retentionmoneyguaranteeRetentionmoneyguaranteeisasubstituteformaintenanceguarantee.Aspertheresponsibilityliabilityoftheguarantorbank,theretentionmoneyguaranteeisinessenceamaintenanceguarantee.b.ImportingL/G(1)PaymentGuaranteeInsightpaymentguarantee,theguarantorguaranteesthatuponthereceiptofshippingdocuments,itwillmakepaymenttothebeneficiaryonpresentation.Paymentguaranteeisatypical“ondemand”guarantee,itbearsthesamefunctionasletterofcredittopromisethepaymentoftheimporter.(2)LeaseGuaranteeWhenimportingmachineryequipmentortransportationvehiclebymeansofleasing,theguarantorbankguaranteestothebeneficiarythatthelesseewillpaytherentinaccordancewiththetermsandconditionsoftheleasingagreement.(3)compensationguarantee/assemblyandprocessingguaranteeIncompensationtrade,attherequestoftheimporter(equipmentpurchaser),theguarantorbankwillissuecompensationguaranteeinfavoroftheexporter(equipmentsupplier),promisingwhentheimporterhasreceivedtheequipmentinaccordancewiththecontractterms,hewilldelivertheproductproducedbytheimportedequipmenttotheexporterorthedesignatedthirdpartytoreimbursethevalueoftheimportedequipment.c.othertypesofL/G(1)LoanguaranteeWhentheenterpriseborrowsfromtheforeignfinancialinstitution,theborrowerneedstoprovidealoantotheforeignlender,promisingintheeventthattheborrowerfailstorepaytheprincipalplusinterestasstipulatedintheloanagreement,theguarantorwilltaketheprimaryliabilitytorepaytheforeignlender.(2)CustomsguaranteeCustomsguaranteeisissuedbytheguarantorbanktotheforeigncustoms,guaranteeingthattheimportedgoodswillbewithdrawnthentaxwillnotbehandedwhentransportthegoodsintotheforeigncountry.(3)OverdraftguaranteeOverdraftguaranteeisissuedbytheguarantorbankattherequestoftheoutwardsprojectcontractingcorporation,forthepurposeofopeningoverdraftaccountinforeignbank.Whenthecontactingcorporationconstructintheforeigncountry,normallyithastherequesttoopenoverdraftaccounttogetmorecreditfacilityfromlocalbank.(4)BailbondBailbondisalwaysusedinmarinedisputes,whenthetwoshipscollisionandcauseslossestothecommodityowner/otherrelatedparities,orbecauseofthecarrier’sfault,shortageordamagesoccurstothecargo.Beforedeterminationofresponsibility,themarinecourtordersthedetentionofvessel,atthissituation,inordertoreleasethevessel,attherequestofthevesselowner,theguarantorbankwillprovideabailbondtolocalmarinecourt,promisingthatvesselownerwillcompensatethelossasperthecourtjudgment.7.7DifferencesbetweenBankGuaranteeandDocumentaryLetterofCreditCommonsBoththeBankguaranteeanddocumentarycreditaresettlementmethodusedininternationaltrade;Theyarebothissuedattherequestoftheapplicant,infavorofthebeneficiary,promisingthepaymentobligationwhencomplyingdocumentsarepresented.Thebankswillonlydealwithdocuments,whilenotbeingresponsiblefortheauthenticityandeffectivenessofthedocuments,bankingcreditreplacesthecommercialcredit,whichinagreatdegreefacilitatethedevelopmentofinternationaltransactions.2.DifferencesBankGuaranteeDocumentaryLetterofCreditTheundertakingoftheissuingbankAL/GispropertyoperativeonlyiftheprincipalfailedtofulfillthecommercialcontractanddefaultcertificatearepresentedL/Cistoeffectpaymentwhenbeneficiaryhasfulfilledthebasiccommercialcontractandcomplieddocumentsarepresented.TmercialdocumentsspeciallyincludingtransportdocumentsTheliabilityforpaymentCanbetheprimary,andalsocanbethesecondarytheissuingbankwilltaketheprimaryliabilitytoeffectpayment.ThelawandcustomUnderURDG758,thegoverninglawandjurisdictionforletterofguaranteebusinessareclearlyindicated.UCP600doesnotstipulatethegoverninglawsorjurisdictionwhendisputesunderletterofcredithappens.7.8internationalcustomsandpracticeofL/GIn1978,theICC(theinternationalchamberofcommerce)hasformulatedandpromulgatedUniformRulesforContractGuarantee,ICCpublicationNo.325.InordertounifytheformsofguaranteeandmatchwithICCpublicationNo.325,ICCfurtherformulatedandpromulgatedcontractguaranteedemonstrationformat,ICCpublicationNo.406.In1992,theICCformulatedandpromulgatedUniformRulesforDemandGuarantee(URDG),ICCPublicationNo.458.AsperURDG458,whenbeneficiaryclaimsontheissuingbank,onlyclaimdocumentanddefaultstatementisrequiredforpresentation.Inaccordancewiththerecentpracticeanddevelopmentofguaranteebusiness,theICCformulatedandpromulgatedUniformRulesforDemandGuarantee(URDG),ICCPublicationNo.758,whichrakeseffectiveonJuly1st2010.URDGhasreferredandusedthestyleofUCP600,theregulationconcerningtotheresponsibilityandrightsofrelatedpartiesaremoreclearandaccurate.國際結(jié)算第七章銀行保函第七章銀行保函第一節(jié)銀行保函的定義、特點(diǎn)與作用第二節(jié)銀行保函的當(dāng)事人及其權(quán)責(zé)關(guān)系第三節(jié)銀行保函的內(nèi)容第四節(jié)

銀行保函業(yè)務(wù)的基本流程第五節(jié)銀行保函業(yè)務(wù)的種類第六節(jié)銀行保函與一般跟單信用證的比較第七節(jié)銀行保函國際慣例：見索即付保函

第一節(jié)銀行保函的定義、特點(diǎn)與作用

一、銀行保函的基本概念銀行保函（LetterofGuarantee，L/G）又稱銀行保證書，是指銀行作為擔(dān)保人向受益人開立的，保證被保證人一定要向受益人盡到某項(xiàng)義務(wù),否則將由擔(dān)保人負(fù)責(zé)補(bǔ)償受益人損失的文件。

第一節(jié)銀行保函的定義、特點(diǎn)與作用

二、銀行保函的特點(diǎn)（1）擔(dān)保人的付款責(zé)任有時是第一性的，有時是第二性的。第一性付款責(zé)任：是指只要受益人滿足了銀行保函要求的條件，銀行就應(yīng)付款，而無須受益人先行向委托人索要，也無須理會委托方是否愿意支付。第二性付款責(zé)任：是指當(dāng)委托人拒絕付款時，由銀行擔(dān)保付款，或者是在委托人違約時，由銀行人賠償受益人的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。

第一節(jié)銀行保函的定義、特點(diǎn)與作用

（2）保函是不依附于合同的獨(dú)立的保證文件。（3）保函是一種或有負(fù)債，即保函項(xiàng)下的支付不一定會發(fā)生，對那些擔(dān)保行僅付第二性付款責(zé)任的擔(dān)保函尤其是這樣。只有在申請人違約時，擔(dān)保行才付款或賠償。

第一節(jié)銀行保函的定義、特點(diǎn)與作用

三、銀行保函的作用銀行保函的目的在于以銀行信用為保證來監(jiān)督委托人履行合約中的義務(wù)，維護(hù)受益人的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，促使交易的順利進(jìn)行。其主要作用有：（1）是對合約價(jià)款支付的保證作用，如付款保函、補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易保函、租賃保函等。（2）是對合同義務(wù)履行的擔(dān)保作用，同時用來作為當(dāng)合同違約發(fā)生時，對受害方的補(bǔ)償工具或?qū)`約方的懲罰手段。如投標(biāo)保函、履約保函、質(zhì)量保函和維修保函等。第二節(jié)銀行保函的當(dāng)事人及其權(quán)責(zé)關(guān)系一、銀行保函的當(dāng)事人（1）申請人（Applicant），是指向開出保函的銀行申請開立保函的合同當(dāng)事人。（2）擔(dān)保人（Guarantor），就是接受申請人的委托開出保函的銀行，其通過保函向受益人承諾在相符索賠的情況下付款，然后向申請人提出索償。第二節(jié)銀行保函的當(dāng)事人及其權(quán)責(zé)關(guān)系（3）受益人（Beneficiary），是指有權(quán)依據(jù)保函條款向開出保函的銀行提出索賠的當(dāng)事人。只要受益人按保函要求提交相符單據(jù)，便可要求擔(dān)保人支付相應(yīng)款項(xiàng)。（4）通知行（AdvisingBank），是指受擔(dān)保行的委托將保函通知給受益人的當(dāng)事人。在實(shí)務(wù)中，通知行通常由受益人所在地的銀行承擔(dān)。第二節(jié)銀行保函的當(dāng)事人及其權(quán)責(zé)關(guān)系（5）保兌行（ConfirmingBank），是指對保函加具保兌的銀行，保證擔(dān)保人按規(guī)定履行賠償義務(wù)。（6）轉(zhuǎn)開行（ReissuingBank）,是指在擔(dān)保人的保證下，按擔(dān)保人的要求，向受益人開立保函的銀行。第二節(jié)銀行保函的當(dāng)事人及其權(quán)責(zé)關(guān)系（7）反擔(dān)保人（CounterGuarantor）,是指為申請人向擔(dān)保人開具書面反擔(dān)保的人。反擔(dān)保人的責(zé)任是保證申請人履行合同義務(wù)，同時向擔(dān)保人作出承諾，即當(dāng)擔(dān)保人在保函項(xiàng)下作出付款承諾后，擔(dān)保人可以從申請人處得到及時、足夠的補(bǔ)償，并在申請人不能向擔(dān)保人作出補(bǔ)償時，負(fù)責(zé)向擔(dān)保人賠償損失。第二節(jié)銀行保函的當(dāng)事人及其權(quán)責(zé)關(guān)系二、銀行保函當(dāng)事人之間的權(quán)責(zé)關(guān)系（一）申請人的責(zé)任（1）在擔(dān)保行按照保函的規(guī)定向受益人付款后，委托人須立即償還擔(dān)保行墊付的款項(xiàng)。（2）負(fù)擔(dān)保函項(xiàng)下的一切費(fèi)用及利息。（3）如果擔(dān)保人認(rèn)為有必要，應(yīng)預(yù)支部分或全部押金。第二節(jié)銀行保函的當(dāng)事人及其權(quán)責(zé)關(guān)系（二）擔(dān)保人的責(zé)任和權(quán)利（1）一經(jīng)接受開立保函申請書，就有責(zé)任按照申請書開出保函。（2）一經(jīng)開出保函，就有責(zé)任按照保函承諾條件對受益人付款。（3）如果委托人不能及時償還擔(dān)保人已付款項(xiàng)，則擔(dān)保行有權(quán)處理押金、抵押品、擔(dān)保品。如果處理后仍不足抵償，則擔(dān)保行有權(quán)向委托人追索不足部分。第二節(jié)銀行保函的當(dāng)事人及其權(quán)責(zé)關(guān)系（三）受益人的權(quán)利受益人按照保函的規(guī)定，提交相符的索款聲明或有關(guān)單據(jù)后，有權(quán)向擔(dān)保行索償，并取得付款。第三節(jié)銀行保函的內(nèi)容一、銀行保函的主要內(nèi)容保函必須規(guī)定一下內(nèi)容：（1）申請人、受益人，擔(dān)保行（完整名稱和地址）；（2）通知行；（3）有關(guān)交易合同、協(xié)議，標(biāo)書的編號、日期，供應(yīng)貨物的名稱、數(shù)量，工程項(xiàng)目名稱等；（4）保函的貨幣名稱、金額；（5）有效期。如果保函未規(guī)定效期，則保函一直有效，直到保函被撤銷、賠償完款項(xiàng)或減額至零為止；注：根據(jù)URDG758第25條C款的規(guī)定：如果保函未規(guī)定效期，那么保函將至開立日起，三年之后終止。（6）索賠條件，指索賠時對提交單據(jù)的要求；（7）索賠方法，指受益人向擔(dān)保行提出的索賠方式（如信索或電索）或路線（是否經(jīng)通知行）；（8）賠付金額或最高索賠金額、支付貨幣和金額遞減條款；（9）索賠書或其他單據(jù)是否應(yīng)以紙質(zhì)或電子形式提交；（10）擔(dān)保行的責(zé)任（是第一性付款責(zé)任還是第二性的）；（11）費(fèi)用的承擔(dān)方；（12）生效條款一般是開出后立即生效，也有的是在一定日期后或某一事件發(fā)生后才生效；（13）保函中規(guī)定的單據(jù)所使用的語言；（14）適用法律和仲裁條款與規(guī)則。第三節(jié)銀行保函的內(nèi)容二、反擔(dān)保函的主要內(nèi)容反擔(dān)保函通常包括兩個主要條款：授權(quán)指示條款和索償條款。（1）授權(quán)指示條款如：“pleaseissueunderourfullresponsibilityyourtender/performance/advancepaymentguarantee…”(請貴方在我方承擔(dān)完全責(zé)任的條件下開立投標(biāo)保函/履約保函/預(yù)付款保函……)（2）索償條款如：“inconsiderationofyourissuingthesaidguaranteeonourbehalf,weherebyundertaketokeepyourreimbursedsubjecttothesameconditionasmentionedaboveuponourreceiptofyourclaimdeclaringthatyouhavebeencalledupontomakepaymentunderyourguarantee.,togetherwithacopyofthebeneficiary’sdemandonyou…”(鑒于貴行應(yīng)我方委托開立了上述保函，我方茲承諾，當(dāng)收到貴行對我方的索賠書，聲明貴行已經(jīng)在保函項(xiàng)下履行了擔(dān)保付款責(zé)任，并隨附有受益人對貴行的索賠書，我方將按照保函中列明的同等條件對貴行償付…)第三節(jié)銀行保函的內(nèi)容三、銀行保函的附屬內(nèi)容（一）生效條款——除非條款另有規(guī)定，否則保函自開立之日起生效如：“thisperformancebondwillcomeintoforceonlywhenthesellerhasreceivedaletterofcreditacceptabletohim.(本履約保函在出口商收到可接受的信用證后開始生效。)”

第三節(jié)銀行保函的內(nèi)容（二）自動展期條款——即經(jīng)受益人要求，保函有效期可以延長。如：thisguaranteeshallbeautomaticallyextendedforanotherthreemonthsiftheguarantorshallnothavereceivedbytheendofthevalidityhereof.anyconfirmationfromthebeneficiarythatitcanbereleasedfromitsobligationhereunder.(如果擔(dān)保行在保函到期日沒有收到受益人的確認(rèn)函，確認(rèn)擔(dān)保行的擔(dān)保責(zé)任已經(jīng)解除，本保函將自動延期三個月)第三節(jié)銀行保函的內(nèi)容（三）無條件付款條款（主債務(wù)人條款）——該條款保證，當(dāng)受益人提交相符單據(jù)時，擔(dān)保行承擔(dān)第一性的付款責(zé)任；保證擔(dān)保函是無條件的見索即付保函。如：thebeneficiaryshallbethesoleandfinaljudgesfordecidingwhetherornottheapplicanthasdulyperformedhisobligationofthecontract,andweherebyundertakestopayyouimmediatelyuponreceiptofyourwrittenclaimnotwithstandinganycontestation,defence,orobjectionfromtheapplicantandwithoutitbeingnecessaryforyoutoproduceoradduceanyprooforanyjudicialoradministrativeproceedingswhateverinsupportofyourclaim.(受益人作為唯一的和最終的評判者，決定申請人是否履行了合同義務(wù)。一旦收到貴方的索賠，不管申請人如何抗辯和反對，貴方不需通過司法程序或行政程序提供任何支持索賠的證明文件，我方將毫不延誤地對貴方予以賠付。)第三節(jié)銀行保函的內(nèi)容（四）擔(dān)保責(zé)任不變條款——保證保函的所有條款和條件不被改變和添加。如：wefurtheragreethatnochangeoradditiontoorothermodificationtothetermsofthecontractorofworkstobepreformedthereunderorofanyofthecontractdocuments,whichmaybemadebetweenthecontractparties,shallinanywayreleaseusfromanyliabilityunderthisguaranteeandweherebywaivesourrightstoaskfornoticeofanyofsuchchanges,additionsormodifications.(我方進(jìn)一步同意，任何在合同當(dāng)事方之間發(fā)生的合同條款的變更及因?yàn)楹贤募淖兏鸬暮贤こ痰母淖?，都不會解除我行的?dān)保責(zé)任，我方放棄發(fā)生變更要通知我行的權(quán)利。)第三節(jié)銀行保函的內(nèi)容（五）擔(dān)保金額遞減條款——為了顯示擔(dān)保行的付款責(zé)任不總是一成不變的，會規(guī)定某些項(xiàng)下的付款金額是遞減的。如：theguaranteeamountoftheL/Gshallbediminishedautomaticallyandproportionallyinaccordancewiththevalueofeachshipmentasshownintherelevantinvoice.（本保函的金額將根據(jù)商業(yè)發(fā)票上顯示的已裝運(yùn)貨物的價(jià)值而自動地、等比地降低。）第三節(jié)銀行保函的內(nèi)容（六）保函退還條款——某些國家法律規(guī)定，政府或準(zhǔn)政府部門簽發(fā)的保函，即使過期，受益人仍可以在保函失效三年、五年甚至流失年后提出索賠。面對這種情況，擔(dān)保行一般會在保函中加列退還條款。如：uponitsexpiration,thisL/Gshallbenullandvoid,andshallbeimmediatelyreturnedtousforcancellation.Anyactionofmaintainingtheoriginalofthisguaranteeoranyofitsamendmentshallthengivenorighttothebeneficiaryforlodginganymoreclaimhereunder.(保函到期后將自動失效，應(yīng)立即退還我行注銷，過期失效后，任何試圖保留正本保函及其修改書的行為將不會給予受益人進(jìn)一步索賠的權(quán)利。)第三節(jié)銀行保函的內(nèi)容（七）法律條款——規(guī)定保函所適用的法律如