高考沖刺英語閱讀理解課堂練（15）答案解析

2020高考英語：閱讀理解課堂練（15）PassageTwenty--Nine(TheProgram-FederalGovernmentHelpsMinorityBusiness)

Federaleffortstoaidminoritybusinessesbeganinthe1960’swhentheSmallBusinessAdministration(SBA)beganmakingfederallyguaranteedloansandgovernment-sponsoredmanagementandtechnicalassistanceavailabletominoritybusinessenterprises.Whilethisprogramenabledmanyminorityentrepreneurstoformnewbusinesses,theresultsweredisappointing,sincemanagerialinexperience,unfavorablelocations,andcapitalshortagesledtohighfailurerates.Even15yearsaftertheprogramwasimplemented,minoritybusinessreceiptswerenotquitetwopercentofthenationaleconomy’stotalreceipts.

Recentlyfederalpolicymakershaveadoptedanapproachintendedtoacceleratedevelopmentoftheminoritybusinesssectorbymovingawayfromdirectlyaidingsmallminorityenterprisesandtowardsupportinglarge,growth-orientedminorityfirmsthroughintermediarycompanies.Inthisapproach,largecorporationsparticipateinthedevelopmentofsuccessfulandstableminoritybusinessesbymakinguseofgovernment-sponsoredventurecapital.ThecapitalisusedbyaparticipatingcompanytoestablishaMinorityEnterpriseSmallBusinessesthathavepotentialtobecomefuturesuppliersofcustomersofthesponsoringcompany.

MESBIC’saretheresultofthebeliefthatprovidingestablishedfirmswitheasieraccesstorelevantmanagementtechniquesandmorejob-specificexperience,aswellassubstantialamountsofcapital,givesthosefirmsagreateropportunitytodevelopsoundbusinessfoundationsthandoessimplymakinggeneralmanagementexperienceandsmallamountsofcapitalavailable.Further,sincepotentialmarketsfortheminoritybusinessesalreadyexistthroughthesponsoringcompanies,theminoritybusinessesfaceconsiderablylessriskintermsoflocationandmarketfluctuation.Followingearlyfinancialandoperatingproblems,sponsoringcorporationsbegantocapitalizeMESBIC’sfarabovethelegalminimumof$500,000inordertogeneratesufficientincomeandtosustainthequalityofmanagementneeded.MESBIC’sarenowemergingasincreasinglyimportantfinancingsourcesforminorityenterprises.

Ironically,MESBICstaffs,whichusuallyconsistofHispanicandBlackprofessionals,tendtoapproachinvestmentsinminorityfirmsmorepragmaticallythandomanyMESBICdirectors,whoareusuallyseniormanagersfromsponsoringcorporations.Thelatteroftenstillthinkmainlyintermsofthe‘socialresponsibilityapproach’andthusseemtopreferdealsthatareriskierandlessattractivethannormalinvestmentcriteriawouldwarrant.Suchdifferencesinviewpointhaveproduceduneasinessamongmanyminoritystaffmembers,whofeelthatminorityentrepreneursandbusinessesshouldbejudgedbyestablishedbusinessconsiderations.ThesestaffmembersbelievetheirpointofviewisclosertotheoriginalphilosophyofMESBIC’sandtheyareconcernedthat,unlessamoreprudentcourseiffollowed,MESBICdirectorsmayreverttopolicieslikelytore-createthedisappointingresultsoftheoriginalSBAapproach.1.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthecentralideaofthepassage?A.TheuseofMESBIC’sforaidingminorityentrepreneursseemstohavegreaterpotentialforsuccessthandoestheoriginalSBAapproach.B.ThereisacrucialdifferenceinpointofviewbetweenthestaffanddirectorsofsomeMESBIC’s.C.Afterinitialproblemswithmanagementandmarketing,minoritybusinesseshavebeguntoexpandatasteadyrate.D.Minorityentrepreneurswishingtoformnewbusinessesnowhaveseveralequallysuccessfulfederalprogramsonwhichtorely.2.Accordingtothepassage,theMESBICapproachdiffersfromtheSBAapproachinthatMESBIC’s_______.A.seekfederalcontractstoprovidemarketforminoritybusinesses.B.Encourageminoritybusinessestoprovidemarketsforotherminoritybusinesses.C.Attempttomaintainaspecifiedrateofgrowthintheminoritybusinesssector.D.Relyontheparticipationoflargecorporationstofinanceminoritybusinesses.3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheSBAprogramcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Themaximumtermforloansmadetorecipientbusinesseswas15years.B.Businessloanswereconsideredtobemoreusefultorecipientbusinessesthanwasmanagementandtechnicalassistance.C.Theanticipatedfailurerateforrecipientbusinesseswassignificantlylowerthantheratethatactuallyresulted.D.Recipientbusinesseswereencouragedtorelocatetoareasmorefavorableforbusinessdevelopment.4.Theauthorreferstothe‘financialandoperatingproblems’encounteredbyMESBIC’sprimarilyinorderto_______.A.broadenthescopeofthediscussiontoincludethelegalconsiderationsoffundingMESBIC’sthroughsponsoringcompanies.B.callattentiontothefactthatMESBIC’smustreceiveadequatefundinginordertofunctioneffectively.C.showthatsponsoringcompanieswerewillingtoinvestonly$500,000ofgovernment-sponsoredventurecapitalintheoriginalMESBIC’s.D.CompareSBAandMESBIClimitsonminimumfunding.5.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheattitudeofsomeMESBICstaffmembertowardtheinvestmentspreferredbysomeMESBICdirectorscanbebestdescribedas_______.A.disappointing.B.Indifferent.C.Shocked.D.Defensive.Vocabulary

執(zhí)行，履行

增長潛力的，有發(fā)展性的company

中介公司，中間公司capital

風險資本

企業(yè)家，創(chuàng)業(yè)者

波動，漲落，起伏

實用地難句譯注1.Even15yearsaftertheprogramwasimplementedminoritybusinessreceiptswerenotquitetwopercentofthenationaleconomy’stotalreceipts.【參考譯文】甚至在這個計劃執(zhí)行后15年，少數(shù)民族工業(yè)的收入還不到全國總收入的2％。Recentlyfederalpolicymakershaveadoptedanapproachintendedtoacceleratedevelopmentofthesupportinglarge,growthorientedminorityfirmsthroughintermediarycompanies.【參考譯文】最近，聯(lián)邦決策者采取一項措施，旨在加速少數(shù)民族工商業(yè)的發(fā)展，他們不再直接幫助小型的少數(shù)民族企業(yè)，而是轉向通過中間公司來支持規(guī)模較大、有發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ纳贁?shù)民族公司。3.Bymakinguseofgovernment-sponsoredventurecapital.利用政府資助的風險資本。4.TheMESBICthenprovidescapitalandguidancetominoritybusinessesthathavepotentialtobecomefuturesuppliersorcustomersofthesponsoringcompany.【參考譯文】然后再由MESBIC向那些少數(shù)民族企業(yè)提供資金、進行指導。這些企業(yè)是有成為贊助公司的未來供應商或客戶的潛力的。5.MESBIC–minorityenterprisesmallbusinessinvestmentcompany少數(shù)民族小型企業(yè)投資公司。6.MESBIC’saretheresultofthebeliefthatprovidingestablishedfirmswitheasieraccesstorelevantmanagementtechniquesandmorejob-specificexperience,aswellassubstantialamountsofcapital,givesthosefirmsagreateropportunitytodevelopsoundbusinessfoundationsthandoessimplymakinggeneralmanagementexperienceandsmallamountsofcapitalavailable.【參考譯文】MESBIC的建立基于這種信念：為已建公司提供方便，使它更容易獲得相關的管理技術更具體的工作經(jīng)驗以及大筆資金要比簡單地給予一般管理經(jīng)驗和小筆資金更能使它們獲得機會去建立穩(wěn)固的商業(yè)基礎。7.Thelatteroftenstillthinkmainlyintermsofthe‘socialresponsibilityapproach’andthusseemtopreferdealsthatareriskierandlessattractivethannormalinvestmentcriteriawouldwarrant.【參考譯文】后者――高級經(jīng)理們――在有大多數(shù)情況下，仍然常常從“社會責任的角度”來考慮問題，因此，他們似乎更傾向于選擇那些比正常投資標準更具風險性，而不太引人注目的項目。寫作方法與文章大意

文章主要采用因果以及對比的寫作方法。先點出SBA計劃的失敗及其原因。

為此，聯(lián)邦決策者改變方法，通過中介公司，建立MESBIC。由它來幫助少數(shù)民族企業(yè)――使其獲得相應的管理技術、具體工作經(jīng)驗和大量資金，甚至潛在的市場――取得了成功。

可內(nèi)部存在問題，MESBIC的職工和領導者之間的意見分歧，職工的投資觀點更切實際，而領導者仍從“社會責任的角度”來考慮問題，若不改變，有可能重蹈SBA之覆轍。答案詳解1.A運用MESBIC來幫助少數(shù)民族企業(yè)似乎比原來SBA的方法更具成功的可能性。文章一開始就點名SBA（小型企業(yè)管理局）向少數(shù)民族企業(yè)提供聯(lián)邦保證貸款，政府資助管理和技術方面的幫助，結果令人失望。組建成的少數(shù)民族新企業(yè)由于管理上缺乏經(jīng)驗、地點不佳、資金短缺而導致失敗的情況很多。其他見難句譯注1、2、3?？傊贛ESBIC支持下：為它的潛在市場提供大量資金等，使它們在地點和市場流通方面風險小的多，從而帶來足夠的收入和保持所需的管理質(zhì)量。這一切都說明MESBIC比SBA的成功可能性大。中的領導者和職工方面在觀點上有著至關重要的分歧。C.經(jīng)歷了早期管理和市場問題后，少數(shù)民族企業(yè)已開始穩(wěn)步發(fā)展。D.希望組建新公司的少數(shù)民族企業(yè)家已有好幾個成功的聯(lián)邦計劃可依靠。2.D依靠大公司向少數(shù)民族企業(yè)投資。見第二段第二句：大公司利用政府資助的風險資本參與成功而又穩(wěn)固的少數(shù)民族企業(yè)的發(fā)展。參與的大公司用這筆資金建立了“少數(shù)民族小型企業(yè)投資公司”（MESBIC）A.尋求為少數(shù)民族企業(yè)提供市場聯(lián)邦合同。B.鼓勵少數(shù)民族企業(yè)為其他少數(shù)民族企業(yè)提供市場。C.試圖在少數(shù)民族部門保持特定的增長率。3.C預期加入SBA項目中的公司的失敗率比實際失敗率低得多。文內(nèi)沒有直接點出，而是從（見第一題注釋）SBA幫助的企業(yè)失敗率很高――令人失望，從而推斷C項結論。A.給企業(yè)貸款最高期限為15年。B.商業(yè)貸款對企業(yè)來說遠筆管理和技術幫助重要。D.鼓勵接受貸款企業(yè)重新尋找利于企業(yè)發(fā)展的地區(qū)。4.B為的是引人注意這一實際情況：MESBIC必須取得足夠的資金才能有效地運轉。這在第三段最后一句：在經(jīng)歷了早期財政和運行問題后，贊助公司給MESBIC注入的資金遠遠超過了50萬美元的法定最低限額，以獲得足夠的收入并保持所需的管理質(zhì)量。MESBIC現(xiàn)在正成為日益重要的少數(shù)民族企業(yè)的資金來源。這說明沒有足夠的資金是難以有效運轉的。A.擴大討論范圍以包括通過贊助公司投資MESBIC的合理性。C.表明贊助公司愿意在原來的MESBIC只投資50萬政府資助的風險資本。D.對比SBA和MESBIC最低投資限額。5.A失望。文章最后一段MESBIC的職工――一般是拉美和黑人專業(yè)人員在少數(shù)民族公司的投資上比MEBSIC的領導者更切實際。這些高級經(jīng)理從社會責任角度看問題，會選擇更具風險性，不太吸引人的項目。觀點分歧使許多少數(shù)民族職工感到不安，他們認為應以公司的業(yè)務爆出來評價少數(shù)民族企業(yè)家及其企業(yè)。者充分說明MEBSIC的職工對領導所青睞的投資項目不滿意和失望。B.漠不關心。C.震驚。D.持保留態(tài)度。PassageThirty(TheImportanceofIndependentThinking)Noonecanbeagreatthinkerwhodoesnotrealizethatasathinkeritisherfirstdutytofollowherintellecttowhateverconclusionsitmaylead.Truthgainsmoreevenbytheerrorsofonewhowithduestudyandpreparation,thinksforhimself,thanbythetrueopinionsofthosewhoonlyholdthembecausetheydonotsufferthemselvestothink.Nothatitissolely,ofchiefly,toformgreatthinkersthatfreedomofthinkingisrequired.Onethecontrary,itisasmuchorevenmoreindispensabletoenableaveragehumanbeingstoattainthementalstaturewhichtheyarecapableof.Therehavebeenandmanyagainbegreatindividualthinkersinageneralatmosphereofmentalslavery.Butthereneverhasbeen,noreverwillbe,inthatatmosphereanintellectuallyactivepeople.Whereanyofheterodoxspeculationwasforatimesuspended,wherethereisatacitconventionthatprinciplesarenottobedisputed:wherethediscussionofthegreatestquestionswhichcanoccupyhumanityisconsideredtobeclosed,wecannothopetofindthatgenerallyhighscaleofmentalactivitywhichhasmadesomeperiodsofhistorysoremarkable.Neverwhencontroversyavoidedthesubjectswhicharelargeandimportantenoughtokindleenthusiasmwasthemindofapeoplestirredupfro9mitsfoundationandtheimpulsegivenwhichraisedevenpersonsofthemostordinaryintellecttosomethingofthedignityofthinkingbeings.Shewhoknowsonlyherownsideofthecaseknowslittleofthat.Herreasonsmaybefood,andnoonemayhavebeenabletorefutethem.Butifshesequallyunabletorefutethereasonsoftheoppositeside;ifshedoesnotsomuchasknowwhattheyare,shehasnogroundforpreferringeitheropinion.Therationalpositionforherwouldbesuspensionofjudgment,andunlessshecontentsherselfwiththat,sheiseitherledbyauthority,oradopts,likethegeneralityoftheworldthesidetowhichshefeelsthemostinclination.Norisitenoughthatsheshouldheattheargumentsofadversariesfromherownteachers,presentedastheystatethem,andaccompaniedbywhattheyofferasrefutations.Thatisnotthewaytodojusticetothearguments,orbringthemintorealcontactwithherownmind.Shemustbeabletohearthemformpersonswhoactuallybelievethem;whodefendtheminearnest,anddotheirveryutmostforthem.Shemustknowthemintheirmostplausibleandpersuasiveform;shemustfeelthewholeforceofthedifficultywhichthetrueviewofthesubjecthastoencounteranddisposeof;elseshewillneverreallypossessherselfoftheportionoftruthwhichmeetsandremovesthatdifficulty.Ninety-nineinahundredofwhatarecallededucatedpersonsareinthiscondition;evenofthosewhocanarguefluentlyfortheiropinions.Theirconclusionmaybetrue,butitmightbefalseforanythingtheyknow;theyhaveneverthrownthemselvesintothementalpositionofthosewhothinkdifferentlyfromthemandconsideredwhatsuchpersonsmayhavetosay;andconsequentlytheydonot,inanypropersenseoftheword,knowthedoctrineswhichtheythemselvesprofess.

1.Thebesttitleforthispassageis_________.A.TheAgeofReason

B.TheneedforIndependentThinkingC.TheValueofReason

D.StirringPeople’sMinds2.Accordingtotheauthor,itisalwaysadvisableto_________.A.haveopinionswhichcannotberefuted.B.adoptthepointofviewtowhichonefeelsthemostinclination.acquaintedwiththeargumentsfavoringthepointofviewwithwhichonedisagrees,D.suspendheterodoxspeculationinfavorofdoctrinaireapproaches.3.Accordingtotheauthor,inagreatperiodsuchastheRenaissancewemayexpecttofind_________.A.acceptanceoftruth

B.controversyoverprinciples

C.inordinateenthusiasm

D.

adreadofheterodoxspeculation4.Accordingtotheauthor,thepersonwhoholdsorthodoxbeliefswithoutexaminationmaybedescribedinallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPTas_________.A.enslavedbytradition

B.lessthanfullyrationalC.determindedoncontroversy

D.

havingaclosedmind5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements_________.A.Atrulygreatthinkermakesnomistakes.B.Periodsofintellectualachievementareperiodsofunorthodoxreflection,C.The

refutationofacceptedideascanbestbeprovidedbyone’sownteachers.D.excessivecontroversypreventsclearthinking,Vocabulary1.

stature

高度，境界，狀況2.

heterodox

不合乎公認的標準的，異端的，異教的3.

tacit

心照不宣4.

refute

反駁5.

adversary

對立面，對手，敵人6.

plausible

善于花言巧語的/辭令的，似乎有理的/有可能的7.

doctrine

教義，學說8.

profess

表示，明言，承認，自稱，信奉難句譯注1.Truegainsmoreevenbytheerrorsofonewhowithduestudyandpreparation,thinksforhimself,thenbythetrueopinionsofthosewhoonlyholdthembecausetheydonotsufferthemselvestothink.[參考譯文]

真理甚至從一個經(jīng)過恰當研究和準備進行獨立思考的人的錯誤中獲得更多的東西，而從那些只是因為不予思考卻持有正確的觀點中獲得的少（一種經(jīng)過恰當?shù)难芯亢蜏蕚溥M行獨立思考的人犯的錯誤，另一種人是不予思考的卻持有正確的觀點，真理從前者錯誤中獲得的東西比從后者的正確觀點中獲得的要多）。2.mentalslavery

思想禁錮，精神受奴役狀態(tài)3.Neverwhencontroversyavoidedthesubjectswhicharelargeandimportantenoughtokindleenthusiasmwasthemindofapeoplestirredupfromitsfoundationandtheimpulsegivenwhichraisedevenpersonsofthemostordinaryintellecttosomethingofthedignityofthinkingbeings.[結構簡析]

這是一句以Never否定詞開頭的倒裝句，正常的句序應把never放在句中，形成：themindofpeoplewasneverstirredupfromitsfoundations[參考譯文]

當辯論(賽)開重大課題，重大到足以燃起/激起人們激/熱情的課題時，那么一個民族的思想絕不會從天賦的情感和原始的基礎上升華，甚至使最普通智力的人上升到莊嚴的思想家水平上。4.Therationalpositionforherwouldbesuspensionofjudgment,andunlessshecontentsherselfwiththat,sheiseitherledbyauthority,oradopts,likethegeneralityoftheworld,thesidetowhichshefeelsthemostinclination.[參考譯文]

對她來說理智的立場是停止判斷，而且除非她滿足于這一點，否則，她不是為權威人物的觀點所左右，后者就像世界上蕓蕓眾生一樣，倒向她感覺最傾向的一邊。5.Thatisnotthewaytodojusticetothearguments,orbringthemintotealcontactwithherownmind.[結構簡析]

dojusticeto公平對待，適當處理。Bring…intocontactwith使和……接觸／聯(lián)系。[參考譯文]

這不是對正確觀點評價的方法，也不能使自己的思想真正接觸到論點的實質(zhì)。6.Shemustknowthemintheirmostplausibleandpersuasiveform;shemustfeelthewholeforceofthedifficultywhichthetrueviewofthesubjecthastoencounteranddisposeof;elseshewillneverreallypossessherselfoftheportionoftruthwhichmeetsandremovesthatdifficulty.[結構簡析]

mostplausibleandpersuasiveform很善于辭令和有說服力形式。possessoneselfo