法律英語課件1

LegalEnglish《法律英語——英國、美國法律制度》2/4/20231法律英語

Threequestionsbeforeclass1.How

willwestudythecourseoflegalEnglish?2.Whatwill

welearnfromthiscourse?3.WhatarethedifficultiesinstudyinglegalEnglish?2/4/20232法律英語

Questionone:HowwillwestudythecourseofLegalEnglish?Waysofteachingandstudying:a.ThiscoursewillbetaughtbilinguallyinChineseandEnglish.b.thecultureofcommonlaw,thelegaltraditionofAmericanlawandtheinstitutionofit,orthespiritandessenceofAmericanlaw.c.casestudy(casemethod)/lecturemethodd.legalmovie/TVplayappreciation:Twelveangrymen,LegallyBlonde,LawandOrder,Harry’slaw2/4/20233法律英語

Questiontwo:Whatwillwelearnfromthiscourse?Thecontentisasfollow:(altogether14chapters)a.Legalterms+Textb.Exercises:

Translationbygroup.c.SupplementaryReading(notcompulsory)2/4/20234法律英語

QuestionThree:WhatarethedifficultiesinstudyinglegalEnglish?A.(1)法律英語專業(yè)術(shù)語眾多，有自身獨特的含義/且用語正式。action:訴訟consideration:對價、約因minor：未成年major：成年party：當(dāng)事人

offer:要約instrument：法律文件

Approachthebench.——Comeoverhere.

Heisabench.——Hehasbecomeajudge.

civildeath——deprivationofpoliticalrights(剝奪政治權(quán)利終身）

2/4/20235法律英語

A.(2)外來語較多，尤其是拉丁語alibi不在犯罪現(xiàn)場bonafide善意staredecisis

遵循先例2/4/20236法律英語

B.LegalSystem:不了解英美法制度和背景,需要系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)英美法律制度。e.g.lawyersolicitor

(英國初級律師/非出庭律師）barrister（英國高級律師/出庭律師）2/4/20237法律英語Lesson

one

Legal

system

2/4/20238法律英語

Lmonlaw:普通法

commonlawlegalsystem2.Civillaw:民法civillawlegalsystem3.

刑法？行政法？民事訴訟法？國際法？國際私法？4.Caselaw:判例法5.Statutorylaw:成文法

6.

relief:救濟

2/4/20239法律英語

7.EquityandEquityLaw：衡平及衡平法SomeMaximsofEquityLaw:a.Equitylookstotheintentratherthantotheform.衡平法注重含義，而不注重形式。b.Equitylooksonthatasdonewhichoughttobedone.衡平法將要做的事看作應(yīng)做的事。c.Equitydelegatesequality.衡平法代表公平。d.Equitywillnotsufferawrongtobewithoutaremedy.衡平法不允許對違法行為沒有補救方法。8.

Jury\juror

陪審團、陪審員9.specificperformance:特定履行/實際履行10.compensatorydamages:金錢賠償2/4/202310法律英語CharacteristicsCommonlawlegalsystem普通法系DecentralizationCaselawStaredecisis

遵從前例2/4/202311法律英語Representativesofthe4legalsystemsCivil/continentallegalsystem:France,Germany,Austria,Belgium,Switzerland,Italy,Spain,Portugal,Thailand,Turkey,IndonesiaHolland(theNetherlands)2.Common-law/Anglo-Americanlegalsystem:England,Ireland,USA,NewZealand,Pakistan,Singapore,Malaysia,Australia,Canada(excludingQuebec),Burma,IndiaSocialistlegalsystem:China,Russia,Cuba,NorthKorea,Vietnam4.Islamiclegalsystem:MiddleEastcountries2/4/202312法律英語Civillawlegalsystem大陸法系/羅馬法系Commonlawlegalsystem普通法系Statutorylaw法國和德國為代表，還有瑞士、意大利、奧地利、比利時、盧森堡、荷蘭、西班牙、葡萄牙、日本等Caselaw形成于英國，包括加拿大，澳大利亞，新西蘭，愛爾蘭，印度、巴基斯坦，馬來西亞和新加坡，香港地區(qū)也采用英美法2/4/202313法律英語ThedistinctionoftwolegalsystemsThebasicdistinctionbetweenthetwosystemsliesinthesourcesoflawuponwhichtheyrely.Thecommon-lawsystemusespriordecidedcasesasaveryhighsourcesofauthority.Thedoctrineofstaredecisis(letthedecisionstand)inoneofitsformistheessenceofthecommon-lawsystem.Thedoctrinestatesthatthecourtsshouldadheretothelawthatsetforthinpriorcasesdecidedbythehighestcourtofthegovernjurisdictionaslongastheprinciplederivedfromthosecasesislogicallyessentialtotheirdecision,isreasonable,andisappropriatetocontemporarycircumstances.2/4/202314法律英語大陸法與普通法的根本區(qū)別在于其所依靠的法的淵源.普通法系以先前的判例為其很高的權(quán)力淵源,以其諸形式之一出現(xiàn)的STAREDECISIS即讓判決繼續(xù)有效學(xué)說,是普通法系的精粹,該說主張,法院應(yīng)遵守在本法域最高一級法院判決的先例中所定下來的法律---但取自先例原則以在邏輯上為判決各案件所必須且其合理合情并適宜于當(dāng)代情況者為限。2/4/202315法律英語Thecivillaw,ontheotherhand,isorientedtowardacodeoflaws,whenacontroversaryispresentedtoacourtoralawyer,theimmediateproblemistofindtheappropriatecodeprovisioncoveringthesituationandthentoapplyittotheproblemathand.Thecourtslooktothewritingsofscholarstoaidthemininterpretingcodeprovisions.Casesarenotignored,buttheydonothaveanyapproachingbindingauthorityonjudges.2/4/202316法律英語在另一方面大陸法系則以法典為中心。法院或律師遇到一項爭端，其迫在眉捷的問題，是去查出與案情相關(guān)的適當(dāng)法典條文，然后把條文適用于手頭的問題。法院請教學(xué)者的著作，以便在解釋法典條文時從那些著作中得到幫助。案例不是完全被忽視，但對法官卻沒有任何接近于拘束力的權(quán)威性。2/4/202317法律英語普通法衡平法普通法專指英國在11世紀(jì)后由法官通過判決形式逐漸形成的適用于全英格蘭的一種判例法。而衡平法是指英國在14世紀(jì)后對普通法的修正和補充而出現(xiàn)的一種判例法。2/4/202318法律英語The

common

law

is

historically

the

common

general

law

——

with

supremacy

over

local

law

——which

was

decreed

by

the

itinerant

judges

of

the

English

royal

court.

普通法在歷史上是普通綜合法，由英國皇家法院的巡回法官頒布的普通綜合法地位高于地方法。2/4/202319法律英語

enforcement強制執(zhí)行；

claim請求；

action訴訟行為；

writ法院令狀；

classicalRomanlaw古羅馬法2/4/202320法律英語Theenforcementofaclaimpresupposedtheexistenceofaspecialformofaction,awrit,withtheresultthattheoriginalcommonlawrepresentedasystemof‘a(chǎn)ction’similartothatofclassicalRomanlaw.某項訴訟請求的強制執(zhí)行是以法院令狀這種特殊訴訟形式的存在為前提的，而這就使最初的普通法表現(xiàn)為由類似于古羅馬法的“訴訟行為”所構(gòu)成的體系。2/4/202321法律英語

If

a

writ

existed

(in

1227)

a

claim

could

be

enforced;

有法院令狀，訴訟請求就要強制執(zhí)行；there

was

no

recourse

for

a

claim

without

a

writ,the

claim

did

notexist.

沒有法院令狀為前提的訴訟請求，就沒有追索權(quán)，因而該訴訟請求也就不存在。2/4/202322法律英語The

narrow

limits

of

the

forms

of

action

and

the

limited

recourse

they

provided

led

to

the

deve-lopment

of

equity

law

and

equity

case

law.

訴訟形式的限制及其提供的有限追索權(quán)導(dǎo)致了衡平法和衡平判例法的產(chǎn)生。2/4/202323法律英語衡平法

由英國衡平法法院的大法官在處理專門的申訴案件時，為避免過分重視令狀和程序方面的技術(shù)性問題，而集中考慮案情的理據(jù)得失，最終發(fā)展出有別于普通法的法律規(guī)范，就是衡平法。2/4/202324法律英語“Equity”——doing

equity公平——行為公平deciding

ex

aequo

et

bono決定公平且善良（拉丁語）was

first

granted

by

the

King,

and

later

by

his

Chancellor

as

"keeper

of

the

King's

conscience",

toaffordreliefinhardshipcases.首先由國王，以后由作為“國王良知守護人”的大法官作出，以便對難以解決的案例提供救濟。2/4/202325法律英語In

the

fifteenth

century,

however,

equity

law

and

equity

case

law

developed

into

an

independent

legal

system

and

judiciary

(Court

of

chancery)which

competed

with

the

ordinary

common

law

courts.

15世紀(jì)，衡平法和衡平判例法發(fā)展成獨立的法律制度和司法制度（大法官法庭），大法官法庭與普通法法庭并列存在。2/4/202326法律英語Its

rules

and

maxims

became

fixed

and,

to

a

degree,

inflexible

as

inany

legal

system.

衡平法的規(guī)則和原則逐漸確定，與任何法律制度一樣，具有一定程度的固定性。equity

law2/4/202327法律英語relief

in

the

form

of

specific

performance

特殊履行的救濟方式the

injunction禁令（臨時或最終的采取或不采取某種行為的命令）the

development

of

so

calledmaxims

of

equity

law形成所謂的衡平法座右銘

Special

characteristics

of

equity

law：theperformanceofalegalcontractasspecifiedbyitsterms2/4/202328法律英語However,

equitable

relief

regularly

will

lie

only

when

the

common

law

relief

isinadequate.

不過，只有當(dāng)普通法救濟不充分時，才適用衡平救濟。2/4/202329法律英語For

instance,

specific

performance

for

the

purchase

of

real

propertywill

be

granted

because

common

law

damages

are

deemed

to

be

inadequate

since

they

cannot

compensate

the

buyerin

view

of

the

uniqueness

attributed

toreal

property.

例如，對購買不動產(chǎn)提供特殊履行的救濟，因為普通法的賠償被認為不充分，由于不動產(chǎn)具有特殊性，普通法的賠償無法補償買方。2/4/202330法律英語“ordinary”

common

law

relief

of

damages

普通法規(guī)定的賠償金救濟“extraordinary”

equity

remedy

of

specific

performance

衡平法規(guī)定的特定履行救濟2/4/202331法律英語

Today,

both

legal

systems

have

been

merged

in

many

American

jurisdictions

普通法

衡平法there

is

only

one

form

of

civil

suit

in

these

jurisdictions

as

well

asin

federal

practice.

在美國司法管轄區(qū)和聯(lián)邦實踐中只有一套民事訴訟形式2/4/202332法律英語Only

few

States

continue

to

maintain

a

separate

chancery

court.

獨立大法官法庭2/4/202333法律英語Atfirsttheconceptofequitablerelifwasflexible,anddependtoalargeextentonthechancellor’sapplicationofprinciplesofconsciencetoeachindividualcasebeforethem.Intime,equitableprinciplesthemselvesbecamehardenedandlostitsflexibility.BytheJudicatureActof1873,parliamentfusedthetwostreamsofenglishjustice,makingthecommonlawandequityequallyapplicableinallenglishcourts.2/4/202334法律英語Theadvantageofthecaselawisthepowerofflexibilityandgrowth.Newdecisionsareconstantlybeingaddedasnewcasescomebeforethecourts.Inthiswaythelawtendstokeeppacewiththetimesandcanadaptitselftochangingcircumstances.Thedrawbacksofcaselawinsomecasesmerelytheconverseaspectsoftheadvantages.Forexample,Jeremybentham

criticisedtheprincipleofthelawfollowingtheeventdog’slawsystem,‘itis,’hesays,’thejudgesthatmakethecommonlaw,doyouknowhowtheymakeit?justasamanmakeslawsforhisdog,whenyourdogdoessomethingyouwanttobreakhimof,youwaittillhedoesitandthenbeathim,thisisthewayyoumakelawsforyourdog,thisisthewaythejudgemakeslawsforyou.2/4/202335法律英語案例法的優(yōu)點，靈活性和成長的能力，隨著一件件新的案件告到法院，一個個新的判決也就補充起來。這樣法律就能跟上時代的步伐并適應(yīng)不斷變化的客觀情況。案例法的害處，就是上述優(yōu)點的反面。例如邊沁曾對事后立法原則加以指責(zé)并稱判例制度為狗法，他說：“是法官們在制度共同法，你知道他們是怎么樣制定的嗎？就同一個人替他的那條狗立法一樣，狗做了人不讓做的事情，人們事先袖手旁觀，然后在事發(fā)后揍他。這是人替狗立法的方法，也是法官替你我立法的方式。2/4/202336法律英語Afurthercriticismisthatthebindingforceofprecedentlimitsjudicialdiscretion.Ithasbeensaidthatjudgesareengagedinforgingfettersfortheirownfeet.Thiscanbeillustratedbythedoctrineofcommonemployment.WhichwaslaiddownbythehouseoflordsinPriestleyv.Fowler(1837).Thisdoctrinesaidthatifaemployeewasinjuredbyafellowemployeewhilstbothwereactingwithinthescopeoftheiremployment,theiremployerwasnotliablevicariouslyforthenegligence.Theruleoperatedinamostunjustfashionduringtheperiodofgreatindustrialdevelopment,butitcontinuedtobindjudgesforoveracenturyuntilitwasfinallyabolishedbytheLawReform(PersonalInjuries)Act,1948.Allthejudgescoulddointhemeantimewastolimititsscope.2/4/202337法律英語案例法受的另一個指責(zé)，則是先例的的拘束力限制了審判上的裁量，有人還說，法官們是在替自己鑄造腳鐐。這一點可以用共同受雇說來加以說明，此說是由上議院在普里斯特告福爾一案中所規(guī)定的（1837），它說，如果兩人在受雇范圍內(nèi)行事時，其中一人被同事傷害了，那么他倆的雇主對這一疏忽不代為負責(zé)。在工業(yè)大發(fā)展時期運用這一規(guī)則，是極不公道的。但是這條規(guī)則在（1948年人身傷害法律改良法）予以廢除前，卻拘束了法官百多年之久。這其間，法官能做的，只是限制這一規(guī)則的運用。2/4/202338法律英語重點詞匯United

States

Supreme

CourtCommonlawlegalsystemCivillawlegalsystemCaselawStatutorylawclassical

Roman

law2/4/202339法律英語equity

lawequitycase

lawspecific

performance

injunctionequitable

reliefcommon

law

reliefcommon

law

damagesStaredecisis2/4/202340法律英語civil

suitJurisdictiontrial

by

juryjudge-made

law

2/4/202341法律英語Doctrineofstaredecisis

Whereprecedentmerelyrequiresthatcourtslooktopreviousdecisionsforguidance,staredecisisrequiresthatacourtfollowtheirowndecisionsandthedecisionsofhighercourtswithinthesamejurisdiction.

2/4/202342法律英語2/4/202343法律英語Jury1.Whyweneedajury?2.Inwhatcircumstances,weneedatrialbyjury?3.Whocanbeajuror?4.Howjuryworks?5.Blessitorcurseit?2/4/202344法律英語Ajuryisaswornbodyofpeopleconvenedtorenderanimpartial

verdict(afindingoffactonaquestion)officiallysubmittedtothembyacourt,ortosetapenaltyorjudgment.Modernjuriestendtobefoundincourtstojudgewhetheranaccusedpersonisnotguiltyorguiltyofacrime.(Thereisnosuchverdictas"innocent").Apersonwhoisservingonajuryiscalledajuror.2/4/202345法律英語Typesofjury

The"petitjury"

(or"trialjury")hearstheevidenceinatrialaspresentedbyboththeplaintiff(petitioner)andthedefendant(respondent).Afterhearingtheevidenceandoftenjuryinstructionsfromthejudge,thegroupretiresfordeliberation,toconsideraverdict.Themajorityrequiredforaverdictvaries.Insomecasesitmustbeunanimous,whileinothe