美國(guó)英語(yǔ)第四冊(cè) Lesson 15

Lesson15ByAdamWu1.Readandlisten1.aCD3T18chimpanzeen.黑猩猩chimpherbn.草specificadj.特定的bushn.灌木bebelievedto被認(rèn)為aspiliapreciselyadv.精確地overnightadv./adv./n.經(jīng)過(guò)一夜地explanationn.解釋bitteradj.苦的severaladj.好幾個(gè)，很多tuskn.象等動(dòng)物的長(zhǎng)牙，獠牙crunchv.處理；嘎吱嘎吱地咀嚼sodiumn.鈉元素neutralizev.【化學(xué)】中和neutraladj.中立的，中性的2.Grammar被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)表示的是主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)分主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（ActiveVoice）表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（PassiveVoice）則表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

構(gòu)成形式：be+done

Everybodylikeshim.Heislikedbyeverybody.（動(dòng)作接受者+be+done+by+動(dòng)作發(fā)出者）

一、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

各時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式，以do為例：

時(shí)態(tài)

時(shí)間一般時(shí)進(jìn)行時(shí)完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在am/is/are

doneam/is/arebeingdonehave\hasbeendone過(guò)去was\weredonewas\werebeingdonehadbeendone將來(lái)shall\willbedonewillbebeingdoneshall\willhavebeendone過(guò)去將來(lái)should/wouldbedoneshould/wouldhavebeendone二、何時(shí)使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)作誰(shuí)做的不知道，說(shuō)出誰(shuí)做的沒(méi)必要。

如：

Paperismadefromwood.

Thehousewasbuiltin1950.

Hewaswoundedinthefight.

2.需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作承受者。

如：

Calculatorcan'tbeusedinthemathsexam.

Booksandnewspapersinthereading

roommustn'tbetakenaway.

3.為了使語(yǔ)氣委婉，避免提及自己或?qū)Ψ蕉褂帽粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，或由于修飾的需要，使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，使句子得以更好的安排。如：

Theconstructionofthenewlabmustbe

completedbytheendofnextmonth.

4、科技文章、新聞報(bào)道、書(shū)刊介紹等媒體中，突出描述的客觀性。如：Over13peoplehavebeenkilledinthisaccidentsofar.三、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式

含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過(guò)去分詞Childrenshouldbegivenenoughfreedomtodeveloptheirinterests.Thiscan’tbedoneinashorttime.Canthisbedonebymachine?Theworkmustbedoneatonce.

2.帶有雙賓語(yǔ)的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(1)變間接賓語(yǔ)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，保留直接賓語(yǔ)：

Hesentmeapresent.Iwassentapresentbyhim.

(2)變直接賓語(yǔ)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，把間接賓語(yǔ)

改為介詞to或for引起的狀語(yǔ)：

Apresentwassenttomebyhim.

3.含有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句

(1)形容詞、名詞作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，賓補(bǔ)不變。

如：TheycallherXiaoLi.

SheiscalledXiaoLi.

Heleftthedooropen.

Thedoorwasleftopenbyhim.

(2)感官動(dòng)詞(hear,listento,watch,see,feel,notice)和使役動(dòng)詞(make,let,have,help)等動(dòng)詞后接不定式做賓補(bǔ)時(shí)一般不加to，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)時(shí)，必須加to。

S+be（的各種形式)+felt/seen/heard/noticed/watched/observed/made/had

etc+todosth.口訣：一感，二聽(tīng)，三讓?zhuān)目础?/p>

主動(dòng)句中to拿走，被動(dòng)句中to回來(lái)。Tomwasmadetorecitethosedullpoems.Shewasheardtosinginherroomlastnight.

一般來(lái)講，只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但有許多由“動(dòng)詞+介詞/副詞/副詞+介詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，可以有賓語(yǔ)。因而可以有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但應(yīng)注意動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)是一個(gè)不可分割的整體。變被動(dòng)時(shí)，不可丟掉構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)的介詞或副詞。這樣的短語(yǔ)有：lookafter,listento,lookat,payattentionto,takecareof,lookforwardto,makeuseof,etc.

4動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)①Theyhadputoutthefirebeforethefire-brigadearrived.

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②Theywillsetupanewpublicschoolhere.

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Thefirehadbeenputoutbeforethefire-brigadearrived.Anewpublicschoolwillbesetuphere.練習(xí)

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的賓語(yǔ)是從句，變成被動(dòng)時(shí)有兩種句型。WeknowthatBritainisanislandcountry.

It'sknownthatBritainisanislandcountry.Britainisknowntobeanislandcountry.

5、賓語(yǔ)從句的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)6.其他謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是以下時(shí)，無(wú)被動(dòng)。

如：

happen,takeplace,belongto,suit,fit(適合),have,let,join,fall,last（延長(zhǎng)）,cost（花費(fèi)）

breakout（爆發(fā)）appear,lack（缺乏），hold(容納)，burstout(迸發(fā))，agreewith（同意）。Thewarbrokeoutbetweentwocountries.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometown.2.c2.aresaidtobeableto3.areknowntoeat4.arebelievedtomake5.aresaidtobe6.areknowntobehave7.arebelievedtohave8.aresaidtobedying3.Readayearlycheck-up年度體檢approachesto方法，途徑

healv.治療acupuncturen.針灸massagen.按摩therapyn.療法long-standingadj.長(zhǎng)期的conventionalmedicine常規(guī)治療alternativemedicineeasternadj.東方的orientaladj.東方的4.Vocabulary4.achjgb,fiaed4.b1.check-up2.operatedon3.surgeon4.ananaethetic5.painkiller6.diagnosis7.suffers5.PronunciationCD3T20CD3T211.thin/thing2.sun/sung3.ran/rang4.sin/sing5.ban/bang6.run/rung5.b1.Heraninwhenthephonerang.2.Don’tbangonthetable.It’sbannedhere.3.Sorry,Ron.You’rewrong.6.Listen6.aCD3T226.bCD3T221.heather[植]石南屬植物2.honeysuckle金銀花3.rockrose沙漠坐蓮4.violet紫羅蘭5.gorse金雀花6.olive橄欖

dcbfaeFTTTF7.Vocabulary1.panicky2.homesick3.inattentive4.absent-mindedadj.心不在焉的5.over-anxious6.nostalgicadj.懷舊的cdaefb1.absent-minded2.homesick3.over-anxious4.nostalgic9.Vocabulary9.aCD3T191.ctooperateonsomeone2.hapainkiller止痛藥3.torecoverfrom4.g.ananesthetic麻醉藥5.banemergencyroom6.fadiagnosis7.itosufferfrom8.aasurgeon9.esymptom癥狀10.dacheck-up10.b1.check-up2.operatedon3.surgeon4.ananesthetic,painkiller5.recoverfrom6.diagnosis7.suffers9.Greatbreakthroughinmedicine9.cCD3T23beusedto習(xí)慣于breakthroughn.突破advancen.進(jìn)步advancedadj.先進(jìn)的curev.治療vaccinen.疫苗organtransplant器官移植groundbreakingadj.突破性的pumpv.泵vaccinationn.注射疫苗cowpoxn.牛痘smallpoxn.天花beexposedto暴露于killercholeran.霍亂typhoidn.傷寒stethoscopen.聽(tīng)診器germn.細(xì)菌microorganismn.微生物microben.微生物microbioticadj.微生物的

microbiologyn.微生物學(xué)pasteurizationn.巴氏消毒法problematicadj.有問(wèn)題的radiationn.輻射transfusionn.輸血fusev.