心理學(xué)專業(yè)外語

心理學(xué)專業(yè)英語EnglishforPsychologyChaptertwo

ThepsychoanalyticapproachtopsychologyThepsychoanalyticapproachtopsychology

OriginsandhistoryAssumptionsMethodsofinvestigationAreasofexplanationPracticalapplicationsStrengthsWeaknesses（起源與歷史）（理論假設(shè)）（調(diào)查方法）（闡釋內(nèi)容）（實(shí)際應(yīng)用）（缺點(diǎn)）（優(yōu)點(diǎn)）心理學(xué)的精神分析的研究方法Originsandhistory‘…Isetmyselfthetaskofbringingtolightwhathumanbeingskeephiddenwithinthem…thetaskofmakingconsciousthemosthiddenrecessesofthemindisonewhichitisquitepossibletoaccomplish.’SigmundFreud，1856-1939‘…Isetmyselfthetaskofbringingtolightwhathumanbeingskeephiddenwithinthem…thetaskofmakingconsciousthemosthiddenrecessesofthemindisonewhichitisquitepossibletoaccomplish.’揭露，發(fā)現(xiàn)，公開accomplish：完成，實(shí)現(xiàn)，達(dá)到recesses：深處，幽深處，隱秘處“……我致力于讓人們認(rèn)識(shí)被人們一直隱藏的東西……這個(gè)讓人們意識(shí)到思想最深處（潛意識(shí)意識(shí)化）的任務(wù)是完全有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的?！監(jiān)riginsandhistoryThepsychoanalyticapproachwasstartedanddevelopedmainlybySigmundFreud,aViennesedoctorwhospecialisedinneurology.Freudbecameinterestedinhysteria-themanifestationofphysicalsymptomswithoutphysicalcauses-andbecameconvincedthatunconsciousmentalcauseswereresponsiblenotjustforthisdisorderbutforalldisordersandeven‘normal’personality.Freuddevelopedtechniquesfortreatingtheunconsciouscausesofmentaldisordersandbuiltupanunderlyingexplanatorytheoryofhowhumanpersonalityandabnormalitydevelopfromchildhood.

ThepsychoanalyticapproachwasstartedanddevelopedmainlybySigmundFreud,aViennesedoctorwhospecialisedinneurology.Viennese：維也納的；維也納人的；維也納式的specialise：使專門化；限定……的范圍；深入neurology：神經(jīng)病學(xué)；神經(jīng)學(xué)精神分析的研究方法主要是由在神經(jīng)病學(xué)方面頗有造詣的維也納醫(yī)生西格蒙德·弗洛伊德創(chuàng)建并發(fā)展起來的。

Freudbecameinterestedinhysteria-themanifestationofphysicalsymptomswithoutphysicalcauses-andbecameconvincedthatunconsciousmentalcauseswereresponsiblenotjustforthisdisorderbutforalldisordersandeven‘normal’personality.hysteria：癔病，歇斯底里，癔癥；不正常的興奮manifestation：表現(xiàn)；顯示；示威運(yùn)動(dòng)弗洛伊德對(duì)癔癥很感興趣，認(rèn)為它是非生理原因造成的身體疾病的表現(xiàn)形式，并且他相信不僅是癔癥還有其他的紊亂癥狀甚至是“常態(tài)”人格也是由無意識(shí)心理原因造成的。physical：物理的；身體的；物質(zhì)的disorder：混亂；騷亂；失調(diào)Freuddevelopedtechniquesfortreatingtheunconsciouscausesofmentaldisordersandbuiltupanunderlyingexplanatorytheoryofhowhumanpersonalityandabnormalitydevelopfromchildhood.弗洛伊德發(fā)展出一種治療技術(shù)，用于治療由無意識(shí)引起的心理障礙。并且建立起一種深層的理論，用于解釋人類的人格以及變態(tài)人格是如何從童年期發(fā)展而來的。underlying：潛在的；根本的；在下面的；優(yōu)先的treat：治療；對(duì)待；探討mentaldisorder：神經(jīng)錯(cuò)亂；精神病；心理障礙OriginsandhistoryFreud’stheoryandapproachwereinfluencedbythetechnologyofthetime（suchasthesteamengine）,andhisearlyworkwithCharcot,theParisianhypnotist,andBreuerthepioneerofthecatharticmethod.Freud’spsychoanalyticapproachhadagreatimpactonpsychologyandpsychiatry,andwasdevelopedindifferentwaysbyotherpsychoanalystssuchasJung,Adler,Klein，AnnaFreud（hisdaughter）,andErickson.Freud’stheoryandapproachwereinfluencedbythetechnologyofthetime（suchasthesteamengine）,andhisearlyworkwith

Charcot,theParisianhypnotist,andBreuerthepioneerofthecatharticmethod.steam：蒸汽的弗洛伊德的理論和方法受時(shí)代技術(shù)（如蒸汽機(jī)）和他與歐洲催眠師沙可、宣泄療法先驅(qū)布洛伊爾的早期合作的影響。engine：引擎，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)；機(jī)車，火車頭；工具Parisian：巴黎的；巴黎人的hypnotist：施催眠術(shù)的人cathartic：導(dǎo)瀉的；通便的；宣泄的Freud’spsychoanalyticapproachhadagreatimpactonpsychologyandpsychiatry,andwasdevelopedindifferentwaysbyotherpsychoanalystssuchasJung,Adler,Klein，AnnaFreud（hisdaughter）,andErickson.psychiatry：精神病學(xué)；精神病療法psychoanalyst：精神分析學(xué)家；心理分析學(xué)家弗洛伊德的精神分析理論對(duì)心理學(xué)和精神病學(xué)產(chǎn)生了很大影響。并且由其他的一些精神分析學(xué)家，如：榮格、阿德勒、克萊因、安娜·弗洛伊德（他的女兒）以及埃里克森等，采用不同的方式對(duì)其進(jìn)行了發(fā)展。AssumptionsPsychoanalysisproposes:Unconsciousprocesses-themajorcausesofbehaviourcomefromthatpartofthemindwhichwehavenodirectawarenessof.Psychicdeterminisim-allwesayanddohasacause（usuallyunconscious）,evenslipsofthetongueor‘Freudianslip’.Hydraulicdrives-behaviourismotivatedbythetwobasicinstinctualdrives,thesexdrivefromErosthelifeinstinct,andtheaggressiondrivefromThanatosthedeathinstinct.Thedrivescreatepsychicenergywhichwillbuildup（likesteaminasteamengine）andcreatetensionandanxietyifitcannotbereleasedinsomeform.Unconsciousprocesses-themajorcausesofbehaviourcomefromthatpartofthemindwhichwehavenodirectawarenessof.awareness：意識(shí)，認(rèn)識(shí)；明白，知道無意識(shí)過程-行為的主要原因來自我們不能直接感知的那一部分意識(shí)。

Psychicdeterminism-allwesayanddohasacause（usuallyunconscious）,evenslipsofthetongueor‘Freudianslip’.psychic：精神的；心靈的；靈魂的；超自然的determinism：決定論slip：滑，滑倒；片，紙片；錯(cuò)誤；下跌；事故tongue：舌頭；語言Freudian：弗洛伊德的；弗洛伊德學(xué)說的心理決定論-我們的所有言行都是有原因的（通常是無意識(shí)的），甚至包括口誤或者失言。

Hydraulicdrives-behaviourismotivatedbythetwobasicinstinctualdrives,thesexdrivefromErosthelifeinstinct,andtheaggressiondrivefromThanatosthedeathinstinct.hydraulic：液壓的；水利的；水力學(xué)的drive：內(nèi)驅(qū)力，推進(jìn)力motivate：刺激；使有動(dòng)力；激發(fā)……的積極性instinctual：本能的Eros：厄洛斯（愛神）instinct：本能，直覺；天性aggression：侵略；進(jìn)攻；侵犯；侵害Thanatos：死的愿望；自我毀滅的本能；桑納托斯（死神）流體動(dòng)力驅(qū)力—行為主要由兩種基本的本能驅(qū)力所激發(fā)的。性驅(qū)力來自厄洛斯（希臘愛神）的生的本能，侵略驅(qū)力來自桑納托斯（希臘死神）的死的本能。Thedrivescreatepsychicenergywhichwillbuildup（likesteaminasteamengine）andcreatetensionandanxietyifitcannotbereleasedinsomeform.tension：張力，拉力；緊張，不安anxiety：焦慮；渴望；掛念release：釋放；發(fā)射；讓與這些驅(qū)力產(chǎn)生的心理能量將會(huì)不斷累積（就像蒸汽機(jī)里的蒸汽一樣），并且如果不以某種方式將這些積聚的心理能量釋放出來，那么它將會(huì)導(dǎo)致緊張和焦慮。AssumptionsPsychoanalysisproposes:Psychodynamicconflict-differentpartsoftheunconsciousmindareinconstantstruggleastherationalegoandmoralisticsuperegoseektocontroltheidexpressingitssexualandaggressiveurges.Stagesofdevelopment-personalityisshapedasthedrivesaremodifiedbydifferentconflictsatdifferenttimesinchildhood.

Psychodynamicconflict-differentpartsoftheunconsciousmindareinconstantstruggleastherationalegoandmoralisticsuperegoseektocontroltheidexpressingitssexualandaggressiveurges.psychodynamic：心理動(dòng)力的；精神動(dòng)力的心理動(dòng)力沖突—無意識(shí)的不同組成部分處于持續(xù)地斗爭(zhēng)之中，正如理性自我和道德超我試圖控制本我對(duì)于性欲和攻擊欲望的表達(dá)。struggle：努力，奮斗；競(jìng)爭(zhēng)urge：強(qiáng)烈的欲望，迫切要求；推動(dòng)力Stagesofdevelopment-personalityisshapedasthedrivesaremodifiedbydifferentconflictsatdifferenttimesinchildhood.發(fā)展階段—人格是由于驅(qū)力在童年期不同階段的不同沖突被修改所形成的。shape：形成；塑造，使成形；使符合modify：修改，修飾；更改MethodsofinvestigationFreudusedthecasestudymethodwhentreatinghisclients（seeingthemindividuallyseveraltimesaweekformanymonths）,anddeeplyanalysedandinterpretedalltheysaidanddid.TwotechniquesFreudusedforinvestigatingtheunconsciouswere:Freeassociation-involvingtheuninhibitedexpressionofthoughtassociations,nomatterhowbizarreorembarrassing,fromtheclienttotheanalyst.Dreamanalysis-the’royalroadtotheunconscious’.Theanalystattemptstodecodethesymbolsandunravelthehiddenmeaning（thelatentcontent）ofadreamfromthedreamer’sreport（themanifestcontent）.Freudusedthecasestudymethodwhentreatinghisclients（seeingthemindividuallyseveraltimesaweekformanymonths）,anddeeplyanalysedandinterpretedalltheysaidanddid.TwotechniquesFreudusedforinvestigatingtheunconsciouswere:casestudy：個(gè)案研究client：客戶；顧客；委托人弗洛伊德在治療他的患者時(shí)（每個(gè)星期數(shù)次單獨(dú)治療患者并持續(xù)數(shù)月）使用個(gè)案研究法，同時(shí)深入分析解釋患者的所有言行。弗洛伊德研究無意識(shí)所采用的兩種技術(shù)是:

Freeassociation-involvingtheuninhibitedexpressionofthoughtassociations,nomatterhowbizarreorembarrassing,arre：奇異的embarrassing：使人尷尬的；令人為難的freeassociation：自由聯(lián)想uninhibited：無拘束的；不受禁止的自由聯(lián)想-讓患者向心理分析者無拘束的表達(dá)聯(lián)想到的內(nèi)容，不管內(nèi)容是如何奇異或多么令人窘迫。

Dreamanalysis-the’royalroadtotheunconscious’.Theanalystattemptstodecodethesymbolsandunravelthehiddenmeaning（thelatentcontent）ofadreamfromthedreamer’sreport（themanifestcontent）.dreamanalysis：夢(mèng)的解析royal：皇家的；盛大的；女王的；高貴的；第一流的decode：譯碼，解碼unravel：解開；闡明；解決；拆散夢(mèng)的解析—“通向無意識(shí)的正統(tǒng)道路”。精神分析者旨在從夢(mèng)者的報(bào)告（顯夢(mèng)或顯意）中解釋表征的現(xiàn)象，從而揭示夢(mèng)中所隱藏的含義（隱夢(mèng)或隱意）。latent：潛在的；潛伏的；隱藏的manifest：顯然的；明顯的；明白的AreasofexplanationFreudusedhistheorytoexplainavastnumberoftopics,suchas:Personalitydevelopment-duetofixation/defencemechanisms.Moral/genderdevelopment-theresultoftheOedipuscomplex.Aggression-causedbyhydraulicdrivesanddisplacement.Abnormality-theconsequenceofearlytraumaandrepression.Memory-Forgettingcausedbyrepression.+Slipsofthetongue,theshapingofcivilisationandcustoms,etc.Freudusedhistheorytoexplainavastnumberoftopics,suchas:Personalitydevelopment-duetofixation/defencemechanisms.Moral/genderdevelopment-theresultoftheOedipuscomplex.Fixation/defencemechanisms：固著/防御機(jī)制Oedipuscomplex：俄狄浦斯情結(jié)弗洛伊德運(yùn)用他的理論解釋了大量的論題，比如：人格發(fā)展-因固著/防御機(jī)制而形成。道德/性別發(fā)展-由俄狄浦斯情結(jié)導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果。Aggression-causedbyhydraulicdrivesanddisplacement.Abnormality-theconsequenceofearlytraumaandrepression.Memory-Forgettingcausedbyrepression.+Slipsofthetongue,theshapingofcivilisationandcustoms,etc.trauma：創(chuàng)傷repression：壓抑攻擊-由流體動(dòng)力驅(qū)力和替代所致。變態(tài)-早期創(chuàng)傷和壓抑的結(jié)果。記憶-由壓抑導(dǎo)致的遺忘?？谡`，受文化和習(xí)俗的影響等。civilisation：文明；文化displacement：替代PracticalapplicationsThepurposeofpsychoanalysiswasasatherapytotreatmentaldisorder.Oncetheunconsciouscauseofdisorderwasidentifiedthroughdreaminterpretation,etc.,thenacurecouldbeeffectedthroughcatharsis-dischargingtherepressedemotionsassociatedwithproblemsbygettingthem‘outintheopen’tobediscussed/resolved.Thepurposeofpsychoanalysiswasasatherapytotreatmentaldisorder.Oncetheunconsciouscauseofdisorderwasidentifiedthroughdreaminterpretation,etc.,thenacurecouldbeeffectedthroughcatharsis-dischargingtherepressedemotionsassociatedwithproblemsbygettingthem‘outintheopen’tobediscussed/resolved.精神分析的目的是作為一種能治療心理障礙的療法。一旦心理障礙的無意識(shí)原因通過夢(mèng)的解析等方法被鑒別出以后，伴隨著問題的暴露，被壓抑的情緒宣泄—釋放出來，問題便得到了解決，那么治療也就起到作用了。discharging:排出；卸貨StrengthsFreud’sideasmadealargeimpactonpsychologyandpsychiatryandarestilldiscussedandusedtoday,arounda100yearsafterhestarteddevelopingthem.Freudregardedcasestudieslike‘LittleHans’and‘AnnaO’asfirmempiricalsupportforhistheory,andthoughthisbeliefindeteminismanddetailedcollectionofdatawerescientific.Freud’stheoryhashadsomeexperimentalsupportincertainareas,suchasrepressionandfixation.Psychoanalysishasenormousexplanatorypowerandhassomethingtosayonahugevarietyoftopics.Freud’sideasmadealargeimpactonpsychologyandpsychiatryandarestilldiscussedandusedtoday,arounda100yearsafterhestarteddevelopingthem.弗洛伊德的思想對(duì)心理學(xué)和精神病學(xué)產(chǎn)生了巨大影響，從弗洛伊德創(chuàng)立了該研究方法開始，到后來的大約100年里，直到今天，它一直被爭(zhēng)論著并被使用著。Freudregardedcasestudieslike‘LittleHans’and‘AnnaO’asfirmempiricalsupportforhistheory,andthoughthisbeliefindeterminismanddetailedcollectionofdatawerescientific.弗洛伊德將像‘小漢斯’和‘安娜·歐’的個(gè)案研究看作是他理論的堅(jiān)實(shí)的實(shí)證支持，并認(rèn)為他所信仰的決定論和數(shù)據(jù)的詳細(xì)收集是科學(xué)的。Freud’stheoryhashadsomeexperimentalsupportincertainareas,suchasrepressionandfixation.弗洛伊德的理論在某些領(lǐng)域已獲得了一些實(shí)驗(yàn)支持，比如壓抑和固著。Psychoanalysishasenormousexplanatorypowerandhassomethingtosayonahugevarietyoftopics.精神分析有巨大的解釋能力，并且，對(duì)許多論題都有自己的見解。Weaknesses

Manypsychologiststodayrejectpsychoanalysisbecause:Ithasbeenaccusedofbeingunrefutable（incapableofbeingprovedwrong）andsotheoreticallyunscientific-itseemstoexplaineverythingbutpredictsverylittle.Freud’s