歐洲文化入門(七)

Divisionseven

Romanticism

WhatisRomanticism?Literature,philosophy,music,art.Inthelate18thandearly19thcentury.individualvaluesandaspirations.Directcontactwithnature.Promotethenationalliberation.Romanticism(literature)Theterm“romantic”originallymeans“romancelike”—resemblingthefancifulcharacterofmedievalromances.Origin

Bythelate18thcenturyinFranceandGermany,literarytastebegantoturnfromclassicalandneoclassicalconventionstoRomanticism.twogreatforerunners:RousseauGoethe-Storm&StressStormandStressMovement

狂飆運(yùn)動(dòng)

StrongGermanyAgriculturalandeconomicreformsEducationalsystemimprovementTherulerencouragethedevelopmentofartandscience(Salon).Classicism古典主義

Classicisminthearts,refersgenerallytoahighregardforclassicalworks,assettingstandardsfortastewhichtheclassicistsseekstofollow.Theartofclassicismtypicallyseekstobeformalandrestrained.古典主義要求簡潔、洗練、明朗、精確的文風(fēng)，反對煩瑣、枝蔓、含糊、晦澀，崇尚與模仿古希臘羅馬經(jīng)典。英國在17世紀(jì)后期形成了古典主義流派，但直到18世紀(jì)初期才得到發(fā)展；約翰·德萊頓是古典主義的倡導(dǎo)者和實(shí)踐者?！墩搼騽◇w詩》（1668）等闡述了古典主義法則。蒲伯的創(chuàng)作使英國古典主義達(dá)到高潮。

Neo-Classicism新古典主義

Thistermreferstotherevivaloftheattitudesandstylesofexpressionofclassicalliterature.Itbeginsinthelate17thcenturyandlastinguntilabout1800.Initspurestform,Neoclassicismmarkedareturntoorder（整齊）,proportion（協(xié)調(diào)）,restraint（克制）,logic,accuracy,anddecorum（得體）.

RomanticismVSNeo-classicismInamoregeneralsense,RomanticismoftenstandsincontrastwithNeo-classicism.TheleadingRomanticistsinEnglandWilliamBlakeWordsworth,ColeridgeByron,ShelleyandKeatsScottinFranceHugoSandinGermanyHeine,Goethe,SchillerinRussiaPushkinI

think

of

you,

when

I

see

the

sun's

shimmer

Gleaming

from

the

sea.

I

think

of

you,

when

the

moon's

glimmer

Is

reflected

in

the

springs.

I

see

you,

when

on

the

distant

road

The

dust

rises,

In

deep

night,

when

on

the

narrow

bridge

The

traveler

trembles.

我想起你，每當(dāng)太陽從大海上

輝煌照耀；

我想起你，每當(dāng)月亮在泉水中

抖動(dòng)彩筆。

我看到你，每當(dāng)在大路的遠(yuǎn)方

揚(yáng)起灰塵；

每當(dāng)深夜，浪游者在山間小路

哆嗦戰(zhàn)栗。

ClosenessofBeloved—Goethe歌德I

hear

you,

when

with

a

dull

roar

The

wave

surges.

In

the

quiet

grove

I

often

go

to

listen

When

all

is

silent.

I

am

with

you,

however

far

away

you

may

be,

You

are

next

to

me!

The

sun

is

setting,

soon

the

stars

will

shine

upon

me.

If

only

you

were

here!

我聽見你，每當(dāng)大海掀起狂濤

發(fā)出咆哮；

在沉靜的林苑中，我常去傾聽

萬籟俱寂。

我伴著你，即使你在天涯海角

猶如身邊；

太陽西沉，星星很快將照耀我

呵，愿你也在這里。海涅

亨利?！ずＤ?797——1856）是19世紀(jì)德國偉大的革命民主主義詩人、杰出的散文家和政論家，也是19世紀(jì)前期浪漫主義文學(xué)和批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)范疇在德國的主要代表人物。III.RomanticisminEngland(1)1.WilliamBlakeTwoearlycollections:SongsofInnocence(1789)SongsofExperience(1794)2.TheLakers–WordsworthandColeridge

TheLakers:WordsworthandColeridgeLyricalBallads3.GeorgeGordonByronIslesofGreeceDonJuanWilliamBlake(1757-1827)

Englishpoet,painterHecreatedauniqueformofillustrated有插畫的verse.Hispoetryisinspiredbymysticism神秘主義andcomplexsymbolism

象征主義.Hispoetryisconsideredoneofthemostoriginal原創(chuàng)性的,lyric抒情的,andprophetic預(yù)言性的.MajorWorksBlakeexploredissuesofdivineloveinthecollectionSongsofInnocence(1789)《天真之歌》,whileheconsideredthenatureofevilinSongsofExperience(1794)《經(jīng)驗(yàn)之歌》.InnocenceandExperience,“thetwocontrarystatesofthehumansoul,”arecontrastedinsuchpoemsas“TheLamb”and“TheTiger.”TIGERTIGER,tiger,burningbright

Intheforestsofthenight,

Whatimmortalhandoreye

Couldframethyfearfulsymmetry?

Inwhatdistantdeepsorskies

Burntthefireofthineeyes?

Onwhatwingsdareheaspire?

Whatthehanddareseizethefire?

Andwhatshoulderandwhatart

Couldtwistthesinewsofthyheart?

Andwhenthyheartbegantobeat,

Whatdreadhandandwhatdreadfeet?

Whatthehammer?whatthechain?

Inwhatfurnacewasthybrain?

Whattheanvil?Whatdreadgrasp

Dareitsdeadlyterrorsclasp?

Whenthestarsthrewdowntheirspears,

Andwater'dheavenwiththeirtears,

DidHesmileHisworktosee?

DidHewhomadethelambmakethee?

Tiger,tiger,burningbright

Intheforestsofthenight,

Whatimmortalhandoreye

Dareframethyfearfulsymmetry?

老虎譯：卞之琳老虎！老虎！火一樣輝煌，

燒穿了黑夜的森林和草莽，

什么樣非凡的手和眼睛

能塑造你一身驚人的勻稱？

什么樣遙遠(yuǎn)的海底、天邊

燒出了做你眼睛的火焰？

跨什么翅膀膽敢去凌空？

憑什么鐵掌抓一把火種？

什么樣工夫，什么樣胳膊，

拗得成你五臟六腑的筋絡(luò)？

等到你的心一開始蹦跳，

什么樣驚心動(dòng)魄的手腳？什么樣鐵鏈？什么樣鐵錘？

什么樣熔爐里煉你的腦髓？

什么樣鐵砧？什么樣猛勁

一下子掐住了駭人的雷霆？

到臨了，星星扔下了金槍，

千萬滴眼淚灑遍了穹蒼，

完工了再看看．他可會笑？

不就是造羊的把你也造了？

老虎！老虎！火一樣輝煌，

燒穿了黑夜的森林和草莽，

什么樣非凡的手和眼睛

敢塑造你一身驚人的勻稱

TheLakers/theLakePoetsWilliamWordsworthSamuelTaylorColeridgeRobertSoutheyTheylivedintheLakeDistrict,hencegettingthenametheLakers.TheprefacetothesecondeditionofLyricalBallads(1800)《抒情歌謠集》,byWordsworthandColeridgewasthemanifesto宣言ofliteraryromanticism.Thetwopoetsaffirmedtheimportanceoffeelingandimaginationtopoeticcreationandrejectedconventionalliteraryformsandsubjects.Theory:“poetryisthespontaneous自發(fā)的overflow流溢ofpowerfulfeelingsrecollected回憶intranquillity寧靜.”

IWanderedLonelyasaCloudIwanderedlonelyasacloudThatfloatsonhigho’ervalesandhills,WhenallatonceIsawacrowd,Ahost,ofgoldendaffodils;我獨(dú)游于天際，如一朵流云凌空于谷峰，飄然然悠閑忽然間我看見一群一簇簇金黃色的水仙Besidethelake,beneaththetreesFlutteringanddancinginthebreeze.ContinuousasthestarsthatshineAndtwinkleonthemilkyway,看——在樹之蔭，湖之緣在微風(fēng)中，她們舞姿翩翩她們似銀河星鉆，連延不斷在銀河里閃閃發(fā)光

Theystretchedinnever-endinglineAlongthemarginofabay;TenthousandsawIataglanceTossingtheirheadsinsprightlydance沿著湖灣的水緣線延伸成無窮無盡的一行一瞥去便是一萬朵在歡舞之中起伏顛簸Thewavesbesidethemdanced;buttheyOutdidthesparklingwavesinglee:Apoetcouldnotbutbegay,Insuchajocundcompany:波光里的漣漪也舞弄清影，卻怎比得水仙的歡快伴有這等喜悅詩人如何不快

Igazed—andgazed—butlittlethoughtWhatwealththeshowtomehadbrought:Foroften,whenonmycouchIlieInvacantorinpensivemood,我---久久凝視---但毫無答復(fù)可知這景致給予我多少財(cái)富每當(dāng)我久臥不眠心緒空蕩，或憂思難抱

TheyflashuponthatinwardeyeWhichistheblissofsolitude;Andthenmyheartwithpleasurefills,Anddanceswiththedaffodils.她們便閃現(xiàn)在心田正如寂寥中的光照于是我的心兒滿溢著歡暢同這群水仙起舞歌唱

SamuelTaylorColeridge

(1772-1834)AchiefpoetinEnglishRomanticism.Famousworks:LyricalBallads(incollaborationwithWordsworth)“RimeoftheAncientMariner”《古舟子詠》“KublaKhan”《忽必列汗》III.RomanticisminEngland(2)4.PercyByssheShelleyOdetotheWestWindPrometheusUnbound5.JohnKeatsOdetoaNightingaleOdeonaGrecianUrn6.WalterScott

TheHeartofMid-lothianIvanhoeGeorgeGordonByron拜倫SheWalksinBeautyPercyByssheShelley(1792-1822)oneofthegreatestpoetsoftheEnglishlanguageoneofthemostinfluentialleadersoftheromanticmovementIfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?

Shelleywroteenthusiasticpoemsnotedfortheirlyricismandromanticism.Heisnotedforhisradical激進(jìn)的liberalthoughtandrebellionagainsttherestrictionsofEnglishpoliticsandreligion.Hediedinasailingaccidentin1822shortlybeforehis30thbirthday.MajorworksPrometheusUnbound(1820)---aversedramaHisfamecomesespeciallyfromhislyrics抒情詩,includingthefamiliarshortodes“ToaSkylark”(1820)《云雀頌》“OdetotheWestWind”(1819)《西風(fēng)頌》

“TheCloud”(1820)JohnKeats(1795-1821)AchieffigureinEnglishRomanticism.Heisknownforhismelodious曲調(diào)優(yōu)美的,richverse,andisconsideredoneofthegreatestEnglishpoets.

Majorworks

Famousodes:Odeto

aNightingale（1820）《夜鶯頌》OdetoaGrecianUrn（1820）《希臘古甕頌》OdeonMelancholy《憂郁頌》ToAutumn《秋頌》

WalterScott(1771---1832)ScottishnovelistandpoetHisworkasatranslator,editor,biographer,andcritic,togetherwithhisnovelsandpoems,madehimoneofthemostprominentfiguresinEnglishromanticism.HisdeathmarkedtheendofRomanticisminBritain.Hisnovelsinfluencedmanylaterwriters,andheestablishedanewformofnovel:thehistoricalnovel.Majorworks:Ivanhoe(1820)RomanticisminFranceVictorHugo(1802-1885)Frenchpoet,novelist,andplaywrighttheachieffigureofromanticmovementinFrance.MajorWorks:TheHunchbackof

NotreDame(1831)《巴黎圣母院》LesMisérables(1862)《悲慘世界》

L'hommeQuiRit(TheManWhoLaughs)(1869)《笑面人》RomanticisminRussiaPushkin(1799-1837)thegreatestRussianandthefounderofmodernRussianliteratureoneofthefirstimportantliteraryfiguresinRussiaAchieffigureinRussianromanticismAforerunnerofRussianrealismPushkinwrotepoetry,shortstories,novels,andplays.HisworksestablishedtheRussianliterarytradition.Hislyricpoetry—saidtobedelightfultotheRussianearbutuntranslatable—andhissimple,vividprosewereinvaluablemodelsforthewriterswhofollowedhim.MajorworksHismostfamousworksinclude:thedramaBorisGodunov(1825)《鮑里斯·戈都諾夫

》theepicpoemEugeneOnegin(1823-1831)《葉甫蓋尼·奧涅金》TheCaptain'sDaughter(1836)《上尉的女兒》“TheQueenofSpades”

《黑桃皇后》“TheTaleoftheFishermanandtheFish”

“Ifbylifeyouweredeceived”Ifbylifeyouweredeceived,Don’tbedismal,don’tbewild!Inthedayofgrief,bemildMerrydayswillcome,believe.Heartislivingintomorrow.Presentisdejectedhere;Inamoment,passessorrow;Thatwhichpasseswillbedear.“假如生活欺騙了你”

（１８２５年）假如生活欺騙了你，

不要憂郁，也不要憤慨！

不順心時(shí)暫且克制自己，

相信吧，快樂之日就會到來。我們的心兒憧憬著未來，

現(xiàn)今總是令人悲哀：

一切都是暫時(shí)的，轉(zhuǎn)瞬既逝，

而那逝去的將變?yōu)榭蓯?。VI.ArtandArchitecture(1)1.PaintingsGoyaSpanishcourtpainterandetcher(蝕刻家)

BestknownforhisportraitsofroyaltyandnobilityMajorworks:<TheParasol><TheExecutionoftheThirdofMay><FamilyofCharlesIV><SaturnDevouringhisChildren>