2021年考研真題2021年考研英語真題和答案

第第2頁共30頁第第頁共30頁Historicalparticularism,whichemphasizedtheuniquenessofallcultures,gavenewdirectiontoanthropology.43.Boasfeltthatthecultureofanysocietymustbeunderstoodastheresultofauniquehistoryandnotasoneofmanyculturesbelongingtoabroaderevolutionarystageortypeofculture.44..HistoricalparticularismbecameadominantapproachtothestudyofcultureinAmericananthropology,largelythroughtheinfluenceofmanystudentsofBoas.Butanumberofanthropologistsintheearly1900salsorejectedtheparticularisttheoryofcultureinfavorofdiffusionism.Someattributedvirtuallyeveryimportantculturalachievementtotheinventionsofafew,especiallygiftedpeoplesthat,accordingtodiffusionists,thenspreadtoothercultures.Alsointheearly1900s,Frenchsociologist?mileDurkheimdevelopedatheoryofculturethatwouldgreatlyinfluenceanthropology.Durkheimproposedthatreligiousbeliefsfunctionedtoreinforcesocialsolidarity.Aninterestintherelationshipbetweenthefunctionofsocietyandculture—knownasfunctionalism—becameamajorthemeinEuropean,andespeciallyBritish,anthropology.[A]Otheranthropologistsbelievedthatculturalinnovations,suchasinventions,hadasingleoriginandpassedfromsocietytosociety.Thistheorywasknownasdiffusionism.[B]Inordertostudyparticularculturesaspletelyaspossible,Boasbecameskilledinlinguistics,thestudyoflanguages,andinphysicalanthropology,thestudyofhumanbiologyandanatomy.Hearguedthathumanevolutionwascharacterizedbyastrugglehecalledthe“survivalofthefittest,”inwhichweakerracesandsocietiesmusteventuallybereplacedbystronger,moreadvancedracesandsocieties.Theyalsofocusedonimportantritualsthatappearedtopreserveapeople'ssocialstructure,suchasinitiationceremoniesthatformallysignifychildren'sentranceintoadulthood.Thus,inhisview,diverseaspectsofculture,suchasthestructureoffamilies,formsofmarriage,categoriesofkinship,ownershipofproperty,formsofgovernment,technology,andsystemsoffoodproduction,allchangedassocietiesevolved.Supportersofthetheoryviewedasacollectionofintegratedpartsthatworktogethertokeepasocietyfunctioning.Fore_le,BritishanthropologistsGraftonElliotSmithandW.J.Perryincorrectlysuggested,onthebasisofinadequateinformation,thatfarming,potterymaking,andmetallurgyalloriginatedinancientEgyptanddiffusedthroughouttheworld.Infact,alloftheseculturaldevelopmentsoccurredseparatelyatdifferenttimesinmanypartsoftheworld.PartCDirections:Readthefollowingte_tcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Thereisamarkeddifferencebetweentheeducationwhicheveryonegetsfromlivingwithothers,andthedeliberateeducatingoftheyoung.Intheformercasetheeducationisincidental;itisnaturalandimportant,butitisnotthee_pressreasonoftheassociation.46Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovinge_perience;butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.Religiousassociationsbegan,fore_le,inthedesiretosecurethefavorofoverrulingpowersandtowardoffevilinfluences;familylifeinthedesiretogratifyappetitesandsecurefamilyperpetuity;systematiclabor,forthemostpart,becauseofenslavementtoothers,etc.47Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted,andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.Eventoday,inourindustriallife,apartfromcertainvaluesofindustriousnessandthrift,theintellectualandemotionalreactionoftheformsofhumanassociationunderwhichtheworld＇sworkiscarriedonreceiveslittleattentionasparedwithphysicaloutput.Butindealingwiththeyoung,thefactofassociationitselfasanimmediatehumanfact,gainsinimportance.48Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults.Theneedoftrainingistooevident;thepressuretoacplishachangeintheirattitudeandhabitsistoourgenttoleavetheseconsequenceswhollyoutofaccount.49Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinamonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornoweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.Ifhumanityhasmadesomeheadwayinrealizingthattheultimatevalueofeveryinstitutionisitsdistinctivelyhumaneffectwemaywellbelievethatthislessonhasbeenlearnedlargelythroughdealingswiththeyoung.50Wearethusledtodistinguish,withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering,amoreformalkindofeducation--thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.Inundevelopedsocialgroups,wefindverylittleformalteachingandtraining.Thesegroupsmainlyrelyforinstillingneededdispositionsintotheyounguponthesamesortofassociationwhichkeepstheadultsloyaltotheirgroup.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:Restrictionsontheuseofplasticbagshavenotbeensosuccessfulinsomeregions.“Whitepollution”isstillgoingon.Writealettertotheeditor(s)ofyourlocalnewspaperto1)giveyouropinionsbrieflyand2)maketwoorthreesuggestionsYoushouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing“instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.PartB52.Directions:Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)e_plainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(20points)答案SectionIUseofEnglish1—5BADBC6—10ADCBD11—15DBCDA16—20CBAACSectionIIReadingprehensionPartA21—25ABCAA26—30ACDAB31—35DBBAC36—40BBDACPartB41—45CEABGPartC46.可以說，任何社會制度的價值在于它對擴大和改進經(jīng)驗方面的影響，但是這種影響并不是它原來的動機的一部分。47.一種制度的副產(chǎn)品，只是逐步被注意到的，而這種效果被視為實施這種制度的一個指導性因素更加緩慢得多。48.在和他們接觸的時候，雖然容易忽略我們的行動對他們的傾向的影響，但是也不像與成年人打交道那么簡單。49.既然我們的主要任務在于使年輕人參與共同生活，我們禁不住考慮我們是否在形成獲得這種能力的力量。50.因此，我們可以在上面所考慮的廣闊的教育過程之內區(qū)別出一種比較正規(guī)的教育，即直接的教導或學校教育。SectionIIIWritingPartA51.應用文參考范文Deareditor，Iamwritingthislettertoadviseyouofthepressingsituationwearefacingnow.Asweknow,beingaccustomedtousingplasticbaginourdailylife,someofusstilltakethe“whitepollution”forgranted.Plasticbaghasbeetheindispensiblepartofourlife,andthe“whitepollution”nowisaubiquitousphenomenon,whichgreatlyworsensourenvironment.Tosavethesituationfromfurtheraggravating,Iwouldliketosuggestthat:firstly,ourgovernmentshouldmakeasetoflawstopunishthegroupsandindividualswhoarestillpollutingtheenvironment;secondly,newtechnologiesshouldbeusedtoproducedegradableandrenewablematerials;thirdly,thelocalmediacanmakefulluseofitsowninfluencetointensifythepublicityinordertoenhancepeople'sawarenessofenvironment.Ihopethatmysuggestionsarehelpful,thankyouforyourattention!Sincerelyyours，LiMingPartB52.短文寫作參考范文Inthedrawing,whatfirstappearsinfrontofusisahugespiderweb,onwhichinnumerablepeopleareattached,likethecatchoftheowneroftheweb.Whatismoreironicistheyareimprisonedinrespectivecabins,choosingcontactingonlineratherthanmunicatingfacetoface.ThereisnodoubtthattheInterprovidesuswithconsiderableconvenience.However,itdrivestoomanyindividualstobeaddictedtothefictionale_perience,andhenceforgetthetraditionalandmostefficientmunicationmethod.Indifferencehasbeeanotunmonphenomenoninthemodernworld.Thefollowingrea