植物學(xué)-生物多樣性匯總

生物多樣性的可持續(xù)和安全利用復(fù)旦大學(xué)生物多樣性研究所盧寶榮Biodiversity生物多樣性?生物種內(nèi)（居群）、種間及其生境的總遺傳變異BiodiversityGenediversityEcosystemdiversitySpeciesdiversity我們眼里的生物多樣性…生物多樣性的可持續(xù)利用——保護

GreenRevolution綠色革命Story1:aboutarevolutionaryeventinworldagricultureInternationalRiceResearchInstituteIRRI(Philippines)Ricevariety:IR-8InternationalMaizeandWheatImprovementCenterCIMMYT(Mexico)Wheatvariety:Nongling10GreenrevolutionDoubled,ortripledworldriceandwheatproductionEssentiallysolvedtheworldstarvationproblemsin60-70’s,particularlyinthethirdworldWonthetimesintheracesbetweenworldpopulationincreaseandyieldincrease

NormanE.BorlaugDirectorofwheatprogram(CIMMYT)1970NobelPeacePrizewinnerThe“fatherofGreenrevolution”“TheGreenRevolution:Peaceandhumanity”.nobel/peace/1970a.htalAspeechontheoccasionoftheNobelPrizeacceptance,1970,Dec11,OsloNorwayIR-8:

Dijiaowujian×Beta

(China)(Indonesia)

Dwarfgene

inDijiaowujiangeneHybridriceStory2:RevolutioneventinChina-RiceproductionbreakthroughYuanlongping袁隆平MalesterilityGeneOryzarufipogonChina,HainanIslandGeneHybridriceIncreasericeyieldbyca30%SignificantlyresolvedriceshortageinChinaMorethan15,600,000hainChina,Vietnam,&India(S.Virmani1995)ValuesproducedbyHRcanonlybeestimatedbybillionsofUS$SuperriceMorestories:Human’sanotherefforttoincreasericeyieldusingcombinationofgenes…Dr.GodavKhush,IRRI’sPrincipleScientistIdealtypeofrice為什么生物多樣性重要？住……行……基本和高檔次生活衣……食……但是：生物多樣性的存在受到極大威脅生境的破壞、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)遭到破壞

工業(yè)化、大氣污染人口增長、城市化、農(nóng)田擴大

經(jīng)濟發(fā)展農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)惡化

……UrbanizationinShanghaiandmanyotherplacesinChina民以食為天飯食反糧食保障面臨的挑戰(zhàn)食物保障的概念保證人類長期有賴以生存的基本糧食目前全球的人口：60億到2050年：全球的人口將會增至90億，比今天的全球人口數(shù)增加50％未來人口的增長將需要糧食的成倍增加我們面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是：

耕地面積不增加或不斷減少水資源大量減少人力資源不斷減少……糧食保障面臨的挑戰(zhàn)世界人口鐘如何保證世界人人都有飯吃？提高糧食作物的產(chǎn)量提農(nóng)業(yè)高生產(chǎn)效率作物遺傳改良、新品種培育糧食保障面臨的挑戰(zhàn)作物改良與種質(zhì)資源資源

!巧婦難為無米之炊這些生物多樣性為作物品種的改良積累了豐富的種質(zhì)資源水稻品種

IR-8低腳烏尖xBeta矮稈資源野生近緣種資源及其多樣性野生近緣種(農(nóng)作物野生近緣種):

栽培農(nóng)作物的祖先種或具有一定親緣關(guān)系的野生物種ConservationUtilizationResearch生物多樣性對生物多樣性及其生境進行有效保護關(guān)系到生物多樣性的可持續(xù)利用和農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展種質(zhì)資源的保護對策異地保護原地保護異地保護（遷地保護exsituconservation）指將瀕危植物遷移到人工環(huán)境中或異地的設(shè)施中進行保護異地保護的意義：異地保護是一種安全的、靜態(tài)的、短期和長期兼顧的保護方法在生境受到破壞物種即將滅絕時，異地保護提供了最后的保護方案遺傳資源的異地保護異地保護的類型植物園

(botanicgarden)：現(xiàn)在全球有1500家植物園栽培著至少3.5萬種植物，占全世界植物種類的15%以上(IUCN/WWF1989)種子資源庫

(seedbank)：植物的種子在冷藏條件下進行保存后仍有萌芽生長能力，全球建立了50個以上的大型種子資源庫基因資源庫

(genomeresourcebank)：收集和儲存生物的組織和細胞，置于-196C液氮環(huán)境中長期保存種子資源庫苗圃保存的資源種子密封原地保護(就地保護insituconservation)指在原來的生境中對瀕危的植物實行保護原地保護的意義：原地保護是一種動態(tài)的、長期的保護方法,經(jīng)濟有效原地保護在自然生境中進行、保存了物種進化過程中產(chǎn)生的新變異遺傳資源的原地保護原地保護的類型自然保護區(qū)

(naturereserves)國家公園

(nationalpark)珍稀瀕危植物保護點

(conservationsitesforendangeredspecies)特殊資源保護點

(conservationsitesforspecialresources)

自然保護區(qū)特殊資源保護點臥龍熊貓保護區(qū)神龍保護區(qū)NaturalreserveofwetlandinBangladeshWiththefastdevelopmentofbiotechnology,genediversitybecomemoreimportantforhumandevelopmentGenetransferGenemanipulationGenetherapy……GreenrevolutionGenerevolutionAgriculturedevelopmentConservationUtilizationResearchBiodiversity生物安全Biosafety安全生物安全？desiredgenecommercialvarietyTraditionaldesiredgenecommercialvarietyBiotechWhatisBiosafety:

Definition:ThesafetyofGMproductsandbiotechnology

perseonhumanhealthandenvironmentduringtheentireprocedureincludingresearch,exploration,production,andutilizationWhatdoesbiosafety

concerns

FoodandhealthsafetyEnvironmentalsafetyLabelinganddetectionSocio-economicandethicconcernsRegulatoryproceduresPublicperceptionOnemajorconcernEcologicalrisks:transgeneescapeintoandpersisting/establishingintheenvironmentGeneflow–mainlythroughpollenflow

Crop-to-cropCrop-to-wildrelatives

WhatisGeneflow：Thespreadofgenesfromonebreedingpopulationtoanotherrelatedpopulationsbymigration

SeedmigrationPollenflowTransgeneescapetoweedyandwildspeciesDomesticationGeneexchangeGeneflowbetweencropsandtheirwildrelativesWildsppCropsppWeedyWildsppUsefulgenesinw/wGhostricefromintrogressionbetweenwildandcultivatedriceinVietnamCultivated-weedy-wildricemixedupinafieldinNepalMajorcropsandtheirwildrelativeswithreferencesofgeneflowinAsiaCrop Cultivation Mainwild Distribution Frequency area relatives ofgeneflowRice Tropical& O.rufipogon South&SE Mediumto subtropical O.nivara Asia high Asia O.spontanea

Soybean

MostAsian G.soja China,Far Low countries G.gracilis EastofAsia

Oilrape Temperate B.juncea Temperate Mediumto Asia B.compastris Asia highWheat

Temperate Ae.tauschii Temperate Low Asia Ae.cylindrica Asia LowMillets India Weedy India,China Low China biotypes Theprerequisiteofcrop-to-wildgeneflowSpatialTemporalBiologicalCrop-to-wildgeneflowAcasestudyinriceOryzasativa

(Asianrice)

WorldwidecultivationO.glaberrima

(Africanrice)

WestAfrica

Closerelatives

O.sativaf.spontanea(weedy)O.nivara,O.rufipogonO.barthii,O.longistaminataO.meridionalisO.glumaepatulaSpatialprerequisiteDistributionofwildrelativesofriceO.nivaraO.sativaworldwideO.rufipogonO.meridionalisO.spontanea(weedy)O.glumaepatulaO.barthiiO.glaberrimaO.longistaminataTemporalprerequisiteFloweringhabitandbreedingsystemofwildandcultivatedricespeciesSpecies/varietySowingtimeFlowering Flowering periodinayear timeinadayO.rufipogon --- EarlySept.

9:30am~ ~Mid.Nov.4:30pmThelate Mid.June Mid.Sept. 8:30am~Maturing ~EarlyOct. 2:00pmlocalvariety 4:00pm~ 5:30pmMinghui-63 Mid.June Mid.Sept. 9:00am~ ~Mid.Oct. 3:00pmFloweringtimeofOryzarufipogon,alatematuringlocalvariety,andMinghui-63SomeresultsFloweringperiod:

O.sativawith15(±5)daysO.rufipogonwith35(±10)days

Floweringtime:

O.sativafrom10:00-12:00(±30min)O.rufipogonfrom10:30-14:30(±30min)BiologicalprerequisiteCompatibilitybetweenwildandcultivatedrelativespeciesCrossability

5% 6-10%>10%O.nivaraO.rufipogonO.sativaO.barthiiO.longistaminataO.glaberrimaO.glumaepatulaO.meridionalisMeiosesinhybridsbetweencultivatedriceanditscloserelativesO.nivaraO.rufipogonO.sativaO.barthiiO.longistaminataO.meridionalisO.glaberrimaO.glumaepatulaPaniclefertility<8% >11%CompatibilitybetweencultivatedandwildricespeciesisconsiderablyhighIntrogressionbetweenthecultivatedandwildricespecieswillmostlikelyhappe