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英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的37大難點(diǎn)之前18大難點(diǎn)講解難點(diǎn)1并非只表抽象的抽象名詞抽象名詞一般看作不可數(shù)名詞,但有時(shí)也可與冠詞連用,表示具體化?!耠y點(diǎn)磁場(chǎng)1.(★★★★★)Jumpingoutofairplaneattenthousandfeetisquite________excitingexperience.(NMET2002)A.不填;theB.不填;anC.an;anD.the;the2.(★★★★★)Manypeopleagreethat________knowledgeofEnglishis________mustininternationaltradetoday.A.a;aB.the;anC.the;theD.不填;the3.(★★★★★)Onewaytounderstandthousandsofnewwordsistogain________goodknowledgeofbasicwordinformation.(上海2002)A./B.theC.aD.one4.(★★★★)—Ihearthatasmanyas150peoplewerekilledintheearthquake.—Yes,________newscameas________shocktous.A.the;theB.the;aC.不填;不填D.不填;a5.(★★★★)Hehas______greatinterestinhistory,especiallyin______historyofTangDynasty.A.a;theB.a;/C./;theD./;a●案例探究1.FormanyBeijingers,dreamsoflivingin___greenareaarebecoming____reality.A.a;aB.the;theC.不填;不填D.the;不填命題意圖:表面看本題考查學(xué)生對(duì)冠詞的用法,其實(shí)也考查了學(xué)生對(duì)抽象名詞具體化的掌握,屬于五星級(jí)題目。知識(shí)依托:抽象名詞并非都作不可數(shù)名詞。錯(cuò)解分析:D選項(xiàng)迷惑性較大,許多同學(xué)會(huì)認(rèn)為reality為抽象名詞,不能用a。解題方法與技巧:抽象名詞或物質(zhì)名詞前或后加上表示性質(zhì)類(lèi)別的修飾詞,指概念的“一種”“一類(lèi)”“一次”等時(shí),可用不定冠詞,例如:Physicsisascience.答案:A2.Thepolicehave________powertoarrestbadpeopleby________law.A.the;theB.a;aC.the;不填D.不填;the命題意圖:考查學(xué)生對(duì)抽象名詞具體化的理解,屬于四星級(jí)題目。知識(shí)依托:定冠詞與抽象名詞連用,特指雙方都了解的人或事。錯(cuò)解分析:許多學(xué)生會(huì)認(rèn)為D正確,認(rèn)為power是抽象名詞,故不能用冠詞。解題方法與技巧:toarrestbadpeople是power的定語(yǔ),故此處用the表示特指。答案:C●錦囊妙計(jì)1.不定冠詞與抽象名詞連用表示:①一種、一場(chǎng)或某個(gè)動(dòng)作的一次、一番。例如:Itwasawar,havealook,haveatry。②某一品質(zhì)的具體行動(dòng)。例如:Thankyou,Tim.Youhavedonemeakindness.③引起某種情緒的事。例如:It’sapleasuretoworkwithyou.It’sapitythatyoucan’tswim.2.定冠詞與抽象名詞連用,特指某一時(shí)、某一次的行動(dòng)或情緒,或說(shuō)話的雙方都了解的人或事。3.注意:有些詞組中,有沒(méi)有冠詞含義是不同的。試比較:●殲滅難點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練1.(★★★★)Heis________(help)tome.2.(★★★★)Nowadaysmanyyoungpeoplegetinto________habitofsmokingin________publicandcan’tkickit.A.the;theB./;/C./;theD.the;/3.(★★★★★)—Thenewsisspreadingfrommouthtomouth.—Yes,it’sbecome________talkof________town.A.a;aB.the;/C.the;theD.a;/4.(★★★★★)Infaceof________failure,itisthemostimportanttokeepup________goodstateofmind.A./;aB.a;/C.the;/D./;the5.(★★★★★)Havingreceived________trainingoftheMs.Company,hewasoffered________importantpositioninmanagement.A.the;anB.不填;anC.the;不填D.a;a6.(★★★★★)In________SaharaDesert,________rainwasscarce,butinmyhometownthereis________heavyrainnowandthen,andtheriveraroundthetownrisesalotafter________.A.the;the;a;aheavyrainB.the;/;a;heavyrainsC./;/;/;aheavyrainD.the;the;a;heavyrains7.(★★★★)Thebuildingwascompletedin________Septemberof1956notin________October,1955.A./;theB.the;theC./;/D.the;/難點(diǎn)2冠詞的非前位用法限定語(yǔ)與所修飾的中心名詞的關(guān)系一般順序是:冠詞+表示大小尺寸的限定詞+表示顏色的限定詞+表示原材料的限定詞+中心名詞。但在某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中,冠詞放在了形容詞之后。●難點(diǎn)磁場(chǎng)1.(★★★★)—Whatabout________book?—It’stoodifficult________book.A.a;aB.a;theC.the;theD.the;a2.(★★★★★)________Beijingyouseetodayisquite________differentcityfromwhatitusedtobe.A.The;不填B.The;aC.不填;theD.A;a●案例探究1.Peterwon’tdriveustothestation.Hehas________totakeusall.A.averysmallcar B.toosmallacarC.atoosmallcar D.suchasmallcar命題意圖:考查學(xué)生對(duì)冠詞不放在第一位的固定結(jié)構(gòu)的掌握,屬于四星級(jí)題目。知識(shí)依托:不定冠詞放在too+形容詞之后。錯(cuò)解分析:C迷惑性較大,學(xué)生都學(xué)過(guò)too+adj./adv.+to…結(jié)構(gòu),但對(duì)于too+adj.+n.+to…結(jié)構(gòu)不熟悉。解題方法與技巧:名詞前修飾語(yǔ)一般正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)椋翰欢ü谠~+形容詞+名詞。但有些固定結(jié)構(gòu)需注意,如too+adj.+a/an+n.。答案:B2.Exerciseis________asanyothertoloseunwantedweight.A.sousefulaway B.asausefulwayC.asusefulaway D.suchausefulway命題意圖:考查學(xué)生對(duì)冠詞不放在第一位的固定結(jié)構(gòu)的掌握,屬五星級(jí)題目。知識(shí)依托:不定冠詞放在as+形容詞之后。錯(cuò)解分析:A、B迷惑性較大,so…as結(jié)構(gòu)常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句,故不能選A、B。解題方法與技巧:名詞前修飾語(yǔ)正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)椋翰欢ü谠~+形容詞+名詞,但有些固定結(jié)構(gòu)需注意,如:as+adj.+a/an+n.答案:C●錦囊妙計(jì)1.不定冠詞用在quite,rather,many,half,what,much等詞之后。例如:Heisratherafool.—Whatdidyouthinkoftheconcert?—Oh,itwasquiteasuccess.2.不定冠詞用在so(as,too,how)+形容詞之后。例如:Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.It’stoodifficultabookforustoread.注意:以元音音素開(kāi)頭的名詞前加不定冠詞時(shí)用“an”。例如:anapple。即使單詞拼寫(xiě)以輔音字母開(kāi)頭,但該詞的讀音是元音音素開(kāi)頭,加不定冠詞時(shí)也要用“an”,例如:anhour,anhonestboy;反之,拼寫(xiě)以元音字母開(kāi)頭,但讀音是輔音,加不定冠詞時(shí)要用“a”,例如:auniversity。3.so…that與such…that:so②such…that和so…that有時(shí)可以換用,條件是such所修飾的名詞必須是一個(gè)單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,且該名詞還帶有表性質(zhì)的形容詞。轉(zhuǎn)變公式如下:sucha/an+形容詞+名詞→so+形容詞+a/an+名詞。例如:Heissuchagoodstudentthatwealllikehim.→Heissogoodastudentthatwealllikehim。但是,如果是不可數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,則只能用such,不能用so修飾。例如:Itwassuchbadweatherthathehadtostayathome。③如果復(fù)數(shù)名詞前有many,few,不可數(shù)名詞前有much,little等表示量的形容詞時(shí),應(yīng)該用so而不用such。如:I’vehadsomanyfallsthatI’mblackandblueallover.MrWhitegotsolittlemoneyamonththathecouldhardlykeepbodyandsoultogether(維持生活)。但little不表示數(shù)量而表示“小”的意思時(shí),仍用such。例如:Theyaresuchlittlechildrenthattheycannotcleanthehousebythemselves.●殲滅難點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練1.(★★★★)Annis________girl.A.quiteabright B.aquitebright2.(★★★★).It’s________day.A.arathercold B.ratheracoldC.acoldrather3.(★★★★★)________ishere.A.Manyaboy B.Manyboys4.(★★★★)多么聰明的一個(gè)男孩。5.(★★★★)Englishis________totheworldasotherlanguages.A.sousefulabridge B.asausefulbridgeC.asusefulabridge D.suchausefulbridge難點(diǎn)3不定代詞的固定表達(dá)不定代詞具有名詞和形容詞的性質(zhì),并有可數(shù)與不可數(shù)、單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)的區(qū)別,用時(shí)需慎重。●難點(diǎn)磁場(chǎng)1.(★★★★)—Is________here?—No,BobandTimhaveaskedforleave.A.anybodyB.somebodyC.everybodyD.nobody2.(★★★★)Theywereverytired,but________ofthemwouldstoptotakearest.A.anyB.someC.noneD.neither3.(★★★★)Ihopethereareenoughglassesforeachguesttohave________.A.itB.thoseC.themD.one4.(★★★★★)—Whenshallwemeetagain?—Makeit________dayyoulike;it’sallthesametome.A.oneB.anyC.anotherD.some5.(★★★★★)Iagreewithmostofwhatyousaid,butIdon’tagreewith________.A.everythingB.anythingC.somethingD.nothing(NMET1997)6.(★★★★★)SarahhasreadlotsofstoriesbyAmericanwriters.Nowshewouldliketoread________storiesbywritersfrom________countries.A.some;anyB.other;someC.some;otherD.other;other7.(★★★★)—CanyoucomeonMondayorTuesday?—I’mafraid________dayispossible.A.eitherB.neitherC.someD.any8.(★★★★★)Dr.BlackcomesfromeitherOxfordorCambridge,Ican’tremember________.A.whereB.thereC.whichD.that9.(★★★★★)—Arethenewrulesworking?—Yes.________booksarestolen.A.FewB.MoreC.SomeD.None10.(★★★★)Fewpleasurescanequal________ofacooldrinkonahotday.A.someB.anyC.thatD.those●案例探究1.Ifyouwanttochangeforadoubleroom,you’llhavetopay________$15.A.anotherB.otherC.moreD.each(NMET2000)命題意圖:本題考查學(xué)生對(duì)“又”“再”的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式的掌握,屬五星級(jí)題目。知識(shí)依托:“another+數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”表示在原有基礎(chǔ)上多出的數(shù)量。錯(cuò)解分析:B、C迷惑性較大。因other、more也有“再”“又”之意,但位置與another不同。解題方法與技巧:必須記清表達(dá)方式,數(shù)詞+more/other+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。答案:A例:I’vegotanotherthreebooks.I’vegotthreemore/otherbooks.2.—Whydon’twetakealittlebreak?—Didn’twejusthave________?A.itB.thatC.oneD.this(NMET2000)命題意圖:考查學(xué)生對(duì)表示特指事物的代詞和表示泛指事物的代詞的區(qū)別,屬四星級(jí)題目。知識(shí)依托:one代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,但泛指物。錯(cuò)解分析:A項(xiàng)選擇迷惑性較大。因人稱(chēng)代詞it和不定代詞one都可以代替單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,但it指特定事物。解題方法與技巧:答語(yǔ)中用one泛指第一個(gè)對(duì)話者詢問(wèn)的alittlebreak。答案:C●錦囊妙計(jì)不定代詞的種類(lèi)較多,用法各異,下面分別進(jìn)行介紹。1.one,some與any的用法one可以泛指任何人,還可以在形容詞和that、this等詞后代替剛提過(guò)的可數(shù)名詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式為ones,可用作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ);one’s是它的物主代詞形式,可用作賓語(yǔ);oneself是它的反身代詞形式,可用作賓語(yǔ)。some和any通常用作定語(yǔ),都可用來(lái)修飾可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞、單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)名詞。some用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前,表示“某一”。some用于數(shù)詞前,表示“大約”。some一般用于肯定句,any多用于疑問(wèn)、否定句中。例如:Oneshouldwashoneselfregularly.ThisfilmisnotasgoodastheoneIsawyesterday.Hethoughtitovercarefullyandconcludedthatheavyobjectsalwaysfellfasterthanlightones.Wehavesomefoodleft.Haveyouanybooks?Idon’thaveanybooks.注意:①some可用于表達(dá)邀請(qǐng)或請(qǐng)求、預(yù)期的答案是肯定的或鼓勵(lì)對(duì)方給予一個(gè)肯定的答復(fù)的問(wèn)句。例如:Couldyouletmehavesomecoffee?(請(qǐng)求)Wouldyoulikesomebananas?(邀請(qǐng))②some和any可用作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。例如:Somearesinging,othersaredancing.(主語(yǔ))DoesanyofyouknowMrWang?(主語(yǔ))Idon’tlikeanyofthebooks。(賓語(yǔ))③some,any,every,no與one,body,thing構(gòu)成的合成代詞都作單數(shù)看待。另外,some的合成代詞一般用于肯定句,any的合成代詞一般用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句和條件從句。例如:Didanybodyaskforyououtside?Thereissomebodywaitingforyou.2.each,every的用法①each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體,可以充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ),every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體,相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)的“每個(gè)都”,在句中只作定語(yǔ)。例如:Theteacherhadatalkwitheachofthem.(賓語(yǔ))Eachofushastwoboxes.(主語(yǔ))Wehavetwoboxeseach.(同位語(yǔ))Eachboyhasabike.(定語(yǔ))Everyonehasstrongandweakpoints.(定語(yǔ))②each所代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上,而every所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)以上。例如:Eachofthetwohaswonaprize.EverystudentintheclasslikesEnglish.Thereisalineoftreesoneachsideoftheriver.3.none和no的用法:①no=noany在句中作定語(yǔ),修飾可數(shù)或不數(shù)名詞。none在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。none不能用來(lái)說(shuō)明兩個(gè)人或物。例如:Thereisnowaterinthewell(井).(定語(yǔ))Noneofthemknowthestory.(主語(yǔ))Iknownoneofthem.(賓語(yǔ))②none代替不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;代替可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù),也可用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties。③none不能回答who的問(wèn)題,可回答howmany或howmuch的問(wèn)題,例如:(誤)—Whoisintheclassroom?—None.(改None為Noone或Nobody)(正)—Howmanystudentsarethereintheclassroom?—None.4.many和much的用法many和much都表示“許多”,many修飾可數(shù)名詞,much修飾不可數(shù)名詞,都可用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。例如:Manyofthestudentsoftengoshopping.(主語(yǔ))Ihavemuchtodo.(賓語(yǔ))Thereisnotmuchwaterinthecup.(定語(yǔ))much有時(shí)用作狀語(yǔ),例如:Helikesplayingfootballverymuch。(狀語(yǔ))5.few,little;afew,alittle的用法①few和little表示沒(méi)有多少,含否定意義;而afew與alittle表示有一些,有幾個(gè),含肯定意義。另外,few與afew修飾可數(shù)名詞,而little與alittle修飾不可數(shù)名詞,它們?cè)诰渲谐S米鞫ㄕZ(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。例如:HeknowsalittleEnglish.(定語(yǔ))Hehasmanybooks.Butfewareinteresting.(主語(yǔ))IknowalittleaboutJapanese(賓語(yǔ))②afew,alittle可以用quite或only修飾,few和little則不能。例如:—Howmuchwaterisleft?—Onlyalittle./Qutiealittle.—Howmanybooksareleft?—Onlyafew./Quiteafew.6.other和anotherother泛指“另外的”,作定語(yǔ),常與復(fù)數(shù)名詞或單數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞連用,但如果前面有the,this,that,some,any,each,every,no,none,one,or以及形容詞性物主代詞時(shí),則可與單數(shù)名詞連用。例如:allotherrice,nootherway,theotherone,anyotherplant,everyotherday,someotherreason等等。others是other的復(fù)數(shù)形式,泛指“別的人或物”(但不是全部)。例如:Don’tlendthebooktoothers.Somearecarryingwater,othersarewateringthetrees.theother指“兩者中的另一個(gè)”,常與one連用,作定語(yǔ)修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),表示另一方中的“全部其余的”。例如:Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.theothers是theother的復(fù)數(shù)形式,特指“全部其余的人或物”。例如:Ihavegottenpencils.Twoofthemarered,theothersareblue.another指三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上中的任何一個(gè),“現(xiàn)一……”“另一個(gè)”,作代詞或形容詞。例如:Idon’tlikethisdictionary.Pleasegivemeanother.one…theother指兩個(gè)人或物當(dāng)中的“一個(gè)”和“另外一個(gè)”;敘述三個(gè)不同的人或事物時(shí),需用one,another,thethird。例如:Herearetwobooks.OneisforMary,theotherisforJack.Threeboysarehere.OneisDick,anotherisTomandthethirdisDavid.7.all和both的用法:兩個(gè)詞都表示整體,但both指兩個(gè)人或物,而all指三個(gè)以上的人或物。在句中都可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。例如:Allofusshouldworkhard.(主語(yǔ))Weareallstudents.(同位語(yǔ))Webothliketoplayfootball.(同位語(yǔ))Welikebothofthefilms.(賓語(yǔ))That’sallfortoday.(表語(yǔ))Allknowledgecomesfrompractice.(定語(yǔ))注意:①all表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。②both和all加否定詞是部分否定。如果表示全部否定,要分別用neither和none,例如:Bothofusarenotteachers.(部分否定)我們倆不都是老師。Neitherofusisateacher.(全部否定)我們倆都不是老師。AllofthebooksarenotEnglishbooks.(部分否定)NoneofthebooksareEnglishbooks.(全部否定)這些都不是英語(yǔ)書(shū)。8.neither和either的用法neither表示兩者都不;either表示兩者中的任何一個(gè)。兩個(gè)詞都表示單數(shù),在句子中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。例如:Neitheroftheanswersiscorrect.(主語(yǔ))Eithersentenceisright.(定語(yǔ))Iknowneitheroftheteachers.(賓語(yǔ))Herearetwodictionaries.Youmaytakeeither.(賓語(yǔ))[參考包天仁主編《高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》]●殲滅難點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練1.(★★★★★)—Doyouhave________athomenow,Allen?—No,westillhavetogetseveralpoundsoffruitandsometea.A.somethingB.everythingC.anythingD.nothing2.(★★★★)—Whatdoyouwantmetosay?—________youlike.A.AnythingB.EverythingC.SomethingD.Nothing3.(★★★★)—Whatshallwehavefordinnertonight?—Oh,Idon’tcare.________.It’syourjobtocomeupwiththemenus,sogetonwithit.A.AnythingwilldoB.Iwon’thavelessonstomorrowC.Ineedn’ttotalkaboutitwithsomeoneD.Whatanicemeal4.(★★★★)Youcanbuythesemapsat________railwaystation.Theyallhavethem.A.allB.everyC.eachD.any5.(★★★★★)Idon’tlikethese.Haveyou________?A.someB.anyothersC.anothersD.anotherones6.(★★★★★)Ipreferastreetinasmalltownto________insuchalargecity________Shanghai.A.that;asB.one;asC.one;likeD.that;like7.(★★★★)Shewonthefirstprize,though________ofus________it.A.noone;expectedB.none;hadexpectedC.nobody;wasexpectingD.none;wouldexpect8.(★★★★★)—Doyoulive________nearJim?—No,helivesinanotherpartofthetown.A.somewhereB.nowhereC.anywhereD.everywhere9.(★★★★)—CouldyoudropinonmeonFridayorSaturday?—I’mafraid________dayispossible.A.eitherB.bothC.neitherD.any10.(★★★★)—Whichshareismeantforme?—Youcantake________half.They’reexactlythesame.A.thisB.anyC.eachD.either11.(★★★★)—Is________finished?—Notyet.Mydirtyclothesarestillsoakinginthewashingmachine.A.somethingB.anythingC.nothingD.everything12.(★★★★)—Excuseme,butcanyoutellmewhichroadIshouldtaketothepostoffice?—________ofthefourroadswilldo.A.AnyB.NeitherC.BothD.Every13.(★★★★★)ThereisonlyanEnglish-Chinesedictionaryinthatbook-shop.Iwonderifyoustillwanttobuy________.A.itB.oneC.anotherD.any難點(diǎn)4不可混淆的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞●難點(diǎn)磁場(chǎng)1.(★★★★★)—SusanmarriedJasonlastSunday.—Really?Howlong________eachother?Notmorethanaweek,I’mafraid.A.didtheyknowB.havetheyknownC.havetheygottoknowD.hadtheyknown2.(★★★★)Gladtoseeyouback.Howlong________inRussia?A.didyoustayB.haveyoustayedC.wereyoustayingD.haveyoubeenstaying●案例探究1.They________for3years.A.havemarriedB.gotmarriedC.havegotmarriedD.havebeenmarried命題意圖:考查動(dòng)詞的延續(xù)性,屬于五星級(jí)題目。知識(shí)依托:延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。錯(cuò)解分析:A、C項(xiàng)迷惑性較大,因?yàn)閷W(xué)生認(rèn)為其是完成時(shí)態(tài),但marry和getmarried可看作非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ),故不能與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。解題方法與技巧:bemarried表狀態(tài),可以看作是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,可與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。答案:D●錦囊妙計(jì)1.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,而非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不行。2.bemarried/beusedto等表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),可與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。3.getmarried/getusedto/gettoknow等表示動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)不可與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。●殲滅難點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練漢譯英1.(★★★★)他參軍三年了。2.(★★★★★)直到他喊出我的名字,我才認(rèn)出他。3.(★★★★★)自從去年我就習(xí)慣早上5點(diǎn)起床。難點(diǎn)5動(dòng)詞-ing形式的雙重語(yǔ)法功能動(dòng)詞-ing形式可用作動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞,動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞+ing構(gòu)成,具有動(dòng)詞和名詞的性質(zhì),在句中起名詞作用,可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)?,F(xiàn)在分詞有一般時(shí)和完成時(shí),在句中可以作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。●難點(diǎn)磁場(chǎng)1.(★★★★)Though________money,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity.A.lackedB.lackingofC.lackingD.lackedin(NMET2002)2.(★★★★★)Howaboutthetwoofus________awalkdownthegarden?A.totakeB.takeC.takingD.tobetaking(MET1993)3.(★★★★)________isagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.A.ThewalkB.WalkingC.TowalkD.Walk(MET1992)4.(★★★★)—Imustapologizefor________aheadoftime.—That’sallright.A.lettingyounotknowB.notlettingyouknowC.lettingyouknownotD.lettingnotyouknow(NMET1994)●案例探究1.—Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.—Well,nowIregret________that.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone(NMET1995)命題意圖:考查學(xué)生對(duì)動(dòng)詞regret的掌握,屬于四星級(jí)題目。知識(shí)依托:regretdoing結(jié)構(gòu)表示后悔做了某件事。錯(cuò)解分析:C項(xiàng)迷惑性較大。解題方法與技巧:從對(duì)話所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容來(lái)看,在會(huì)上提反對(duì)意見(jiàn)的人對(duì)其行為感到后悔。答案:D2.________suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.A.HavingsufferedB.SufferingC.TosufferD.Suffered(NMET2001)命題意圖:考查學(xué)生對(duì)分詞的掌握,屬于五星級(jí)題目。知識(shí)依托:現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時(shí)表示分詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前發(fā)生。錯(cuò)解分析:B項(xiàng)迷惑性較大?,F(xiàn)在分詞的一般時(shí)表明分詞表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)和句子謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生或進(jìn)行。解題方法與技巧:分清現(xiàn)在分詞的一般時(shí)和完成時(shí)所表示的含義不同。答案:A●錦囊妙計(jì)1.動(dòng)名詞1)動(dòng)名詞的用法:①作主語(yǔ)。例如:Seeingisbelieving.Collectinginformationisveryimportanttobusinessman.Itisnousesittingherewaiting.注意:動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以作主語(yǔ),動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)表示一般或抽象的多次性行為,不定式作主語(yǔ)往往表示具體的或一次性的動(dòng)作。例如:Playingwithfireisdangerous.(泛指玩火)Toplaywithfirewillbedangerous.(指一具體動(dòng)作)但在itisnouse/good,notanyuse/good,uselss等后一般用動(dòng)名詞。②作表語(yǔ)。例如:MyjobisteachingEnglish.③作賓語(yǔ)。例如:Heisfondofplayingfootball.Hefinishedreadingthebookyesterday.④作定語(yǔ),asittingroom2)動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的一般規(guī)則是:①邏輯主語(yǔ)是有生命的名詞:作主語(yǔ)時(shí),必須用名詞或代詞所有格,作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)(尤其在口語(yǔ)中),也可用名詞普通格或人稱(chēng)代詞賓格。例如:Theircomingtohelpuswasagreatencouragementtous.(主語(yǔ))Shedidn’tmindJack(him)cominglate.(賓語(yǔ))TheyinsistonTom’s(his)stayinglonger.(介賓)②邏輯主語(yǔ)是無(wú)生命名詞時(shí),只用名詞普通格。例如:Isthereanyhopeofourteamwinningthematch?③邏輯主語(yǔ)是指示代詞或不定代詞this,that,somebody,someone,nobody,none,anybody,anyone時(shí),只用普通格。例如:Shewasdisturbedbysomebodyshoutingoutside.3)動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài):動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)分一般時(shí)和完成時(shí)兩種。如果動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作沒(méi)有明確地表示出時(shí)間是與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生,用動(dòng)名詞的一般時(shí)。例如:Weareinterestedincollectingstamps.Hiscomingwillbeofgreathelptous.如果動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前,通常用動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)態(tài)。例如:Wewerepraisedforhavingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime.但是在某些動(dòng)詞或詞組后,常用動(dòng)名詞的一般形式,盡管其動(dòng)作是在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。例如:Onhearingthebadnews,shecouldn’thelpcrying.IshallneverforgetseeingtheGreatWallforthefirsttime。4)動(dòng)名詞的語(yǔ)態(tài):動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)也有一般時(shí)與完成時(shí)兩種。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是這個(gè)動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作對(duì)象時(shí),動(dòng)名詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“being+過(guò)去分詞”或“havingbeen+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。例如:Theyoungmancameinwithoutbeingnoticed.Helikesbeinghelped.Hewasafraidofbeingleftathome.Thehouseshowednosignofhavingbeendamaged.有些動(dòng)名詞在句中是主動(dòng)形式,但有被動(dòng)的含義。例如:Thehouserequires/needs/wantsrepairing.注:在tobeworthdoing句型中,動(dòng)名詞doing表示的是被動(dòng)意義。例如:Ifathingisworthdoing,itisworthdoingwell.2.分詞1)分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài):①分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞,現(xiàn)在分詞有一般時(shí)和完成時(shí)。一般時(shí)表示和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;完成時(shí)(having+過(guò)去分詞)表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如:Beingastudent,hewasinterestedinbooks.Hehurriedhome,lookingbehindhimashewent.Havingstudiedintheuniversityfor3years,heknowstheplaceverywell.②現(xiàn)在分詞有一般時(shí)和完成時(shí),且有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是分詞動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),分詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞的動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作,就用分詞完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)形式。例如:Thequestionbeingdiscussedisofgreatimportance.Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,LiMinggaveupsmoking.過(guò)去分詞表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,本身有被動(dòng)的含義,所以只有一般式,沒(méi)有完成時(shí)。2)分詞的用法:①作定語(yǔ)。分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí),放在被修飾的名詞之后;單個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),放在被修飾的名詞之前。例如:Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Themanstandingatthewindowisourteacher.Pollutedairandwaterareharmfultopeople’shealth.注意:現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生。如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作有先有后,一般不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ),而要用定語(yǔ)從句。例如:Theteachercriticizedthestudentwhohadbrokenthewindow.②作狀語(yǔ):分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),可以表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為方式、伴隨狀況等。例如:Beingtooold,hecouldn’twalkthatfar.Whilereadingthebook,henoddedfromtimetotime.(時(shí)間)Theteacherstoodtheresurroundedbythestudents.(方式)Standingonthebuilding,youcanseethewholecity.(條件)注意:a.分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ),其邏輯主語(yǔ)須與句子的主語(yǔ)一致。b.表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的分詞短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可由連接詞while或when引導(dǎo)。c.有時(shí),“with(without)+名詞(或代詞賓語(yǔ))+分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示伴隨情況。例如:Thespysatontheground,hishandstiedbehindhisback.d.當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)不同時(shí),分詞必須有自己的主語(yǔ)。例如:Timepermitting,Iwillfinishanotherlesson.Herglassesbroken,shecouldn’tseethewordsontheblackboard.③作表語(yǔ)。例如:Thenew’sinspiring.Youshouldn’ttrytostandupifyouarebadlyhurt.④作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如:Wesawtheteachermakingtheexperiment.Johnwillgethisroompainted.注意:在see,hear,watch,feel,observe,have,listento,notice等動(dòng)詞后,既可以用現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),也可以用不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),但兩者的含義是有差別的。用現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生(即處于發(fā)生的過(guò)程中,還沒(méi)有結(jié)束),用不定式表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了(即動(dòng)作全過(guò)程結(jié)束了)。例如:Isawthegirlgettingonthebus.Isawthegirlgetonthebusanddriveoff.Hehadhisfoothurtinthefall.Hehadhisclotheswashed.(他叫別人洗了衣服)Wehadthefireburningallday.(我們使火燃燒了一整天)注意:“have+賓語(yǔ)+現(xiàn)在分詞”表示主體使客體處于某種狀態(tài)或干什么事;“have+賓語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞”表示動(dòng)作是別人做的或與主體意志無(wú)關(guān)。3)過(guò)去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式及完成被動(dòng)式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的比較:①過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式作狀語(yǔ)表示伴隨動(dòng)作或行為方式時(shí),兩者無(wú)多大區(qū)別,習(xí)慣上常用過(guò)去分詞。例如:(Being)Seizedwithasuddenfear,shegaveascream.Hecamein,followedbyagroupofstudents.在某些情況下,二者則是有區(qū)別的。例如:Badlypolluted,thewatercannotbedrunk.(原因)Beingwritteninhaste,thecompositionisfullofmistakes.(原因,強(qiáng)調(diào)寫(xiě)的過(guò)程,故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式)②過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式皆表示已完成的動(dòng)作,在意義上無(wú)多大區(qū)別。例如:(Havingbeen)weakenedbystorms,thebridgewasnolongersafe.但有時(shí)是有區(qū)別的。例如:Havingbeendeserted(拋棄)byhisguide,hecouldn’tfindhiswaythroughthejungle.(為了強(qiáng)調(diào)已完成的動(dòng)作)。Askedtostay,Icouldn’tverywellrefuse.(這里asked可能意味著havingbeenasked,也可能意味著when/sinceIwasasked,但若用havingbeenasked,就不會(huì)有歧義)下面句子中過(guò)去分詞表示的時(shí)間與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)間相同,所以不能代之以強(qiáng)調(diào)先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式。例如:Coveredwithconfusion,Ilefttheroom.我很窘地離開(kāi)了房間。United,westand;divided,wefall.團(tuán)結(jié)則存,分裂則亡。③有時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞一般時(shí)的被動(dòng)式與其完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)式完全同義,皆表示已完成的動(dòng)作,這時(shí)用一般時(shí)的被動(dòng)時(shí)較好。例如:Beingsurrounded(Havingbeensurrounded),theenemytroopswereforcedtosurrender.4)過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞意義上的區(qū)別:及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞表示“被動(dòng)、完成”(不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞只表示“完成”),現(xiàn)在分詞表示“主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行”。動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞所描寫(xiě)的常是一種“動(dòng)態(tài)”情景;其過(guò)去分詞所描寫(xiě)的往往是一種靜態(tài)情景,表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生后事物所處的狀態(tài),試看下面的例子:Whentheautumnwindblows,youcanseeyellowleavesfallingofftrees.(樹(shù)葉正在下落)Hefellontothefallenleavesinchesthickanddidn’thurthimself(落葉)Therestandsapinetree,coveringtheentranceofthecave.(正覆蓋著,表示動(dòng)作)Wefoundhisforeheadcoveredwithsweat.(描寫(xiě)滿臉是汗的狀態(tài))●殲滅難點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練1.(★★★★)________thebigsnake,thelittlegirlstoodunderthetree________outofherlife.A.Seeing;frightenedB.Seeing;frighteningC.Seen;frightenedD.Tosee;frightening2.(★★★★★)A:Wereyoubusylastweekend?B:Very.Ratherthan________timeplayingcardsasusual,Idevotedeveryeffortto________anadvertisement.A.waste;makeB.wasting;makingC.towaste;makeD.awasteof;making3.(★★★★★)Themanagerhashadsomeproblems________whethertheyshouldborrowthemoneyfromthebanker.A.todecideB.decidingC.decidedD.havingdecided4.(★★★★)—Howdidyoumanagetogetthroughtheexamination?—________veryhard.A.ToworkB.WorkingC.ByworkingD.Work5.(★★★★)—Whatdoyouthinkofthespeech?—Thespeakersaid________nothingworth________.A.nearly;listeningtoB.hardly;listeningC.scarcely;listeningtoD.almost;listeningto6.(★★★★)Howmanyofus________ameetingisnotimportant.A.attendedB.attendingC.toattendD.haveattended7.(★★★★)Ihate________theircomplaintsallday.OneofthesedaysI’lltellthemwhatIreallythink.A.payingattentiontoB.totalkaboutC.listeningtoD.tohaveheard8.(★★★★★)Nobody________anymoretosay,themeetingwasclosed.A.havingB.haveC.hadD.has9.(★★★★★)________tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoone’sskin.A.ExposedB.HavingexposedC.BeingexposedD.Afterbeingexposed10.(★★★★★)________alloverthehillsandaroundthelakearewildflowersofdifferentkinds.A.TogrowB.GrowingC.GrownD.Grow11.(★★★★)—What’smadeTommysoupset?—Ibelieve________thegame.Itshockedhimsomuch.A.forlosingB.lostC.losingD.becauseoflosing12.(★★★★)Thetimehehasdevotedinthepasttenyears________thedisabledisnowconsidered________ofgreatvalue.A.tohelp;beingB.tohelping;tobeC.help;tobeD.helping;being13.(★★★★)Hedidn’tseemtomind________TVwhilehewastryingtostudy.A.heeasilywatchesB.hiseasywatchingC.hiseasilywatchingD.hiseasilywatched.14.(★★★★)O’Nealworkshard.Heisoftenseen________heavilybeforehisteammateshaveevenarrivedatpractice.A.sweatedB.tobesweatedC.sweatingD.beingsweated15.(★★★★)________good,thefoodwassoonsoldout.A.TastedB.BeingtastedC.TastingD.Havingtasted16.(★★★★)Withhisson________,theoldmanfeltunhappy.A.todisappointB.tobedisappointedC.disappointingD.beingdisappointed17.(★★★★★)Silveristhebestconductorofelectricity,copper________itclosely.A.followedB.tofollowC.followingD.beingfollowed18.(★★★★★)—Wouldyoumind________methedicionary?—Ofcousenot.Butitis________myreach.A.passing;outB.passing;beyondC.topass;farawayD.topass;outof19.(★★★★★)—Whogaveyouthismessage?—Aman________himselfMr.Zhang.A.calledB.callingC.callsD.iscalled難點(diǎn)6定語(yǔ)從句解題的黃金規(guī)律——先行詞、關(guān)系代(副)詞的句法功能在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有who,whom,whose,which,that等和關(guān)系副詞where,when,why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)任句子成分。●難點(diǎn)磁場(chǎng)1.(★★★★)—IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.—Isthatthereason________youhadafewdaysoff?A.whyB.whenC.whatD.where(NMET1999)2.(★★★★★)Meetingmyuncleafterallthesewasanunforgettablemoment,________Iwillalwaystreasure.A.thatB.oneC.itD.what(NMET2002)3.(★★★★)Alecaskedthepoliceman________heworkedtocontacthimwhenevertherewasanaccident.(上海2002)A.withhimB.whoC.withwhomD.whom4.(★★★★)There’safeelinginme________we’llneverknowwhataUFOis.A.thatB.whichC.ofwhichD.what(上海2002)5.(★★★★)Wewillbeshownaroundthecity:schools,museum,andsomeotherplaces,________othervisitorsseldomgo.A.whatB.whichC.whereD.when6.(★★★★)AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyears,hereturnedtothesmalltown________hegrewupasachild.A.whichB.whereC.thatD.when(NMET1996)7.(★★★★★)CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,________personallyIdoubtverymuch.A.itB.thatC.whenD.which(NMET1999)8.(★★★★★)Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,________ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.A.whoB.whichC.thisD.what(NMET2000)●案例探究1.Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome________Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfar-awayvillage.A.untilB.thatC.whenD.where(NMET2001)命題意圖:考查學(xué)生對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句的掌握,屬于五星級(jí)題目。知識(shí)依托:先行詞是表示時(shí)間的詞,從句中缺少狀語(yǔ),通常用關(guān)系副詞when。錯(cuò)解分析:本題有一定難度,主要是由于在先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間有其他的詞。解題方法與技巧:首先要找準(zhǔn)先行詞,先行詞hours表示的是時(shí)間,當(dāng)先行詞是表示時(shí)間的詞時(shí),可能有2種情況:如果從句中缺少狀語(yǔ),通常用關(guān)系副詞when,如題;如果在從句中缺少主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),通常用關(guān)系代詞that或which。答案:C2.________isknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What(NMET2001)命題意圖:考查學(xué)生對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞as的用法。屬于五星級(jí)題目。知識(shí)依托:as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。錯(cuò)解分析:A項(xiàng)迷惑性較大。但it是形式主語(yǔ),后應(yīng)用that從句作真正主語(yǔ)。如:It’sknowntoeverybodythatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.解題方法與技巧:根據(jù)題干的逗號(hào)可以判斷,空缺處應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞as,引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。在這種用法中,as的意思是“正像”“像”“那樣”,定語(yǔ)從句則表達(dá)了說(shuō)話人的對(duì)某事的態(tài)度和看法。答案:B●錦囊妙計(jì)1.由who,whom,whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:這類(lèi)定語(yǔ)從句中,who用作主語(yǔ),whom用作賓語(yǔ),whose用作定語(yǔ)。例如:Thisisthemanwhohelpedme.Thedoctorwhomyouarelookingforisintheroom.DoyouknowthemanwhosenameisWangYu?2.which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:which在從句中作主語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和介詞的賓語(yǔ)。例如:Thisisthebookwhichyouwant.Thebuildingwhichstandsneartheriverisourschool.Theroominwhichthereisamachineisaworkshop.3.由that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:that在定語(yǔ)從句中可以指人或物,在從句中作主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)。(但不能放在介詞后面作介詞賓語(yǔ))例如:TheletterthatIreceivedwasfrommyfather.注意在下面幾種情況下必須用that而不用
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