國(guó)際貿(mào)易第1章導(dǎo)論(英文)

主講人：王莉教授LL66@163.com

INTERNATIONALTRADE

國(guó)際貿(mào)易2023/2/62Chapter1：INTRODUCTION§1.

GeneralReview1、TheHistoryandStationoftheCourseInternationalTradeSovietModelinEarlyTimes.InternationalEconomicsin90’s.OneofCompulsoryCourseforStudentsMajoredinEconomics.2023/2/632、TheRelationbetweenInternationalTradeandotherSubjects2.1TheSubjectOriginofInternationalTradeInternationalEconomics(InternationalTradeandInternationalFinance)EconomicsPhilosophy2.2InternationalTradevsPhilosophy&Science2023/2/642.3

TheRelationbetweenInternationalTradeandotherCourses

inInternationalTradeSubjectEconomicsistheforwardcourse,especiallyMicroeconomics；It’stheforwardcourseofWTO,TransnationalCorperations,InternationalInvestment,

andetc；It’stheparallelcoursewithGeneralReviewofChineseForeignTrade.2023/2/653.ThearrangementofcoursesPartI:Thebasictheoryofinternationaltrade(Chapter1-6)

PartII:InternationalTradePolicy(Chapter7-11)

PartIII:Someimportantissuesintoday'sinternationaltradepractice(12-15).2023/2/664、ReferenceMaterial1)PeterLindert（彼得.林得特），InternationalEconomics，上海譯文出版社，1985.

2)DominickSalvatore,InternationalEconomics,EighthEdition,JohnWiley&SonsInc.,2004.3)PaulKrugmanandMauriceObstfeld,InternationalEconomics:TheoryandPolicy(FifthEdition),Addison-WestleyPublishingCompany，2000.

4)Allkindsacdemicjournalsandnewpapers,suchas:

InternationalTrade,JournalofInternationalTrade、WorldEconomy、International

BusinessDaily、人大報(bào)刊復(fù)印資料。5)Internet.Suchas:中華人民共和國(guó)商務(wù)部.htm2023/2/675、PlanandArrangement1)3hoursclassesstudyeveryweek;2)4homeworks，oneiscoursepaper;3)1seminar4)1finaltest5)CourseEvaluationThegradingsystemforthecourseisbasedonthestudents’academicperformance.Thatincludes:30%homework&classperformance+70%finalexam.2023/2/68§2.

TheEmergence&DevelopmentofInternationalTrade&thetheoryofInternationalTrade

1、TheEmergence&Developmentof

InternationalTrade

1.1ConceptInternationaltrade

istheexchangeactivityofgoodsandservicesacrossinternationalbordersorterritories.

Foreigntrade

istheexchangeactivityofgoodsandservicesbetweenonecountry(district)withothers.2023/2/691.2

ThePrerequisiteforEmergenceof

InternationalTrade（1）Therearesurplusproductsforexchange;（2）Establishmentofnationalstateswiththeirownsovereignty.

2023/2/6101.3TheHistoryofInternationalTrade1)TheearlyinternationaltradeoccurredinancientRomaandGreece.Definitely,it’sonly“tradebetweendistricts”.2)Onlyafterindustrialrevolution,internationaltradeandworldmarkethaddefinitelyformedandgotdeveloped.3)AftertheSecondWorldWar，internationaltradeenteredanewdevelopingera,especiallyinthefieldsofservicetrade,TransnationalCorperations,InternationalInvestment.2023/2/611戰(zhàn)后世界貿(mào)易（出口）發(fā)展情況

（1950年-2000年，10億美元）2023/2/612

1.4

TheHistoryofChineseFoeignTradeEarlyinXihan,ChinastartedtradewithMiddleEastandEuropethroughthefamous“SilkRoad”。Fromthesetof“SilkRoad”

to“theOpiumWar(1840-1842)”，thedevelopmentofChineseforeigntradewerestganant。Untilmid19’s，ChinahadbennopeneditsforeigntradedoorbyEuropeanandAmericanartillery。ChinacastedoffthecontrolofwesterncountriesonlyaftertheNewChinafoundedin1949.Butthen，forthereasonssuchasembargofromwesterncountrieswhichleadedbyU.S.，Chinahadtocarryonclosed-doorpolicyagain.Anditsforeigntradefalledintostagnancyoncemore.

2023/2/613So，theexportratioofChinaintheworlddroppedfrom1.9%in1959to0.8%in1969,then0.74%in1978！After1978,Chineseforeigntradeenteredintoafastdevelopingperiod.From1978to2006，thevalueofChinesemerchandisetradeincreasedfromUS$20640million

(206.4億美圓)toUS$1760690million,theyearlyaveragegrowthrateisover15%，farmorethanthatofothercountriesandtheworldaveragegrowth.Chinabecamethethirdcountryoftradeintheworld.2023/2/614

Chineseservicetradegotdevelopedinlate80’s.ThevalueofserviceexportincreasedfromtheonlyUS$2700millionin1982toUS$5748million

in1990,thenUS$157081millionin2005,andbecametheeighthserviceexportcountryintheworld.2023/2/615Questions(homework1)：(1)BalanceofforeigntradeofChinain2009and2014?

(2)BalanceofsrevicetradeofChinain2009and2014?

(3)HowabouttheChineseratioandrankinworldtrade?

(4)Statistictradedatasofothermaincountries.

2023/2/6162、TheDevelopmentTrackof

InternationalTradeTheory

Early15’s—Mid18’s，Mercantilism;Mid18’s，Tradebasedonabsoluteadvantage

(AdamSmith)；tradebasedoncomparativeadvantage

(DavidRicardo)；After20’s,H-OModel；TheLeontiefParadoxbyW.W.Leontief;SpecificfactormodelbyPaulSamuelson；BhagwatiEffectbyJagdishBhagwati；Intra-industryTradeModelbyPaulKrugman；TradeModelinProductCyclebyRaymondVernon.2023/2/617國(guó)際貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域做出貢獻(xiàn)的重要學(xué)者國(guó)際貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域做出貢獻(xiàn)的重要學(xué)者伊·菲·赫克歇爾（1879-1959）瑞典貝蒂·俄林

（1899--1979）瑞典2023/2/618保羅·薩繆爾森（美國(guó)）(Samuelson

,1915-):凱恩斯學(xué)派重要代表人，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)通才，1970年獲諾獎(jiǎng)，

保羅·克魯格曼（美國(guó)）(Krugman,1953-

):薩繆爾森弟子，2008年獲諾獎(jiǎng)

埃爾赫南·赫爾普曼（以色列）(Helpman,1946-)吉恩·格羅斯曼（美國(guó)）（Grossman，1955-）和赫爾普曼致力于利益集團(tuán)對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的研究，兩人也都是諾獎(jiǎng)的熱門(mén)人選2023/2/619國(guó)際貿(mào)易的主要理論模型2023/2/6203、StudyPattern

Internationaltradetheory

isdividedto:Positivetheory

Normativetheory2023/2/621PositiveAnalysis：Mainlyshowstherelationsbetweeneconomicvariables,analysesthereasonsandresultsofallkindstradebehaviorandpolicys,butnotgivejudgmentandcomment.PositiveAnalysisisakindoftechnicalanalysis.

Normative

Analysis：

ismainlythediagnosisandjudgmentor

commenttotheresultsofpositiveanalysis.Andthediagnosisandcommentreflectdifferentcognitionandvalueview.2023/2/6221、（1）美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)比中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)得更快。（2）窮人應(yīng)該不納稅。2、王老師說(shuō)：“對(duì)啤酒征稅會(huì)使其價(jià)格上漲”，而李老師則認(rèn)為：“在校大學(xué)生們喝啤酒喝得太多，因此應(yīng)該對(duì)啤酒征稅”2023/2/623RelationbetweenPositiveAnalysisandNormative

Analysis:Usuallycloselyrelated,cannotbecutted.Positiveanalysissupplythebasisfornormative

analysis.Atheorywithoutpositiveanalysisisalwaysshortofconviction。Ontheotherhands,ifatheoryonlycomposedbypositiveanalysisbutnonormative

analysis,it’llloseitseconomicsocialsignificance.So，internationaltradetheoryshouldbetheuniteofpositiveanalysisandnormative

analysis.2023/2/624

4、UsualEconomicAnalysisTools(1)Theautarky

equilibriumanalysis---productionpossibilityfrontier(PPF),opportunitycost,indifferencecurve；(2)Partequilibriumanalysis

---supplycurve,demandcurve.

2023/2/625Implications

fortheproductionpossibilityfrontier0R

WABCDPPF2023/2/626機(jī)會(huì)成本不變的PPF古典學(xué)派斯密、李嘉圖模型WR機(jī)會(huì)成本遞增的PPF(常態(tài)）新古典學(xué)派貿(mào)易模型wR機(jī)會(huì)成本遞減的PPF當(dāng)代貿(mào)易理論模型wR2023/2/627CommunityindifferencecurvesAcommunityindifferencecurvedisplaysthecombinationsoftwoproductsthatofferthecommunitythesamelevelofsatisfaction.Characteristicsofcommunityindifferencecurves:NegativeslopeConvextotheoriginDifferentcurvesdonotcross2023/2/628Communityindifferencecurve

YIIIIIIX更高的社會(huì)福利水平2023/2/629Theautarkyequilbrium(P*r/P*w)(Pr/Pw)

WAF