美國(guó)文化AmericanEducation的課件

EducationEducationIntroductionHistoryEarlyChildhoodEducationGrammarSchoolandHighSchoolCollegesandUniversitiesIntroductionLeadingRemarksTheAcademicLevelsLeadingRemarks“Thefunctionofeducationistoteachonetothinkintensivelyandtothinkcritically.Intelligencepluscharacter–thatisthegoaloftrueeducation”

-----MartinLutherKing,Jr.TheAcademicLevelsEducationis“Likeabigwindowopening,”accordingtotheEnglishnovelistMaryWebb.Americansareproudofthefactthatthewindowofknowledgeisneverslammedshutforanyofthenation’scitizens.TheAcademicLevelsAllAmericanchildrenareofferedtwelveyearsoffreepubliceducation.Adultswhowishtoattendschoolalsofindmanyopportunities.Inthisnationofrapidchange,therecanbenoagelimitonlearning;everyonemuststudy–inclassroomsorindependently–tokeepintouchwiththechanginglifearoundhim.HistoryWhenThePuritansettledtotheNewWorld,theyholdsostrongspiritualbeliefthattheyconsidertheeducationofnextgenerationwasimportanttofurther“purify”thechurchandperfectsocialliving.Therefore,thePuritansestablishedschoolsastheysetupchurches.TheyformedthefirstpubliclyfundedsecondaryschoolinAmericain1635,calledtheBostonLatinSchool,anditisalsotheoldesteducationalinstitutioninthecountry.LaterthefirstAmericanCollegeHarvardCollegeisestablishedinCambridge.TheMassachusettsLawof1642ispassedtoendowparentstheresponsibilityfortheeducationoftheirchildren.In1647,Massachusettspassedanotherlawforparentalnegligencetoeducationoftheirchildren.TownsofahundredfamiliesmusthaveagrammarschoolmasterwhocouldpreparechildrentoattendHarvardCollege.ThentheAmericancolonistsestablishedschoolsandbroughtinschoolmasters.HarvardCollegeyardBy1850,everystatehadprovidedforasystemoffreepublicschoolsopentoallchildrenandpaidforbypublictaxes.Meanwhile,state-supportedcollegesanduniversitieshadalreadybeenestablishedinmanystates.In1852,Massachusettspassedthefirstcompulsoryeducationlawinthenewnation,coveringyoungpeople6to16yearsold.EarlyChildhoodEducationKindergartenNurserySchoolDayCareCentersKindergarten

Inmostareas,freepublicschooleducationbeginswithkindergartenclassesforfive-year-olds.Throughthesehalf-daysessions,thechildbecomesaccustomedtobeingseparatedfromMommy,playingandsharingwithotherchildren,andfollowingthedirectionsofateacher.Earlychildhoodeducationisconsideredsobeneficialthatsomepublicschoolsystemsalsoofferpre-kindergartenprogramsforfour-year-olds,thoughsometuitionisusuallycharged.

Formany,kindergartenistheirfirstschoolexperience.Butsomeareintroducedtotheclassroomsituationatamuchyoungerage,eitherthroughnurseryschoolsordaycarecenters.NurserySchoolNurseryschoolsacceptchildrenfromthreetofiveyearsoldforhalf-daysessionsrangingfromtwiceaweektofivedaysaweek.Thetypicalnurseryschoolclassroomisequippedmuchlikeakindergarten.Ayoungsterwhohasnoplaymateshisagelivingnearbymaybenefitgreatlyfromattendingnurseryschool.Nurseryschoolsusuallychargetuition.DayCareCentersDaycarecentersprovidecareforpre-schoolchildrenofworkingmotherswhoneedaplacetoleavetheirchildrenallday,fivedaysaweek.Thechildrenhavelunchandsnacksatthecenterandspendtheentiredaythere.Theneedformoredaycentersisacutebecauseabout30percentofmotherswithchildrenunderagesixareinthelaborforce.Manyworkingmotherspayalargepercentageoftheirearningstobabysitters;manytaketurnswithothermotherstoprovidedaycareforsmallgroupsofchildrenintheirhomes.Existingdaycarecentersareoperatedandfundedbymanydifferentorganizations.Someareprofit-makingfacilitiessupportedbytuitionfees.Othersarenon-profitcentersrunbyphilanthropic,religious,governmental,orindustrialsponsors.

GrammarSchoolandHighSchoolBriefIntroductionTwoWaysofDivisionforSchoolSystemElementary/GrammarSchoolHighSchoolBriefIntroductionIntheUnitedStates,classesofstudentsaredividedintotwelveacademiclevels

called

grades.Generally,oneacademicyear(fromSeptemberthroughJune)isrequiredtocompleteeachgrade.Academicwork—learningtoread,write,anddoarithmetic—beginswhenthechildentersfirstgrade,ataboutagesix.TwoWaysofDivisionforSchoolSystemThefirstacademicinstitutionthatachildattendsiscalledgrammarschoolorelementaryschool.Insomeschoolsystems,elementaryschoolincludesgradesonethrougheight.Thenextfouryearsarecalledhighschool.Inotherschoolsystems,therearethreedivisions:elementaryschool(gradesonethroughsix),juniorhighschool(gradesseventhroughnine),andseniorhighschool(gradestenthroughtwelve).Grammarschoolsteachreading,arithmetic,language,andsomeothersubjects.Duringtheelementaryyears,studentsaregroupedintoclasses,andeachgroupstaystogetherfortheentireschoolandtheentireschoolyear.Generally,theclasshasthesameteacherformostsubjects.Inhighschool,subjectmatterbecomesmorespecialized.Highschoolstudentsusuallytakeaone-yeargeneralsciencecourse,thenmoredetailedcoursesinbiology,chemistry,andphysics.Morehighschoolstudentsstudyaforeignlanguage.HighSchoolThehighschoolstudent’sdaymaybedividedintonineperiods:fiveforacademicsubjects,onesessionforphysicaleducation,alunchperiod,andtwostudyperiods.Thestudyperiodsmaybeusedforvisitingthelibraryorparticipatinginanextracurricularactivity.CollegesandUniversitiesBriefIntroductionAcademicLifeCampusLifeHarvardUniversity&TheIvyLeague

College&UniversityCollege—undergraduateinstitutionconferringaBachelorofArts(B.A.)oraBachelorofSciences(B.S.)degreeUniversity—agroupofcolleges,eachservingaspecialpurposeFunctionsofhighereducationteachingresearchpublicserviceCollegeLifeAnacademicyear—ninemonthstwoorthreesemesters,excludingthesummersessiona“break”ofoneweekineachsemesteranda30-daywinterbreakCreditsearnedbyattendinglectures(orlabclasses)andbysuccessfullycompletingassignmentsandexaminationsacoursemaylast10to16weeks—asemesterSports—significantinuniversitylifefootball—mostpopularfootballandbasketballscholarshipsstudentsasathleticsor“jocks”(大學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng)員)receivefreetuitionandotherfinancialassistanceStudents’organizations—clubsandactivitieshelpstudentsbecomesuccessfulwhenpursuinghobbiesart,music,drama,debateforeignlanguages,photographyvolunteerworkCollegeLifeBriefIntroductionWhenastudentgraduatesfromhighschool,hemayattendcollegeifhishighschoolrecordandtestscoresategoodenoughtogainhimadmittance.Americanhighereducationisprovidedbymorethan3,000institutions.Somearesupportedprivatelyandsomebylocaland/orstategovernments.Someadmitonlymenandsomeonlywomen,butmostarecoeducational.Somearecalledcolleges,whichmeansthattheyofferonlyundergraduatecourses.Othersarecalleduniversities,whichmeansthattheyhaveundergraduate,graduate,andprofessionalschools.AfterWWⅡ,collegesanduniversitieshaveexpandedtremendously.Thishugeexpansionreflectsthetrendtowarddemocratizinghighereducation.AcademicLifeCollegesanduniversitiesofferavastarrayofsubjects.Thestudentcansampledifferentfieldsofknowledge,butheusuallyconcentrates(majors)inonefieldduringhislasttwoyearsofcollege.Atthecollegelevel,theacademicyearisaboutninemonthslong(usuallyfrommid-SeptemberuntilearlyJuneorformlateAugustuntilMay).Aftercompletingfouracademicyearswithacceptablegradesinanapprovedcourseofstudy,thestudentearnsabachelor’sdegree.Atmostcolleges,the

academicyearisdividedintoeithertwoorthreesemesters,excludingthesummersession.Collegegrades,fromhighesttolowest,runA,B,C,D,F.AnFisafailinggrade;ifastudentreceivesanFinaparticularcourse,hedoesnotgetcreditforhavingtakenthecourse.CollegestudentsmustmaintainatleastalowCaverageinordertoremaininschool.Americanuniversitiesofferthreemaincategoriesofgraduatedegrees.Inmostfieldsofspecialization,amaster’sdegreecanbeearnedbyoneortwoacademicyearsofstudybeyondthebachelor’sdegree.APh.D.degree(doctororphilosophy)usuallytakesatleastthreeyearsbeyondthemaster’s.ToearnaPh.D.inalmostanyfield,thestudentmustgenerallypassoralandwrittenexaminationsinhisspecialty,producealongresearchpaperwhichmakesanoriginalcontributiontohisfieldofstudy,andpassreadingexaminationsinoneortwoforeignlanguages.CampusLife

Acollegecommunityisaninterestingandlivelyplace.Studentsbecomeinvolvedinmanydifferentactivities–extracurricular,religious,socialandathletic.Amongtheextracurricularactivitiesarecollegenewspapers,musicalorganizations,dramaticclubs,andpoliticalgroups.Athleticsisanimportantphaseoflifeonmostcampuses.Americanfootballisthecollegesportwhichstirsupthemostnationalinterest.Collegecampusesareattractingstudentsfromallsocialclassesdespitetherapidlyrisingcostofhighereducation.Fortunatelyforstudentswithlimitedfunds,financialhelpisavailablefrommanysources.The“G.I.Bill”passedin1944,wasthefirstinaseriesoflawsgivingfinancialhelptoarmedforcesveterans.Manyyoungpeoplefrompoorfamiliesstrugglealongonlimitedbudgetsinordertostayinschoolbecausetheyknowthatacollegedegreebringshigherincome,greatjobsecurity,moreprestige,andamoresignificantcareer.“Everysonmustriseabovehisfather”isamajoraspectoftheAmericanDream–andonethatismostoftenrealizedthroughhighereducation.HarvardUniversity&TheIvyLeagueHarvardUniversityisthelongestinU.S.history.Itisoneofthefirst-classacademicinstitutionwhichislocatedinCambridge,Massachusetts.HarvardUniversityhastwocollegestorecruitstudents,HarvardCollegeandRadcliffeCollege,whichrecruitedthestudentsabouthalfofallstudentsatHarvardUniversity.HarvardUniversity,foundedin1636,formerlyknownasCambridgeCollege.BorninLondon,theBritishministerJohnHarvard(JohnHarvard,graduatingfromtheUniversityofCambridgeinEngland)workedtheBritishInstitutein1637,andhisworkwasverypositiveandwaspraised.Hedonatedallofcollectionsandhalfofhisassetstotheinstitute,andtheschoolwasrenamedasHarvardUniversity.。

哈佛大學(xué)研究院兼收男女生。哈佛學(xué)院(HarvardCollege)專收男生。拉德克利夫?qū)W院(RadcliffeCollege)，創(chuàng)于1879年，專收女生。大學(xué)生進(jìn)入一年級(jí)必須住在學(xué)院內(nèi)。二年級(jí)學(xué)生住在校園外13座各自獨(dú)立的居住區(qū)內(nèi)。自創(chuàng)辦以來(lái)，哈佛已為美國(guó)培養(yǎng)出了眾多的政治家、科學(xué)家、企業(yè)家、作家、學(xué)者。包括34名諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)金獲得者、32名普利策獎(jiǎng)金獲得者和8位總統(tǒng)。自清末以來(lái)，這里就有眾多的中國(guó)學(xué)子就讀，竺可楨、楊杏佛、趙元任、陳寅恪、林語(yǔ)堂、梁實(shí)秋、梁思成、江澤涵、李禾禾等。王安、貝聿銘就是其中的佼佼者。

耶魯大學(xué)?；找敶髮W(xué)（YaleUniversity）,舊譯“耶勞大書院”，是一所坐落于美國(guó)康乃狄格州紐黑文市的私立大學(xué)，始創(chuàng)于1701年，初名“大學(xué)學(xué)院”（CollegiateSchool）。耶魯大學(xué)是美國(guó)歷史上建立的第三所大學(xué)，今為常青藤聯(lián)盟的成員之一。在2007英國(guó)泰晤士專上教育增刊（TimesHigherEducationSupplement）的世界大學(xué)排名，耶魯大學(xué)在總平均排名與劍橋、牛津大學(xué)并列世界第二。美國(guó)普林斯頓評(píng)論（PrincetonReview）在2006把耶魯大學(xué)在全美最難進(jìn)的大學(xué)里排第二。YaleUniversity耶魯大學(xué)耶魯擁有眾多杰出的校友：美國(guó)最近三任總統(tǒng)都是耶魯大學(xué)的校友，喬治·布什是耶魯著名的秘密團(tuán)體骷髏會(huì)的一員?？肆诸D總統(tǒng)是耶魯法學(xué)院的校友?？肆诸D與他的夫人希拉里就是在耶魯法學(xué)院的圖書館里相識(shí)。著名影星朱迪·福斯特，梅麗爾斯特里普畢業(yè)于耶魯戲劇學(xué)院。影星愛(ài)德華·諾頓畢業(yè)于耶魯大學(xué)歷史系。《時(shí)代周刊》的著名專欄作家凱文·翠林都是耶魯校友。ColumbiaUniversity

哥倫比亞大學(xué)特色之一：在于它地處紐約。在這里，你可以感受到美國(guó)政治風(fēng)云的變化，你也可以感受到美國(guó)槍殺案的激增。作為BigApple的紐約。在哥倫比亞，你可以和華爾街的銀行家暢談世界金融局勢(shì)，在這個(gè)全國(guó)的文化，金融中心，你可以在讀書的過(guò)程中找