高考英語語法復(fù)習(xí)資料匯總：謂語的常見用法

謂語的常見用法

I.概說

A.英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)相對簡單

1.5種類型的謂語

1326在一個(gè)完整的句子中，主語之外的部分稱為謂語，共有5種類型的謂語。

第一類包含一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞（W）：

Hecame.

Mywifecried.

第二類包含一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞及其賓語（TV+O）：

Johnlikesme.

Hisunclewroteletters.

第三類包含一個(gè)雙賓動(dòng)詞、一個(gè)間接賓語和一個(gè)直接賓語（DV+IO+DO）：

TheyteachmeEnglish.

IboughtMarysugar.

第四類包含一個(gè)系動(dòng)詞及主語補(bǔ)語（LV+C）：

Heisateacher.

Shelookssad.

第五類包含一個(gè)賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞、賓語及賓語補(bǔ)語（FV+O+C）：

Wemadehimking.

Sheleftthehousedirty.

2.動(dòng)詞的短語形式

1327不過動(dòng)詞、賓語及補(bǔ)語的意義還應(yīng)當(dāng)廣一些，上面例句中的及物動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞或其他

動(dòng)詞都是一個(gè)單詞，但有時(shí)可以是一個(gè)起同樣作用的短語或成語。例如“及物動(dòng)詞+名詞”可以看

作是一種不及物動(dòng)詞：

Helostheart.（他灰心了。）

Thishabithasstruckroot.（這種習(xí)慣一根深蒂固）

下面句子中的動(dòng)詞成語則可以看作是一種及物動(dòng)詞：

Ilookedformylostdictionary.（我在找我弄失的字典。）

Hepaidattentiontohislesson.（他很注意他的功課。）

Hegaveupdrinking.（他戒酒了。）

Heisafraidofblood.（他怕血。）

Hecan'tgetalongwithanyone.（他和誰都處不好。）

下面句中的動(dòng)詞成語可以看作?種賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞：

Iwaitedforhimtocome.（我等他來。）

詳見1182—1206iJo

3.賓語的9種形式

1328此外，也不只是名詞或代詞可用作賓語，共有9種東西可用作及物動(dòng)詞、雙賓動(dòng)詞及賓補(bǔ)

動(dòng)詞的賓語。由于它們是名詞或起名詞的作用，可以稱作名詞等同體（Noun-Equivalent）,名

詞等同體，可用作動(dòng)詞的賓語,：

IknowJohn（名詞）.

Shekeptthefloordirty.

IwillteachJohnChinese.

Iknowhim（代詞）.

Shekeptitclean.

Thatdependsuponthem.

Hethrewoutanappleofdiscord（名詞短語）.

IhavejustvisitedtheBoardofTrade.

Iamnotfondofwildgoosechase.

Thismatterintereststherichandthepoor（the+形容詞或分詞）.

Thegeneralvisitedthedyingandthewounded.Iknowthelongand（the）shortofthiscase.

Hewantstogotocollege（不定式）.

Sherefusestomarryme.

Iaskedtoseeafriendinprison.

Heisfondofswimminginthemorning（動(dòng)名詞）.

Heavoidsmeetinganyofhisfriends.

Ipostponedgoingtothedoctor.

Iknowthatshelovesme（that引起的從句）.

Iamsurethatyouwillsucceed.

Isheafraidthathewillbedefeated?

Iwonderwhathewants（疑問詞引起的從句）.

Iaskedwherehehadbeen.

Idon'tknowwhichwayIshouldgo.

Idon'tknowwhattodo（疑問詞引起的不定式）.

Iamdoubtfulhowtosettlethisproblem.

Idonotcarewheretoeatdinner.

4.補(bǔ)語的15種形式

1329不只是名詞和形容詞可用作補(bǔ)語，上面所提的9種名詞等同體以及下面例句中的6種形容

詞等同體（Adjective—Equiva—lent）都可用作系動(dòng)詞或賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞的補(bǔ)語。

名詞及名詞等同體作補(bǔ)語：

Heisaking（名詞）.

Wechosehimchairman.

Itisme（代詞）.

Hebecameafishoutofwater（名詞短語）.

Ifinditamootpoint.

Thevictimsarealwaysthepoor（the+形容詞）.

Torespectothersistoberespected（不定式）.

Seeingisbelieving（動(dòng)名詞）.

Hispurposeisthatallchildrenshouldbeeducated（that引起的從句）.

Theproblemiswhoistoblame（疑問詞引起的從句）.

Myproblemishowtolearn（疑問詞引起的不定式）.

形容詞及形容詞等同體作補(bǔ)語：

Heseemshappy（形容詞）.

Youlookyoung.

Hemakesmeangry.

Heisout（地點(diǎn)副詞）.

Theshowisover.

Timeisup.

Heisathome（介詞短語）.

Weareongoodterms.

Heleaveshisdeskoutoforder.

Itseemsinteresting（現(xiàn)在分詞）.

Thesituationgrowsencouraging.

IsawMarysmoking.

Iamastonished（過去分詞）.

Helookedfrightened.

Ihadmyclotheswashed.

Heistoblame（不定式）.

Itistobethrownaway.

Hewantshisdaughtertomarryarichman.

5.再復(fù)雜的句子也可簡化

1330因此我們可以把許多詞看成一個(gè)詞，把許多不同形式看作同類東西，從而使句子的結(jié)構(gòu)變

得簡單化。例如我們可以把Iknowthathedoesnotliketoliveinthiscountry.中的10個(gè)斜體詞和

IknowJohn.中的一個(gè)斜體詞看作是有同一語法作用的東西，因?yàn)閮烧叨际羌拔飫?dòng)詞的賓語。我

們也可把Hebeggedtoseeafriendinprison.中的6個(gè)斜體詞和Hebeggedpardon.中的■個(gè)斜體

詞看作是作用相等，因?yàn)閮烧叨际琴e語。

同樣，我們也可把Heistocometotheofficeateight.中的7個(gè)斜體詞和Heispunctual.中的一■

個(gè)斜體詞看作相等的東西，因?yàn)閮烧叨际茄a(bǔ)語。另外下面4個(gè)句子中的斜體詞，形式不一，我們

卻可看作?類東西，都是及物動(dòng)詞或是起及物動(dòng)詞作用的詞組：

Helikeschocolate.（他喜歡巧克力。）

Heisfondofteaching.（他愛教書。）

Johnpaysattentiontohisbusiness.（約翰關(guān)心他的買賣。）

Iamsurethathewillbeagoodhusband.（我肯定他會(huì)是一個(gè)好丈夫。）

此外，在上面單元中，我們已談到名詞、名詞成語、不定式、從句等等，盡管形式不同，字?jǐn)?shù)不

等，卻都起同樣作用，擔(dān)任句子的主語。這樣，不管多復(fù)雜的句子都可簡化，而簡化是語法的目

的。

B.何種謂語類型用何種動(dòng)詞

1.47種謂語類型

1331我們一方面有不同形式的動(dòng)詞，另一方面有不同形式的賓語及補(bǔ)語。把它們結(jié)合起來，再

加上一些其他因素，我們可以得出47種基本的謂語類型，這幾乎代表了英語中的各種可能的謂

語。我們可能讀到的或?qū)懗龅娜魏沃^語，幾乎都可以（而且應(yīng)當(dāng)）納入這些類型。這47種類型

可列舉如下：

IV有3種類型

TV+O有15種類型

DV+IO+DO有5種類型

LV+C有13種類型

FV+O+C有11種類型

5類謂語共有47種類型

2.■?個(gè)特定動(dòng)詞只能用在幾個(gè)特定的謂語類型中

1332為了更好了解這些謂語類型，先看看下面句子：

a.Iknowhimtoworkhard.

b.Wewanthimtocome.

c.Sheletustousehercar.

d.Theysupposeallofustoobey.

e.JohnsawMarytowalkwithaboy.

所有這些句子的謂語都屬于第42種類型，即“賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞+名詞+不定式”，但只有b.句的謂語是

正確的，因?yàn)橹挥衱ant這一動(dòng)詞可用于這個(gè)類型，其他動(dòng)詞都不能這樣用。再看下面句子：

a.Itriedadvisingher.

b.Iaskedseeingtheboss.

c.Hethinksgoingwithyou.

d.Wewishmovingtoanotherplace.

e.Theyrefusedhelpingus.

上面所有謂語都屬于第13種類型，即“及物動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)名詞”，但只有a.句是正確的，因?yàn)閯?dòng)詞tried

可用于這種類型，而其他動(dòng)詞不可這樣用。

從上面10個(gè)例句我們可以看出，一個(gè)特定動(dòng)詞只能用在某一特定的類型中，在一特定類型中，

一個(gè)特定的動(dòng)詞能用還是不能用，完全是一個(gè)習(xí)慣用法的問題。

1333從下面句子中可以看出know可用在多少類型的謂語中：

IknowJohn.（及物動(dòng)詞+名詞）（正確）

IknowJohntocometomorrow.（賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞+名詞+不定式）（錯(cuò)誤）

IknowthatJohncomestomorrow.（及物動(dòng)詞+that引起的從句）（正確）

Iknowtoanswerthisquestion.（及物動(dòng)詞+不定式）（錯(cuò)誤）

Iknowtheworkeasy.（賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞+名詞+形容詞）（錯(cuò)誤）

Iknowhowtoanswerthisquestion.（及物動(dòng)詞+疑問詞引起的不定式）（正確）

Iknowtheworktobeeasy.（賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞+名詞+tobe+形容詞）（正確）

IknowJohncoming（賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞+名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞）.（錯(cuò)誤）

Iknoworganizingapoliticalparty（及物動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)名詞）.（錯(cuò)誤）

從上面例句我們可以看出某些動(dòng)詞只能用在47種類型的某些類型中，不能在許多類型中使用。

3.一個(gè)特定的謂語類型中只能用某些特定的動(dòng)詞

1334有些類型中可以使用很多動(dòng)詞，另一些卻只能使用少量動(dòng)詞。例如在“系動(dòng)詞+that引起的

從句”這種類型中只能用be這個(gè)動(dòng)詞。在“不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞+疑問詞引起的從句”這種類型中約

可用20個(gè)動(dòng)詞，在“及物動(dòng)詞+不定式或動(dòng)名詞”這類類型中，約可用50個(gè)動(dòng)詞，而在“及物動(dòng)詞

+lhal引起的從句”這種類型中，約可用150個(gè)動(dòng)詞。每種類型中能用的動(dòng)詞，在本單元中將幾乎

全部列出并加上例句，以便讀者了解并掌握什么動(dòng)詞在何種類型中使用。不過某些謂語類型中可

用的動(dòng)詞極多（可說是成百上千）。在這種情況下只能給出一小部分動(dòng)詞。

C.謂語類型與句型

1335關(guān)于上面提到的類型有幾點(diǎn)值得注意：

1.動(dòng)詞只須與主語在人稱和數(shù)上一致，因此它們之間的關(guān)系相對比較簡單。而動(dòng)詞和賓語及補(bǔ)

語的關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜，這在下面47種謂語類型中可清楚看出。如果對主語不加考慮，這47種謂語

類型也就是47種句型。事實(shí)上在下面討論中，謂語類型的公式都采用“S+TV+N"，“S+DV+N

+N"，“S+FV+N+A”這類形式，里面包含了主語（S）,因此也就代表了句型。

2.一個(gè)句型可以包含一個(gè)簡單句：

Johnknowshowtoplayfootball.

Heavoidedmeetingheratsomeparty.

3.它也可以包含一個(gè)帶有賓語從句的復(fù)合句：

Heknowswhatyouaredoing.

Iaskedwherehegotit.

4.但并列句中至少需有兩個(gè)句型：

Ihavedecidedtogo（一個(gè)句型）andhewillgotoo（一個(gè)句型）,butshedecidestoremainalhome

（一個(gè)句型）.（共包含三個(gè)句型）

D.修飾語與獨(dú)立成分

1336句型指?個(gè)完整句子的骨架，它可包含任何數(shù)量的修飾語（即形容詞、副詞及起同樣作用

的其他詞語）。這些修飾語可能在意思上很重要，但在語法上卻是可以刪除的，在我們考慮句型,

也就是句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，可以對它們不加考慮。所有下面句子都屬于同一句型，即“主語+及物

動(dòng)詞+名詞”，但卻可包含不同類型的修飾語（斜體部分）。最后包含25個(gè)詞的句子和第?個(gè)包

含4個(gè)詞的句子同屬一個(gè)句型：

Isawahouse.

Isawabighouse.

Isawabighouseontheoppositeside.

Isawabighouseontheoppositeside,whichwassaidtobehauntedbyaghost.

YesterdayIsawabighouse

YesterdaywhenIsaileddowntheriverIsawabighouse

修飾語在后面將作詳細(xì)討論。句型還可以包含一個(gè)獨(dú)立成分，但基本結(jié)構(gòu)不變。

所有下面句子都屬于同一句型，即“主語+系動(dòng)詞+補(bǔ)語”：

Thatmaniscrazy.

Oh!thatmaniscrazy.

Oh!thatmaniscrazy,Iamsure.

Oh!thatmaniscrazy,youmaybesure,Mary.

E.句型的用法

1337在下面討論中，所列出能用于某句型的動(dòng)詞的數(shù)目只是大致估計(jì)。列出的目的只是說明某

一句型使用范圍大致有多廣。一般說來，數(shù)目越小，越難使用，因?yàn)槿绻@個(gè)句型只限于用少數(shù)

動(dòng)詞，則用錯(cuò)的機(jī)會(huì)更多。

1338偶爾也會(huì)有些例外的句子無法歸入這47種句型的任何一個(gè)。但如果把某些不規(guī)則的動(dòng)詞短

語適當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)換為規(guī)則的動(dòng)詞短語，則它們大部分仍可歸入某些句型：

Ihaveagoodmind(=intend)topunishyou.(haveagoodmind可能換為intend,貝U句型將是“主

語+及物動(dòng)詞+不定式工)

Hewillhaveit(=insists)thatIhavecheatedhim.(主語+及物動(dòng)詞+that引起的從句)

“Whohastakenmypen?”"John(hastakenyourpen)."

(I)Beg(your)pardon.

(Itwas)Nosoonersaidthan(itwas)done.

(You)Liveandlet(others)live.

(Iwishyou)Goodluck!

1339確定一個(gè)句子屬于哪個(gè)句型是有好處的。下面的句子都是錯(cuò)的，因?yàn)樗鼈儾淮?7種句型

中的任何一個(gè)：

1.IhearaboutthatJohnhasarrived.(主語+不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞+that引起的從句)

2.Ipaidattentionwhathewasdoing.(主語+及物動(dòng)詞+名詞+疑問詞引起的從句)

3.Heisafraidofthathewillbeassassinated.(主語+系動(dòng)詞+形容詞+介詞+that引起的從句)

4.Heisafraidbeingassassinated.(主語+系動(dòng)詞+形容詞+動(dòng)名詞)

5.Iknowthatwhohasbrokenthewindow.（主語+及物動(dòng)詞+that+疑問詞引起的從句）

6.Wewantpeaceful.（主語+及物動(dòng)詞+形容詞）

這些句型應(yīng)改正如下：

正確句型正確句子

I.主語+及物動(dòng)詞+that引IhearthatJohnhasar-

起的從句rived.

2.主語+及物動(dòng)詞+名詞+Ipaidattentiontowhat

介詞+疑問詞引起的從句hewasdoing.

3.主語+系動(dòng)詞+形容詞+Heisafraidthathewill

that引起的從句beassassinated.

4.主語+系動(dòng)詞+形容詞+Heisafraidofbeingas-

介詞+動(dòng)名詞sassinated.

5.主語+及物動(dòng)詞+疑問詞Iknowwhohasbroken

引起的從句thewindow.

6.主語+及物動(dòng)詞+名詞Wewantpeace.

其次，應(yīng)確定使用的動(dòng)詞是否適合用于某個(gè)謂語類型。

F.47種句型的公式

1340每種句型都可以用一個(gè)公式來代表，例如：“S+IV”，“S+TV+N”,“S+LV+AP”，“S+

FV+N+PaP”,"S+DV+N+that-Cl”.下面列出了代表某些詞的縮寫形式：

S=Subject（主語）PaP=PastParticiple（過

O=Object（賓語）去分詞）

C=Complement（補(bǔ)語）N=NounorPronoun（名

10=IndirectObject（間接詞或代詞）

賓語）R=ReflexivePronoun（反

DO=DirectObject（直接身代詞）

賓語）A=Adjective（形容詞）

IV=IntransitiveVerb（不P=Preposition（介詞）

及物動(dòng)詞）AP=AdverbofPlace,or

TV=TransitiveVerb（及AdverbialParticle,as

物動(dòng)詞）in,out,up,away

DV=DativeVerb（雙賓動(dòng)（地點(diǎn)副詞或副詞性小

詞）品詞）

LV=LinkingVerb（系動(dòng)

詞）W—Cl=Interrogative-

FV=FactitiveVerb（賓補(bǔ)Clause,（疑問詞引起的動(dòng)詞）

從句，由whether,

1=Infinitive（不定式）what,which,who,

G=Gerund（動(dòng)名詞）whom,whose,where,

PrP=PresentParticiplewhen,why,how弓I

（現(xiàn)在分詞）起）

That-Cl=Noun-Clauseinn.=innumreable=hun-

（that引起的名詞從dredsorthousands（無

句）數(shù)，成百上千）

表示它前后的詞構(gòu)成成語，如IV.P,LV.A.P.,TV.N.P,LV.PaP,它們包含2個(gè)

或3個(gè)詞。

1341一個(gè)號(hào)表示這個(gè)句型包含2個(gè)基本成分，即主語及不及物動(dòng)詞，如：

S+IVS+IV.AP

2個(gè)號(hào)表示這個(gè)句型包含有3個(gè)基本成分，即主語，及物動(dòng)詞及賓語，如：

S+TV+NS+IV.P+that-Cl

S+LV.A.P+G

或指另外3個(gè)成分，如主語、系動(dòng)詞及補(bǔ)語：

S+LV+AS+LV+that-Cl

S+LV+P.N

3個(gè)，，+，，號(hào)表示這個(gè)句型包含4個(gè)成分：主語、雙賓動(dòng)詞、間接賓語及直接賓語，如：

S+DV+N+NS+DV+N+W-C1

S+DV+N+lhat-Cl

也可以是另外4個(gè)成分，如主語、賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞、賓語及（賓語）補(bǔ)語：

S+FV+N+AS+FV+N+PaP

S+IV.P+N+I

這里我們可以了解一個(gè)十分重要的事實(shí)，即英語句子是很簡單的，它少則包含兩個(gè)成分，多則包

含四個(gè)成分。

了解了公式及圖解的意義，現(xiàn)在就可開始藉助它們研究47種謂語類型或句型。注意：句子末尾

的星號(hào)表示這個(gè)句子將在每一類句型講完之后進(jìn)行圖解。

II.47種謂語類型（附公式及圖解）

A.各種不及物動(dòng)詞

1.S+IV（Johnlaughed.）

1342不及物動(dòng)詞不跟有賓語或補(bǔ)語，其數(shù)量不可勝數(shù)：

Theysmiled.Johndied.Marywalkedslowly.Firebums.

Idreamedlastnight.Heweptbitterly.Youmustdressfordinner.Thatdepends.Itdoesnotpay.

1343通常跟有賓語的及物動(dòng)詞，如果賓語可以猜出，著重點(diǎn)不是賓語，而是動(dòng)詞（動(dòng)作）時(shí),

可以把賓語省略，用作不及物動(dòng)詞：

Atractorcancut,push,pull,dig,lift,pump,carryandspray.Theblinddonotsee.Wemusteat.I

willchange(mydress).Theknifecutswell.Iwillconsider.Iftimepermits.Hecanread.Don't

trouble(yourself).Thestainshows(itself)?Theymarried(eachother).

1344有些動(dòng)詞用在表示數(shù)量的名詞前，看起來像及物動(dòng)詞，實(shí)際上卻是不及物動(dòng)詞：

Thethermometerrose(orfell)twodegrees.

Hewaitedtenminutes.Theweddinglastedthreedays.

Iwalkedfivemiles.

1345圖解:

2.S+IV.AP(Johnmovedin.)

1346無數(shù)的不及物動(dòng)詞可以跟有特定的地點(diǎn)副詞，與之構(gòu)成成語。但在多數(shù)情況下，這些副詞

并不表示地點(diǎn)，而有其他意思，因此可以稱作副詞性小品詞(AdverbialParticle).

a.Don'tanswerback(二answerrudely)whenasuperiorspeakstoyou.Hebacksaway(=drawsback)

fromherbecausehehasmadeherangry.Don'tworry,Iwillneverbackout(=failtofulfila

promise).Inordertosurvive,wemustbandtogether(=unite).Hebargedin(=inter—rupted

rudely)whileweweretalking.Thestormwillsoonblowover(=passawaywithoutinjurious

effect).Thedynamiteplacedbeneaththebridgeblewup(=exploded).Heblowsup(=loseshistemper)

ateverysmallincident.Quick!Thesoupisboilingover(=over-flowingthesideofapan).Brace

up(Makecourage)ifyoureallywanttogetmarried.Manyprisonersbrokeaway(=suddenly

escaped).Ourcarsuddenlybrokedown(=failedtofunction)onourwayhome.Afirebrokeout

(=startedsuddenlyandviolently)onSixthStreet.Tearsburstforth(=suddenlyappeared).

b.Shecoloursup(=blushes)ifwementionherlove.Anaccidentlikethiscomesabout(=happens)

everyday.MywifeandIcometogether(=arereconciled)aftertenyearsofquarrel.Theseedshave

comeup(=shotupabovetheground).Whenweweretalking,ayoungmancameup

(=approached).Threedaysafterthequarrel,Icooleddown(=becamecalm)?Shewasshocked

atthebill,butshehadtocoughup(=pay,perhapsunwillingly).Hardlyaweekhadhelearned

computersciencewhenhecrackedup(=sufferedamentalbreakdown).Anerrormaycreepin(=steal

inunnoticed).Thisoldempirecrumbledaway(=disintegratedgradually)becauseofmisrule.Ishould

nottakemuchsugar,butIcannotcutdown(=lessen).

c.Allmembersofmyfamilydineout(=eatawayfromhome)everySunday.Theydrinkliquorevery

dayandcan-notdowithout(=dispensewithit).Wedressedup(=putonformalclothes)fora

banquet.Iwilldropby(=callcasually)whenIamfree.Theproductionofricedroppedoff

(=decreased)lastyear.Hedroppedout(=leftschoolbeforefinishinghiscourses)atfifteen.Thewell

hasdriedup(=becomedry).Theroadisrough,weshouldeasedown(=lessenspeed).Letusease

down(=workless,makelesseffort).Hisreputationfadedout(=graduallydisappeared)afterhis

death.Thecountryfellapart(=felltopieces)becauseofcivilwar.Ineverfallback(=re-treat)

beforedifficulties.Ourcountryfallsbehind(=dropsbehind)inscienceandtechnology.Letusfallto

(=begintoeatortowork.)

d.Wewereunabletogetby(=pass)becausetheroadwasblocked.Shegotdown(=dismounted)

fromherhorse.Thetraingotin.Wegotoff(=startedajourney).Howareyougettingon?Igetup

atsixinthemorning.AtlastIhavetogivein(=yield).Riceisgoingdown(=becomingcheaper).A

rumourwentforth(=becamepublic).Thegunwentoff(=exploded)suddenly.Ourworkwenton

(=continued).Thecandlehasgoneout(=ceasedtoburn).Iwon'tholdback(=keepbehind)if

everyonegoesforward.SinceIhavestarted,Ican'tleaveoff(=stop).Lookin(=Payashortvisit)

asyoupass.Whileallarebusy,don11lookon(=beamerespectator).Lookout(=Takeprecaution),

herecomesatruck!Imovedin(=movedintoahouse)afterhemovedout.Alltroublewillpassaway

(=ceasetoexist).Shepassedaway(=died)amonthago.

e.Theclockrandown(=stoppedrunning,becausethebatteryhadexhausteditself)?Sheranon

(=talkedincessantly).Supplieshaverunout(=becomeexhausted).Badweathersetin(=began).We

setout(=setoff)onFebruary16.Hesettleddown(=establishedhimself)atasmallvillage.Idon't

wanttolistenanymore,soshutup!Hestoodaside(orapart,aloof)whilewewerequarrelling.Some

stoodback(=retreated)，somestoodout(=refusedtoyield).Theproposalwillstandover(=be

postponed)tillnextFriday.AtthebadnewsIsteppedbackfromsurprise.Thetyrantshouldstepdown

(=re-sign).Manyvolunteerssteppedforward(=offeredhelp).Mybrothersquarrelled,butmyfather

neversteppedin(=interfered).Hestowedaway(=hidinashiporplanetogetafreeride).Theband

struckup(=begantoplay).Hesummedup(=summarized)afteradebate.Thesontaggedbehind

(oralong)(=followedclosely)whereverhismomwent.BeforeIthinkahead(=anticipate),Ithink

back(=recall).Ourbusinessisjusttickingover(=gettingoninaroutineway).Wetoucheddown

(=landedafteraflight)at6p.m.Manyworkerswalkedout(=re-fusedtowork).

1347圖解:

3.S+IVp(Thisclothworewell.)

1348約有九十個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞用于主動(dòng)形式卻有被動(dòng)意義，它們通常和表示無生命東西的主語連

用：

a.Thisplayactsexcellently.Thefigureswillnotaddup.Thebreadbakeswell.Thedoorblew

open.Thecandleblewout.Thisbottledoesnotbreak.Thedustwon'tbrushoffthehat.Theluggage

carrieseasily.David'sraincoatcaughtonthenail.Someofthedocumentsdon'tseemtocheckwiththe

facts.Thiscannotcompare(favourably)withthat.Someofthesentenceswon'tconstrue.Potatoes

willcookslowly.Everyminutecounts.Thesepeoplemostlycountfornothing.Thepotatoescropped

welllastyear,butIthinkwillcropbadlythisyear.Thislightwoodcutslikebutter.Thepineapple

doesn'tcuteasily.Thispieceofclothwillcutupintotwosuits.Instinctderivesfromancestors.Milk

digestseasily.Thiewinedrinkswell.Thetoothdrawseasily.Thefrogeatslikechicken.

b.Thisdressfastensdowntheback.Thetoiletdoesnotflush.Theeggshatchouteasily.Thisricewon't

grindfine.Waterheatsreadily.Thisclothironseasily.Thishouseletswell.Thedoorwillnot

lock.Thesebookspackeasily.Mywatchpawnsfortwodollars.Thesepotatoespeeleasily.She

photographs(takes)well.Thelandploughshard.Thefilmdoesnotprintwell.Thisstoryreadsill

(orwell).Thephotoreproduceswell.

c.Hishouserentsat$800amonth.Thispoemdoesnotrhyme.Ashamedoes,notruboff.Thisplastic

scratcheseasily.Theplayscreenbadly(=isunfitforfilming).Thebooksellswell.Thisdoorwon't

shut.Thiscigarettesmokesbetterthanothers.Thiswoodsplitstraight.Thismaterialstainseasily.The

shipsteerswithease.Thematchwillnotstrike.Thispaperwillnottear.Hisde——scenttracedbackto

aking.Thispoemtranslateseasily.TheTVsetwon'tturnon.Thisboardwillneverwarp.Thismaterial

washeseasily.Suchshoeswearbadly.Theplanworkedoutwell.Thephotowashesoutalittle.

d.Drumsarebeating(=arebeingbeaten).Thebookisbinding(=isbeingbound).Sometrouble

isbrewing.Youngpeoplearealwaysbrimmingwithnewideas.Thehouseisbuilding.Thebridgeis

completingnow.Themealisdigestingwell.Whatisdoingnow?Thetaskisfinishing.Gunsare

firing.Friendshipisforming.Thetheatreisrapidlyfillingupwithpeople.Thefishisfrying.Thehouse

isleasing.Thecowsaremilking.Oneboyismissing(orwanting).Hepaidwhatwasowing.Music

wasplaying.Somethingispreparing.Myapplicationisprocessing.Theproblemissettlingthisway.A

newfilmisshowing.Theboyisshapingwell.Theseedsoftroublearesowing.Thefruitsarespoiling

quickly.Measuresaretaking.

1349圖解:

B.各種及物動(dòng)詞+各種賓語

4.S+TV+N或S+TV.N(JohnlearnedJapanese.)

1350無數(shù)的及物動(dòng)詞可以用名詞或代詞作賓語：

Johnhasaplan.Doyoulikehim?Whataninterestingbook

Iamreading!HespeaksEnglish.Ilovecats.

1351不及物動(dòng)詞有時(shí)和后面跟的名詞構(gòu)成成語。整個(gè)成語，如果被化作一個(gè)整體，可以看成是

一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞：

Helosthope(=despaired).Hegaveground(=retreated)Theaccidenttookplace(=happened)

thismorning.

Hemadethegrade(=succeeded).Wemadeourway(=advanced)tothejungle.

在某些成語中，名詞前沒有冠詞，也沒有物主代詞:

a.Hewillbearwitness.Herbeautybeggarsdescription(=makeswordspoor).Don'tborrowtrouble

(=worryabouttroublethatwonftcome).Webrokeground(=ploughed,untilledground,beganan

undertaking).Ourboatcastanchor.Ioftencaughtcold.Hecaughtfever(orinfection).Herhouse

caughtfire.Hechangedcolour(=be-camepale).Hispersonalitycommandsesteem(orrespect).He

neverdidevil(orill,wrong).Noneofuscarewhethertheydorightorwrong,goodorharm.We

did(=produced)RomeoandJuliet.Jandid(=acted)Juliet.Idid(=prepared)omelette(or

breakfast).Tomdid(=wrote)poetry.Hisbrotherdid(translated)FrenchintoEnglish.Idid

(=studied)electricity.Theycrywolf(=giveafalsewarning)justforarmsaid.

b.Onemustexercisepatienceandcautionwhenoneexercisesauthorityanddiscipline.Hefeltregret,

butnotsatisfaction.Hefoundtime(orleisure)tostudy.Hehasfinishedcollege.Afterhetookthe

lead,wefollowedsuit.Theygainedtimebygivingmeambiguousanswers.Mywatchgainedtime.We

havegainedground(=gotanadvantage).Wewillsoongainpower,ifwearepatientenough.Hegave

evidenceinthelaw-court.Hegaveear(orheed,credit)totherumour.Hegavejudgement(or

advice,notice,warning,trouble).Fvehadit(=can'tsufferanymore).Youhitit(=saidtheright

thing).Thistheorydoesn'tholdwater(=isn'tvalid).Thecriminaljumped(orskipped)bail(=gave

upthebailmoneyandranawaytoavoidtrial).

c.Mymotherkepthouseandkeptbooks.Beinghospitablehekeptopenhouse(=provided

hospitabilityforanycomer).Hecannotkeepbodyandsoultogether(=keepawayhunger).Hekept

badcompany(=associatedwithbadpeople).Mywatchdoesnotkeep(good)time,soIamlate.He

killedtimebyreadingnovelsordoinganotherthinginteresting.

d.Heleftschoollastyear.Wemaylosegroundbutwillneverlosehope.Ineverlostcourage(orheart)

afterIfail.Bequick,don*tlosetime.Helostself-contrcl(orhimself)inmomentsofstress.

e.Mothermakesdinner.Itseemedlate,buthemadegoodtime(=travelledfastandarrivedon

time),Hedoesn'tworkhard,buthemakesgoodsalary.Makehaste(orspeed).Hecanmakemoney

(orprofit),butspendmuch.Aftersomanyyearsofwarwemustmakepeace.Imadetea(or

hay).Wemadeway(=stoodaside)forotherstopassthrough.Wemadeway(orheadway)(=

advanced)inthefaceofdifficulty.Hemarkedtime(=spentidlehours)whilewaitingforhiswife,

f.Thesoldiersmounted(orkept,relieved,stood)guard.Hemovedheavenandearth(=dideverything)

toattackhisopponent.Theyopenedfire(=startedshooting)andkilledthreeofus.Thechildrenoften

playhavoc(=dogreatdamage).Heplayspolitics(=attainspoliticalaimsbyhookorbycrook).He

hadbrokenthewindow,soheplayedpossum(keptquiettoavoidattention)Heplayedsecondfiddle

(=heldasubordinateplace).Hefailedbe-causehehadoftenplayedtruant.

g.Weraisedmoneyforagreatproject.Icanreadcharacterfromhandwriting.Hecanreadmusic.I

mustsaygoodbyenow.Wesaidgrace(=saidaprayerofthanksbeforeorafterameal).Weset(or

made,struck)sail(=beganavoyage)inFebruary,1969.Herefusedtoyield,heshowedfight.He

showedcourage(orfear).Hesoweddiscordamonghisenemies.Hestruckoil(=hadgoodluckin

someenteq)rise).Hesuffered(orsustained)defeat.

h.DonitakealarmifItellyousomebadnews.Hehastotakebreathafterclimbingupstairs.Hetook

coldandcouldnotwork.Hetakesdrinkanddrugs.Takeheart,don'tbeafraid.Thelawwillsoontake

effect(=beeffective).Takeexerciseeverymorningandkeephealthy.Hetookflightaftermurdering

awoman.Hetookmedicine(orpoison).Don'ttakeoffence(=beoffended).Somethingstrange

tookplace(=happened)inthisoldhouse.Let'stakerest.Wetakestockeveryweek.Theevilhastaken

root(=becomeestablished).Mydreamwilltakeshape(=materialize)nextyear.Hetooktrouble

tohelpme.

i.Don'ttemptprovidence(Makeanunnecessaryrisk).Hehastouchedbottom(=isbeginingtoprosper

afterhisworstdays).Theboatturnedturtle(=turnedupsidedown).

在某些成語中名詞前有不定冠詞，或作復(fù)數(shù)：

j.Heoftenactedadoublepart(=wasdeceitful).SinceIcriticizedhim,hehasborneagrudge(=nursed

agrievance).Theenemybeataretreat(=retreatedinahurry).ThomasEdisonblazedatorch

(=startedsome-thingnew)invariousfields.Don11breatheaword(=sayaword)aboutthis

secret.Whenangry,hecallsnames(=callsomebodybyabusivenames).Iwouldliketocrossswords

(=argue)withthisboaster.Youhavedoneagoodjob(=donesomethingwell).Idrewablank(=failed

togetanyinformation)whenIreturnedtotheoffice.Wemustdrawaline(=distinguish)betweenright

andwrong.Wedowntools(=stopwork)atsix.

k.Mysisterfixedadateforthecelebration.ThiseveningIhaveadate(oranengagement)(=have

asocialmeeting)withher.Ihaveajob(oratime)(=havetrouble)writingthisfirstloveletter.(但:

Ihavemyselfatime[=haveagoodtime]writingit.)Astheydidn'tliftafinger(orahand)

(=didn*tgivehelp),Ilent(orgave)ahand(=gavehelp)totheoldlady.

1.Imadeanappointment(=hadanengagementtomeetsomeone)for3p.m.Hemadeaboast,

butwhobelievedhim?Hemadeacalloverthephone.Hemadeaface(=twistedhisface),andthen

wewerenomoreangry.Don'tmakeafuss(=getexcitedaboutatrifle)?Johnmadeahit(=gaveagood

impression)attheexhibitionofhisworks.Shallwemakeamove(=start)rightnow?Dickmadea

publicappearanceafternineyearsinprison.Thomasmakesaquickbuck(=eamsmoneyquickly).We

makearow(orascene)(=startedaviolentquarrel)fromtimetotime.Assoonaswearrivedwemade

reservationsforhotelrooms.Imustmaketracks(=setoff)beforeitislate.Williammadewaves

(=createdasensationtoimpressothers)attheparty.

m.Abigbossbehindpullsstrings(=secretlyexertsinfluence).Don'trunarisk(=putyourselfin

danger).Thepatientranatemperature(=hadafever).Thecriminalhasservedasentence(ortime)

(=passedtermofimprisonment).Ismelladangerinthisdesolatearea.Westruckahappymedium

(=foundananswerbetweentwoextremes).Asyoucommittedmistakesforthefirsttime,wemight

stretch(orstrain)apoint(=allowanexceptiontotherules).

n.Iwouldwillinglytakeabackseat(=occupyanunimportantposition).Wetakeacoffeebreak

(=drinkcoffeeandrestashortwhile)aftertwohoursofwork.Hetook(ordrew)alongbreathbefore

hespoke.Thesituationtookaturn(=changed)forthebetter.Hewouldn'tturnanhonestpenny

(=makemoneybyhonestmeans).

在另一些成語中名詞前有定冠詞或有物主代詞：

o.Actyourage(=Don'tbechildish).Mywarningmerelybeattheair(=madeuselessefforts).I

mustbidemytime(=waitforagoodchance).Someoneblackedhiseye(=gavehimablow).He

blewhisowntrumpet(=praisedhimself).Hehasblownhismind(=becomeswildlyenthusiastic

becauseofdrugs).Hebossedtheshow(=con-trolledeverything).Sheboxedhisear(=smacked

himontheear).Ihavetobreak(orcancel,change,postpone)theappointment.Afterhalfanhour

ofsilence,Ibroketheice(=overcomereserve).Thenewsbrokeherheart.Hebrokehisword(=failed

tokeephispromise).Ibrokethenews(=announcedthenews)toher.Theybrokethepeace(=

quarrelled).Heburnedhisfingers(=sufferedalossthrougharashaction).Weburiedthehatchet

(=madepeace).Iamnotbuyingit(=amnottobe