賓語從句和被動(dòng)語態(tài)

賓語從句一、什么是賓語從句？賓語從句是英語中用來充當(dāng)賓語的句子。帶有賓語從句的那個(gè)句子叫主句。賓語從句一般由“引導(dǎo)詞+主語+謂語+其它”構(gòu)成，其語序是陳述句語序。二、哪些詞后面常接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句？主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是say，thinktellknow，hearseefee!meanhopewishremember，forget等時(shí)，或主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是由形容詞afraid,glad,sure,sorry等作表語的系表結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，后面常接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。例如：Hesaysthathewantstospeaktotheheadmaster.他說他想和校長(zhǎng)說話。Ithinkthatweneedtobuysomemeatfortheparty.我認(rèn)為我們需要為聚會(huì)買些肉。I'msorry(that)heisn'thererightnow.對(duì)不起，此刻他不在。三、從句的引導(dǎo)詞that能省略嗎？that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句用來陳述事實(shí)，that本身無詞義，在從句中不作任何成分，在口語中常常省略。例如：Iguesssomebodyelsehasborrowedit.我猜是別的人把它借走了。I'mafraidyou'llhavetowait.恐怕你得等一下。注意：從句前面有插入語時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞that不能省略；如果有兩個(gè)并列的賓語從句，第二個(gè)從句的引導(dǎo)詞that也不能省略。例如：Shemaytellyouforexample,thatsheisinterestedinChinese例如，她可能會(huì)告訴你，她對(duì)漢語感興趣。MrReadsaid(that)hetaughtEnglishinamiddleschoolinBeijingandthathecamefromAustralia.里德先生說他在北京的一所中學(xué)教英語，他來自澳大利亞。四、賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)有什么講究？1.主句中謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)不受限制，可根據(jù)具體情況選用適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)態(tài)；2.主句中謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)，從句中也必須要用某種過去時(shí)態(tài)，以保持時(shí)態(tài)的前后呼應(yīng)。3.注意當(dāng)賓語從句表示的是客觀真理、科學(xué)原理、自然現(xiàn)象、名言時(shí)，則用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，不受主句時(shí)態(tài)的限制。試比較：Hesaysthathewantstoseehimassoonaspossible.他說他想盡快見到他。Hesaidthathewantedtoseehimassoonaspossible.他說他想盡快見到他。Hesaysthatheismendinghisbike.他說他正在修他的自行車。Hesaidthathewasmendinghisbike.他說他正在修他的自行車。Theteachertoldusthattheearthgoesroundthesun.老師告訴我們地球圍繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。五、什么是否定轉(zhuǎn)移？主句是I/Wethink/suppose/guess/believe等，從句中的否定習(xí)慣上要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中，這就叫作否定轉(zhuǎn)移。例如：我認(rèn)為雞不會(huì)游泳。誤：Ithinkchickenscannotswim.正：Idon'tthinkchickenscanswim.注意：上述情況變成反意疑問句時(shí)，附加問句要看從句，如果主句的主語不是第一人稱，則附加問句要看主句。試比較：Ithinkheiswrong,isn'the?Hethinksheisright,doesn'the?六.連接代詞、連接副詞與賓語從句本單元重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容是由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句.賓語從句可由連接代詞what,who,whom,whose,which等引導(dǎo)，它們?cè)谫e語從句中可作主語、賓語、表語和定語等，因此不能省略。如：Doyouknowwhowillcomethisafternoon?你知道今天下午誰來嗎？（作主語）Didyouhearwhatshesaid?你聽見她說的話了嗎？（作賓語）Idon'tknowwhosethatis.我不知道那是誰的。（作表語）Couldyoutellmewhichgatewehavetogoto?請(qǐng)問我們得走哪個(gè)門？（作gate的定語）.賓語從句可由連接副詞when,where,how,why等引導(dǎo)，它們?cè)谫e語從句中作狀語，不可省略。如：Wedidn'tknowwhenshewouldcomeback.我們不知道她什么時(shí)候回來。CanyoutellmehowIgettothepostoffice?你能告訴我到郵局怎么走嗎？說明：含how的詞組也可引導(dǎo)賓語從句。主要有howold,howmany,howmuch,howlong,howoften,howfar等。如：Doyouknowhowoldheis?注意：以上兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容中，連接代詞和連接副詞起引導(dǎo)賓語從句的作用，不要再重復(fù)使用連接詞，造成不必要的錯(cuò)誤。如：Ican'tseethatwhatisoverthere.（x）此句中應(yīng)去掉that。III可用連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句的動(dòng)詞或短語動(dòng)詞有seesay,tell,ask,answer,know,decide,findout,show,remember,choose等。如：Wecan'tdecidewhoshouldgotoBeijingfirst.我們不能決定誰應(yīng)該先去北京。ReadthestorybelowandfindoutwhoFatherChristmasis讀下面的故事，弄清楚圣誕老人是誰。特殊疑問句變賓語從句五注意一、在引導(dǎo)詞上，要將疑問代詞或疑問副詞變?yōu)檫B接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)賓語從句。如：Whosebikeisthis?Doesanybodyknow?—Doesanybodyknowwhosebikethisis?二、賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)與主句的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。如：Whenthetrainwillarrive？Heaskedme.—Heaskedmewhenthetrainwouldarrive.三、在語序上，要將疑問句語序改為陳述句語序。如:Whichonedoyoulikebest?Sheaskedme.—SheaskedmewhichoneIlikedbest.【注意】疑問句中主語之前的助動(dòng)詞若是do/does/did,變?yōu)橘e語從句時(shí)，要先將其去掉，謂語動(dòng)詞再根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)作相應(yīng)的變化四、特殊疑問詞在句中作主語，變?yōu)橘e語從句時(shí)語序不變（時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)作相應(yīng)變化）。如：Whocananswerthequestion?Theteacherasked—Theteacheraskedwhocouldanswerthequestion.五、特殊疑問句變?yōu)橘e語從句后，用問號(hào)還是用句號(hào)完全取決于主句的句式：如主句為陳述句、祈使句，句末就用句號(hào)；如主句是疑問句，句末就用問號(hào)。如：Idon'tknowwhenweshallstarttomorrow.Doyouknowwhenweshallstarttomorrow?賓語從句中連詞專練請(qǐng)補(bǔ)上下列各題賓語從句中所缺的連詞（引導(dǎo)詞）。TheysaidtheywouldallleaveifJohnstayed.IwonderwecanmeetwhenIaminBeijing.SheaskedornotshecouldworkinXinjiang.Theteacherdidn'tknowbrokethewindow.Mr.Greenwentouttoseewashappening.Pleasetellmeyourfatheris.Ireallydon'tknowIshoulddowiththeseletters..Didyouaskhimwewouldleave?.Doyouknowtheladylives?.Canyoutellusyouarelateforclass?.CouldyoutellusIcangettothezoo?.Jennywonderedwalletitwas..Ican'tdecidecoatIshouldchoose.Theyaskedmethebookcost.Couldyoutellmestudentsthereareinyourclass?賓語從句與中考試題在復(fù)合句中用作賓語的從句叫做賓語從句。賓語從句是初中英語中最重要的一種從句，它內(nèi)容完整，句型結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜，主句和從句時(shí)態(tài)搭配要求嚴(yán)格，在中考試題中頻頻出現(xiàn)。而且學(xué)好賓語從句也可為到高中學(xué)習(xí)間接引語、主語從句、表語從句及同位語從句打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。學(xué)習(xí)賓語從句并不難，只要你能過好下面的三道關(guān)：第一關(guān)，選好連接詞（也有人叫關(guān)聯(lián)詞）。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連接詞，課本上寫有三類，但從學(xué)習(xí)的角度看分為四類更為實(shí)用。.連詞that：只起連接作用，在從句中不作句子成分，也無詞匯意義，在口語中或非正式文體中常被省略。例如:Heknew（that）heshouldworkhard.Iamglad（that）you'vepassedtheexam.2.連詞whether或if:它們起連接作用，在從句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，口語中多用if。例如：Doyouknowwhetherhewillarrivehereat8tomorrowmorning?Tomdidn'tknowif/whetherhisgrandpalikedthepresent.作“是否”解的if和whether在具體用法上差別較大，同學(xué)們不易掌握。在賓語從句中用whether沒有用if時(shí)受到那么多限制。例如：HeaskedmewhetherornotIwascoming.他問我是否要來。（該句中的whether不能換成if,因?yàn)閕f不能與or連用。）3.連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,which:它們起連接作用，作句子成分，各有其自己的意義。例如：Theteacheraskedthenewstudentwhichclasshewasin?（武漢市）（which弓［導(dǎo)賓語從句，在從句中作定語，修飾class,意為“哪個(gè)”。）Canyoutellmewhomheiswaitingfor?（天津市）4.連接副詞when,where,why,how:起連接作用，分別作時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、方式狀語，各有其自己的意義。例如：Iwonderwherehegotsomuchmoney對(duì)他從哪里弄到那么多錢我感到疑惑（where在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，修飾got,意為“哪里；什么地方”。）Hedidn'ttellmehowoldhisfriendwas.（四川?。┑诙P(guān)，牢記賓語從句的語序是陳述句語序，即連接詞+主語+謂語+其他”。例如：Youmustrememberwhatyourteachersaid. （河南?。狣ad,doyouknowwhenthefootballgamewillstart?—Inhalfanhour.（寧波市）12）漢譯英：你能不能告訴我，我們?nèi)タ赐l？Canyoutellmewho（m）wehavetosee?錯(cuò)句的錯(cuò)誤出在賓語從句中誤用了疑問句的結(jié)構(gòu)一主語前加了個(gè)助動(dòng)詞do。因?yàn)槲覀円呀?jīng)習(xí)慣了特殊疑問句第三關(guān)，注意時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)。賓語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)，常常受主句謂語時(shí)態(tài)的制約，這種現(xiàn)象稱為‘時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)”。例如：13）漢譯英：我原以為你今天有空的。誤：Ithought（that）youarefreetoday.正：Ithought（that）youwouldbefreetoday.這種時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)，如果主句謂語是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)，賓語從句的謂語時(shí)態(tài)不受限制，例如：Hethoughthewasworkingforthepeople.IheardshehadbeentotheGreatWall.Johnhopedthathewouldfindajobsoon.但賓語從句如果表示定理法則、永恒真理等，則不變化:Theteachertoldusthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.鞏固與檢測(cè)請(qǐng)做下列2002年中考題：Inthebookshop,areaderaskedtheshopkeeperWhoMovedMyCheesewasaninterestingbook.（北京市東城區(qū)）A.thatB.howC.whatD.if—Idon'tknowMr.Greenwillcometoseeus.—HewillhelpuswithourEnglish.（杭州市）A.whyB.whenC.how D.where—Weneverknowtheoldmanis.—Theysayheisateacher.（鄂州市）A.whatB.whoC.which D.whereIwastoldBillGateswasthirteenhebegantoplaywithcomputers.（重慶市）A.thathowB.howthatC.whenthat D.thatwhen—Doyouknow?I'mgoingtoseehim.—Sorry,Idon'tknow.（北京市海淀區(qū)）A.wheredoesMr.LiliveB.wheredidMr.LiliveC.whereMr.LilivesD.whereMr.Lilived—Wheredoyouthinkhethecomputer?—Sorry,Ihavenoidea.（南京市）A./；boughtB.has；boughtC.did；buyD.does；buyIdon'tfeelverywell.Mumaskedmethismorning.（重慶市）A.whatthematterisB.whatiswrongC.whatthematterwasD.whatwrongwas—WhereisJack?—Heisawaytospendhisholiday.He'sgoneeithertoHangzhouortoWuhan,butI'mnotsure.（南昌市）A.thatB.whichC.where D.there賓語從句（80分）Hesaidthatneitherofthemascientist.A.isB.wasC.wereD.tobeHewonderedhisunclehadbeeninthearmy.A.howoftenB.howsoonC.howfarD.howlongCanyoutellmetookpartinthesportsmeet?A.howmanyB.howsoonpeopleC.howmanypeopleD.howmuchpeopleShewantstoknow.A.whattimehegoestoschoolB.whichtimehegoestoschoolC.whendoeshegotoschoolD.whattimedoeshegotoschoolHeasked.A.whichclassroomwashisB.thatwhichclassroomwashisC.whichclassroomishisD.whichclassroomhisisWhichsentenceisright?A.Whatdoyouknowsheis?B.Doyouknowwhatsheis?C.Doyouknowthatwhatsheis?D.Doyouknowwhatisshe?Sheasks.A.ifmaytheexercisesbehandedintomorrowB.iftheexercisesmaybehandedintomorrowC.ifmaybetheexerciseshandedintomorrowD.iftheexercisesmaybehandedinontomorrowDoyouexpect（希望）cometoseeyou?A.theirB.thatthemC.willtheyD.thattheywillIdidn,tknowifittomorrow.A.wasfineB.isfineC.wouldbefineD.willbefineHetoldme.A.hehadbeentoEnglandB.heisgoingtoEnglandC.hehadgoneinEnglandD.hehasbeentoEnglandI,msorryyourmotherisill.A.thatB.ifC.whatD.whetherTrytoguesseachtomatoweighs.A.thatB.howmuchC.howheavyD.howmanyIwanttoknow.A.howlonghaven,tcleanedtheroomsB.howlonghavetheroomsnotbeencleanedC.howlongtheroomshaven,tbeencleanedD.howlonghaven,ttheroomsbeencleanedMarysaidshewastired.A.ifB.thatC.whenD.whetherIwonderhowlongmybrotherinthearmy.A.had,heB.does,joinC.has,joinedD.has,beenHesaid.A.thatthegirlbehissisterB.thatthegirlishissisterC.thatthegirlwerehissisterD.thatthegirlwashissisterDoyouknow?A.whosethegirlisB.what,sthegirlC.where,sthegirlD.whothegirlisDoyouknowTomstudiesatthesameschool?A.willB.ifC.whenD.doWedon'tcarehegoes.A.whereverB.whereC.thatD.whatHesaid.A.thatthecarhadbeenrepairedtwiceB.thatthecarhadrepairedtwiceC.thatthecarhadbeenrepairedtwotimesD.thatthecartwicehadbeenrepairedIreallydon,tknow.A.whatcoatIshouldbuyB.whichcoatIshouldbuyC.whatcoatshouldIbuyD.whichcoatshouldIbuyMyfathersaid.A.thatwashenotfreethismorningB.whenhewasnotfreethismorningC.thathewasnotfreethismorningD.ifhewasnotfreethismorningDoyouknow?A.whatkindofworkcanthisboydoB.whatkindofworkthisboydoC.whatkindofworkthisboycandoD.whatkindofworkthiscanboydoLeiFenghehislifeforhiscountry.A.said,givesB.says,willgiveC.said,wouldgiveD.said,giveHeaskedme.A.howsoonIlikedthefilmB.whatIlikedthefilmC.howIlikedthefilmD.howlongIlikedthefilmIwantedtoknowinJapan.A.howlonghehadbeenB.howlonghehasbeenC.howlonghashebeenD.howlonghadhebeenYesterdayIaskedhim.A.thathewantedtogotoBeijingB.ifhewaswantingtogotoBeijingC.ifhewantedtogotoBeijingD.didhewanttogotoBeijingIthinkthispenisexpensive.A.howB.(that)C.whetherD.whyCanyoutellme?A.whereyouwerebornB.ifyouwerebornC.whenyouarebornD.whereyouarebornIwonderMarywillbeabletopassthemathsexam.A.howB.thatC.whyD.whetherJohnasked.A.ifhecouldgoouttoplayB.canhegoouttoplayC.whetherhecangoouttoplayD.couldhegoouttoplayHeexplained.A.thathewaswritingaletterwhenmotherwentB.thathewrotealetterwhenmotherwentinC.thathewaswritingaletterwhenmotherwentinD.whenmotherwentinthathewaswritingaletterDoyouknow?A.whatarethesetwogirlstalkingaboutB.whatthesetwogirlsaretalkingaboutC.whatarethesetwogirlstalkaboutD.whatthesetwogirlsaretalkingtoTheprofessor(教授)wassatisfiedwith.A.whatshesaidB.howshesaidC.whenshesaidD.whyshesaidMrGreenaskedme.A.whetherIwillvisitthefarmwithhimthenextdayB.whetherIwouldvisitthefarmwithhimthenextdayC.ifIamvisitingthefarmwithhimthenextdayD.whetherwouldvisitthefarmwithhimthenextdayHewilltellJohn.A.thatshecandoitifshetriesB.ifdoesshetrythatshecandoitC.ifshetriesthatshecandoitD.thatcanshedoitifshetriesPhilipaskedmewouldsupportf支持)us.A.whatB.whenC.whoseD.whoNobodyknowsheisabsent.A.whyB.howC.whereD.whatHewonders.A.whendoesthetrainstartB.whenisthetrainstartingC.whenthetrainisstartingD.whenthetrainhasstartedCanyoutellme?A.whataregoodmannerinJapanB.whatgoodmannerareinJapanC.whataregoodmannersinJapanD.whatgoodmannerareinJapanHethought(that)thisanswercorrect.A.wereB.willbeC.hasbeenD.wasShedoesn'knowsincelastterm.A.howmanyEnglishwordsshehaslearnedB.howmanyEnglishwordsshehavelearnedC.howmanyEnglishwordshasshelearnedD.howmanyEnglishwordsshelearnedThedoctorwantedtosay.A.wasn,tJohnwellenoughtogotoschoolB.ifJohnwaswellenoughtogotoschoolC.thatJohnwasn,tenoughwelltogotoschoolD.thatJohnwasn,twellenoughtogotoschoolThedriversaidsuchamachinewouldrunoutoforder不正常運(yùn)行）.A.thatB.ifC.whenD.howDoyouknow?A.whatplacethebigbuildinghasbeenputupB.wherethebigbuildinghasbeenputupC.wherethebigbuildingisputtingupD.whichthebigbuildinghasbeenputupCouldyoutellme?A.whichgradeyouryoungersisterisinnowB.whatgradeyouryoungersisterisinnowC.whichgradeyouryoungersisterisnowD.whichgradeyouryoungersisterwasinnow47.I,msure.A.thatwhyJackdoesn,tjumpsohighashisbrotherB.thatJackisn,tjumpsohighashisbrotherC.thatJackdoesn'tjumpsohighashisbrotherD.thatwhyJackdoesn'tjumpsohighashisbrotherDoyouknow?A.ifMrSmithisthemEnglishteacherB.thatMrSmithistheirEnglishteacherC.ifMrSmithistheirEnglishteacherD.ifMrSmithbetheirEnglishteacherIknowthat.A.ourteacherwouldattendourmeetingB.ourteacherisgoingtoattendourmeetingC.ourteacherwasgoingtoattendingourmeetingD.ourteacherisattendingourmeeting50.Heaskedme.A.ifthenewplayhadbeenputonthattheatre（劇院）B.whetherthenewplayhasbeenputonatthattheatreC.whetherthenewplayhadbeenputonatthattheatreD.whenthenewplayhadbeenputonatthattheatreHesaidsomeday.A.thathewouldhaveashopofhisownB.thathewouldhasashopofhisownC.thatheshouldhasashopofhisownD.thathewouldhaveashopofmyownCanyoutellme?A.iswhosepronunciationgoodB.whopronunciationisgoodC.whosepronunciationisgoodD.whosepronunciationiswellIwonderedthecinemawasnearthepostoffice.A.thatB.whichC.ifD.orDoyouknow.A.whatdidtheystudyforB.whattheystudyinC.whattheystudyforD.whatdotheystudyforIdon,tknow.A.wheredoesheliveB.wherehashelivedC.wherehelivesD.wherehehaslivedinIamafraidhewillnotbeabletocome.A.ifB.thatC.howD.whenIwonderImusthandinmyexercisebooknow.A.thatB.whereC.whenD.whetherThestudentalwayspaysattentiontotheteachersays.A.thatB.whateverC.whoD.whetherDoyouknow?A.whenMrWhitehascometoourofficeB.whenwillMrWhitecometoourofficeC.whenMrWhitewillcometoourofficeD.whenMrWhitecomestoourofficeCanyoutellme?A.howoldsheisB.howoldissheC.thathowoldsheisD.sheishowoldHewantedtoknowinthisshop.A.ifthiskindofradiowasboughtB.ifthiskindofradiowassoldC.whetherthiskindsofradiowassoldD.whetherthiskindofradioswasboughtHewantedtoknowinthebottle.A.iftherewasanywaterB.isthereanywaterC.wasthereanywaterD.therewassomewaterIaskedif.A.wasMrGreenathomeB.isMrGreenathomeC.MrGreenwasathomeD.didMrGreenathomeIthatyouaplane.A.think,couldn,tdrawB.think,can,tdrawC.don,tthink,coulddrawingD.don,tthink,candrawBettysaid.A.thatshehadn,tdoneherhomeworkyesterdayB.thatshedoesn,tdoherhomeworkyesterdayC.thatshewasn'tdoingherhomeworkyesterdayD.thatshedidn'tdoherhomeworkyesterdayCanyoutellme?A.whatsizetrousersyoursonwearsB.whatsizetrousersyoursonputsonC.whichsizetrousersyoursonputsonD.whichsizetrousersyoursonwearsIaskedifMarythismorning.A.didn,tcomeB.didn,tcameC.don,tcomeD.doesn,tcomeHeheard(that)mathseasy.A.aren,tB.weren,tC.isn,tD.wasn,tIwondernextyear.A.whetherwillhisunclegotoJapanB.ifwillhisunclegotoJapanC.ifhisunclewillgotoJapanD.ifhisunclegoestoJapanCanyoutellmethefilmwillbegin?A.thatB.ifC.whenD.whatDoyouunderstand?A.whatIsaidB.whatIspokeC.whatItalkedD.whatItoldDidyouthinkinayear?A.thattheworkcanbefinishedB.whethertheworkmustbefinishedC.whentheworkmustbefinishedD.thattheworkwouldbefinishedJohnaskedmeImanaged(設(shè)法)todoit.A.ifB.howC.whatD.whenHesaidwell.A.(that)neitherhisbrotherorheswimedB.(that)neitherhisbrothernorheswimsC.(that)neitherhisbrothernorheswamD.(that)neitherhisbrothernorheswimedIwondered.A.whenwasinvitedtothepartyB.whowasinvitedtothepartyC.whosewasinvitedtothepartyD.whomwasinvitedtothepartyIhardlyknew.A.whatthematterwaswithhimB.thematterwaswithhimC.whatwasthematterwithhimD.wasthematterwithhimCouldyoutellme?A.wherecanthisbikebefixed。?；理）B.wherethisbikecanfixedC.wherethisbikecouldfixedD.wherethisbikecouldbefixedI’mnotsurehe'llbehereintime.A.thatB.whereC.ifD.whenIthinkIcandobetterinEnglishthisyear.A.thatB.whetherC.andD.whenMyauntaskedmyhands.A.hadIwashedB.ifIwashesC.ifIhavewashedD.ifIhadwashed被動(dòng)語態(tài)在以下10種情況下均不能使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)：一、不及物動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：【正】ThestoryhappenedinLondon.【誤】ThestorywashappenedinLondon.二、表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如have,cost,fit,last,own,hold,become等往往不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：【正】Theshirtfitshimverywell.【誤】Heisfittedverywellbytheshirt.三、某些“不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞”構(gòu)成的短語動(dòng)詞，如listento,walkinto,falloff等，往往不使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：【正】Hewalkedintotheroom.【誤】Theroomwaswalkedintobyhim.四、祈使句一般沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：【正】Lookattheblackboard,please.【誤】Theblackboardislookedatbyyou.五、賓語和主語所指的對(duì)象相同時(shí)不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如:【正】Wemusthelpeachother.【誤】Eachothermustbehelpedbyus.六、某些及物動(dòng)詞的賓語表示處所、地點(diǎn)、組織時(shí)不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：【正】HejoinedtheLeaguein1998.【誤】TheLeaguewasjoinedbyhimin1998.七、動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語時(shí)不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：【正】TheyliketowatchTV.【誤】TowatchTVislikedbythem.【正】Heenjoyslisteningtotheradio.【誤】Listeningtotheradioisenjoyedbyhim.八、主動(dòng)句中有表示數(shù)量、長(zhǎng)度、大小或程度的單詞或短語作賓語時(shí)，往往不使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：【正】Shepaysthreeyuanforthetomatoes.【誤】Threeyuanispaidforthesetomatoesbyher.九、由“動(dòng)詞+名詞”構(gòu)成的英語習(xí)語（如makefaces,makefriends,takeplace等）一般不可改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：【正】Theboymakefacesinclass.【誤】Facesaremadebytheboyinclass.十、反身代詞在句中作賓語時(shí)，不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：【正】Youmustlookafteryourself.【誤】Yourselfmustbelookedafter.被動(dòng)語態(tài)一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)概述語態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，用以說明主語與謂語動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系。英語的語態(tài)共有兩種：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。被動(dòng)語態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式，一般說來，只有需要?jiǎng)幼鲗?duì)象的及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。漢語往往用"被"、"受"、"給”等詞來表示被動(dòng)意義。如：Heopenedthedoor.他打開了這扇門。（主動(dòng)語態(tài)）Thedoorwasopened.這扇門被打開了。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)由"助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)變化只改變be的形式，過去分詞部分不變.。疑問式和否定式的變化也如此。3、含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過去分詞：其時(shí)態(tài)及句型的變化僅由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成，"be+過去分詞"部分不變。如：Tablescanbemadeofstone.桌子可由石頭制造。Tablescouldbemadeofstoneatthattime.那時(shí)桌子可由石頭制造。（一般過去時(shí)）Cantablesbemadeofstone?桌子能用石頭制造嗎？（疑問句）三、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法：1、不知道或沒有必要指出誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。Thebridgewasbuiltlastyear.這座橋是去年建造的。Hewaselectedchairman.他被選為主席。2、當(dāng)更加強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)。此時(shí)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者由by引導(dǎo)置于謂語動(dòng)詞之后，不需要時(shí)可以省略。Theroomhasn'tbeencleanedyet.房間還沒有打掃。Thetigerwaskilledbyhim.老虎被他殺死了。3、當(dāng)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不是人時(shí)，多用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：Thewindowwasblownbywind.窗戶被風(fēng)吹開了。Thewholevillagehasbeenwashedawaybytheflood.整個(gè)村莊都被洪水沖走了。4、表示客觀的說明常用“Itis+過去分詞.”句型。ItissaidthatLucyhasgoneabroad.據(jù)說露茜已經(jīng)出國(guó)了。Itisbelievedthatheisaspy.（=Heisbelievedtobeaspy.）大家相信他是個(gè)間諜。其它常見的“Itis+過去分詞+由位“句型還有Itisreportedthat...據(jù)報(bào)道Itissaidthat…據(jù)說Itisbelievedthat…大家相信Itissuggestedthat…有人建議四、主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換圖示：1、主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的步驟：（1）將主動(dòng)句的賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z：注意：如果主動(dòng)句的賓語是代詞，需將其由賓格變?yōu)橹鞲?。如：Tomkilledhim.—HewaskilledbyTom.（2）將動(dòng)詞改為"be+過去分詞”。注意：Theyheldameetingyesterday.—Ameetingwasheldbythemyesterday.他們昨天開會(huì)了。（3）將主動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語改為be…放在謂語動(dòng)詞后。注意：如果原主語是代詞，則應(yīng)由主格變?yōu)橘e格。Hesangasong.—Asongwassungbyhim.2、主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的注意事項(xiàng)：（1）主動(dòng)句中的主語如果是people,we,you,they,somebody等含糊地表示"人們"、"大家”的單詞，變?yōu)橹鲃?dòng)句時(shí)，通常刪去"by…"，但原主語被強(qiáng)調(diào)者除外。如：Theysetupthishospitalin1975.—Thishospitalwassetupin1975.這所醫(yī)院建于1975年。Onlyhecanfinishthejob.—只有他能完成這項(xiàng)工作。Thejobcanbefinishedonlybyhim.這項(xiàng)工作只能由他來完成。（2）含有雙賓語，即直接賓語和間接賓語的句子，每個(gè)賓語都可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語，即其被動(dòng)語態(tài)有兩種形式。但多以間接賓語作主語。Jacktoldusthetruth.杰克告訴了我們真相。WeweretoldthetruthbyJack.Thetruthwastold（to）usbyJack.五、動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)之意以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)之意的動(dòng)詞多為連系動(dòng)詞，如：look,feel,smell等。下列動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)式：happen， cost，take，haveAnaccidentwashappenedyesterday.（x）昨天發(fā)生了一起事故。Anaccidenthappenedyesterday.（）Theflowersmellssweet.這花聞起來很香。Thewatchlooksgood.這表看起來很好。Thisbooksellswell.這本書暢銷。六、各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)舉例（以動(dòng)詞do為例）.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（am/is/are+done）Englishisspokenbylotsofpeopleintheworld.世界上的許多人都說英語。ClassmeetingisheldeveryThursday.每周四都舉行班會(huì)。Theclassroomiscleanedbythestudentseveryday.學(xué)生們每天都打掃教室。.一般過去時(shí)(was/were+done)Thecupwasbrokenbytheboy.杯子被那個(gè)男孩打碎了。Hewassavedatlast.他最終獲救了。Mybikewasstolen.我的自行車被偷了。.一般將來時(shí)與過去將來時(shí)(will/shallbe+done;would/shouldbe+done)Aspeechwillbegiventhisafternoon.今天下午有一個(gè)演講。Anewroadwillbebuiltnextyear.明年要修一條新馬路。Ithoughtthousandsofpeoplewouldbehelped.我認(rèn)為將有數(shù)千人得到幫助。.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與過去進(jìn)行時(shí)(am/is/arebeing+done;was/werebeing+done)Themachinewasbeingrepairedatthistimeyesterday.昨天這時(shí)，機(jī)器正在被修理。Theproblemisbeingdiscussednow.問題正在被討論。Abusisbeingpushedbythepassengers.路人正在推一輛公共汽車。.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have/hasbeen+done)Twohundredtreeshavebeenplantedbynow.至U現(xiàn)在為止，已經(jīng)種了二百棵樹了。Thebookhasbeenreadmanytimesbyme.這本書已經(jīng)被我讀了許多遍了。Severalsoldiershavealreadybeenkilledintheconflict.在沖突中已經(jīng)有幾名士兵被殺害。.過去完成時(shí)(hadbeen+done)Theysaidtheyhadbeeninvitedtotheparty.他們說已經(jīng)被邀請(qǐng)參加晚會(huì)了。Shefoundthehousehadbeendestroyedbythestorm.她發(fā)現(xiàn)房子已經(jīng)被暴風(fēng)雨摧毀。Hehadbeentorturedbythe川nessformanyyearsbeforehedied.他在去世前已經(jīng)被疾病折磨很多年了。被動(dòng)語態(tài)專項(xiàng)練習(xí)I單項(xiàng)選擇Goodbooksagainandagain.A.shouldbereadedB.shouldbereadC.mustreadD.oughttoreadThechildrenbythenurse.A.werelookedB.lookedafterC.werelookedafterD.lookedHesomepiecesofadvice,buthetothem.A.gave,didn'tlistenB.wasgiven,wasn'tlistenedC.give,wasn'tlistenedD.wasgiven,didn'tlistenWhentheaccident?A.was,happenB.did,happenC.is,happenD.was,happenedThequestionbyussoon.A.isgoingtodiscussB.willdiscussC.isgoingtobediscussedD.hasbeendiscussedThelababoutfiveyearsago.A.wasbuildedB.wasbuiltC.buildsD.hasbeenbuiltAlotoftallbuildingsinhishometowninthelastthreeyears.A.havesetupB.havebeensetupC.weresetupD.setupTheyprinting500copiesbytheendoflastmonth.A.hadfinishedB.havefinishedC.hadbeenfinishedD.havebeenfinishedRicealsointheirhometown.A.is???grownB.is???grewC.was???grewD.was???grownHebytheteachers.A.isalwayspraisedB.praisesC.havebeenpraisedD.alwaysispraisedGreatchangesplace.Manynewschools.A.havetaken,havebeenopenedB.take,areopenC.aretaken,openD.havebeentaken,areopenedThepictureinOctober,1996.A.wastakingB.hadbeentakenC.wastakenD.hadtakenWecan'tusethebridgenow,becauseit.A.hasbeenrepairedB.isrepairingC.isrepairedD.isbeingrepairedIthewaytotherailwaystationbyapoliceman.A.wasshownB.showedC.haveshownD.wasshowingThewari