專八聽力真題及復(fù)習(xí)資料

SPARTILISTENINGCOMPREHESIONSECTIONCNEWSBROADCASTA.thatitcanheartheowner’svoice.Cthatitcanidentifytheowner’svoice.D.thatitcanremembertheowner’sPIN.力原文Part1,ListeningComprehensionSECTIONAMINI-LECTUREGoodmorning!Intoday'slectureweshalldiscusswhatmeaningisinliterary,works.Whenisadifficultissueinliterature.Howdoweknowwhataworkofliteratureissupposedtomeanorwhatitsrealmeaningis?I'dliketodiscussthreewaystoexplainwhatmeaningis.No.1,meaningiswhatisintendedbytheauthor.(Q1)No.2,meaningiscreatedbyandcontainedinthetextitself.AndNo.3,meaningiscreatedbythereader.Now,let'stakealookatthefirstapproach—thatis,meaningiswhatisintendedbythethefollowing:First,gotothelibraryandreadotherworksbythesameauthor.(Q2)SecondgettoknowsomethingaboutwhatsortofmeaningsseemtobecommoninliterarysinthatparticulartraditionandatthattimeInotherwordsweneedtofindoutwhattheliterarytrendswereinthosedays.(Q3)understandtheauthor'smeaningmuchmoreclearlyafteryoudotherelatedbackgroundresearch.Now,let'smoveontothesecondapproachtomeaning—thatis,meaningiscreatedbyandcon?tainedinthetextitself.Doesthemeaningexistinthetext?Somescholarsarguethattheformalprop?ertiesofthetextlikegrammar,diction,usesofimageandsoonandsoerwillinevitablycometomoreorlessthesameinterpretationasanyother.As.farasIamconcerned,themeaningisnotonlytobefoundintheliterarytraditionsandgrammaticalconventionsofmeaningbutalsointheculturalcodeswhichhavebeenhandeddownfromionsThatkindofagreementcouldbecreatedbyhavesomekindofsharedbasesforthesameinterpretation,butthatdoesnotmeanthatreadersagreeonthemeaningallthetime.Indifferenttimeperiods,withdifferentculturalperspec?tives,includingclass,beliefandworldview,readers,Imeancompetentreaders,canarriveatdif?ferentinterpretationsoftdxts:(Q6)Someaninginthetextisdeterminedbyhowreadersseeit.Itisnotcontainedinthetextinafixedway.Now,thethirdapproachtomeaning—thatis,meaningiscreatedbythereader.(Q7)Doesthemeaningthenexistinthereader'sresponse?Inasense,thisisinescapable.Meaningsetsofresponsesinthereader.Thisleadsustoconsiderthreeessentialissues.Thefirstis—meaningissocial—(Q8)thatis,languageandconventionsworkonlyasharedmeaningandourwayofviewingtheworldcanexistonlyasharedorsharable.Similarly,whenwereadatext,weareparticipatinginsocialorculturalmeaning,soaresponsetoapieceofliteraryworkisnotmerelyanindividualthingbutispartofcultureandhistory.Second,meaningiscontextual.Ifyouchangethecontext,youoftenchangethemeaning.Andlast,meaningrequiresreadercompetency.(Q9)Textsconstructedasliteraturehavetheirownwaysofexpressionsorsometimeswesaystyles.Andthemoreweknowofthem,themorewecanunderstandthetext.Consequently,thereisinregardtothequestionofmeaning;thematterofreadercompetencyasitiscalledtheexperienceandknowledgeofcomprehendingliterarytexts.Yourprofessorsmightinsistthatyoupracticeandimprovecompetencyinreadingandtheymightalsoinsistthatyouinterpretmeaninginthecontextofthewholework.Butyoumayhavetolearnothercompe?tenciestoo.Forinstance,inreadingMulkRajAnand'sTheUntouchables'youmighthavetolearnwhatthesocialstructureofIndiawaslikeatthattime,whattraditionsofwritingwereinpracticeinIndiaintheearly1930s,whatpolitical,culturalandpersonalinfluencesMulkRajAnandcamethatthisi?deathatmeaningrequirescompetencyinreadinginfactbringsusbacktothehistoricallysituatedun?derstandingsofanauthorandhisworksaswementionedearlierinthislecture,todifferentconven?tionsandwaysofreadingandwritingandtothepointthatmeaningrequiresanegotiationbetweenculturalmeaningsacrosstime,culture,class,etc.Asreaders,youhaveinfactacquiredagooddealofcompetencyalreadybutyoushouldacquiremore.Theessentialpointofthislectureisthatmean?inginliteratureisaphenomenonthatisnoteasilylocated,thatmeaningishistorical,socialandde?rivedfromthetraditionsofreadingandthinkingandunderstandingoftheworldthatyouareeducatedabout.Thankyouforyourattention!SECTIONBINTERVIEWInterviewer:Well,Iseefromyourresume,MissGreen,thatyoustudiedattheuniversitycollege.Howdidyoufindthere?psy?chologydepartmentwasagreatplacetobe.(Q1)Interviewer:Howcomeyouchosepsychology?IguessI'vejustalwaysbeeninterestedinpeopleandthewaytheyact.Iwantedtoknowwhypeoplethinkandactthewaytheydo.It'safascinatingarea.Interviewer:Andwhatwasthecourselike?.MissGreen:Good.Theteacherswereallreallyniceandtheyhadthespecialapproachtotdoinsomemoretraditionalplaces.Thewholecoursewasbasedontheproblem-solvingheydescribedapaiticularsituationtousandwediscusswhatmightSoforme,itwasjustgreat.(Q1)tletmesee...aboutfivemonths.Iwasaresearcherinthedepartment.Wedesignasurvey,goouttothesedthepsychologycourseatcollegehelpedmealot.Interviewer:AndafterthatyouworkedforthreeyearsinanAdvertisingAgency.ThatmustbeabitofchangefromtheDepartmentofEmployment,wasn'tit?oresophisticatedbuttheworkwasquite,similar.Iwasbasicallystilldoingthesamething—designingques?tionnaires,goingout,askingquestionsandwritingreports.TheonlydifferencewasthatthistimeIwasn'taskingpeopleabouttheirwork.Iwasaskingthemwhatkindofsham?pootheyboughtandiftheypreferredbrandXtobrandY.(Q3)ThenImakeupare?portandtheagencywouldusetheinformationintheadvertisingcampaigns.Ienjoyedmyworkalot.Interviewer:Sowhydidyoudecidetoleave?MissGreen:.Threeyearsisalongtimetobeaskingpeoplethosesortsofquestionsaboutshampooanddrinks.No.Seriously,aftertwoyearsIwasinchargeoftheresearchdepartmentoftheagencyand.Ihadoneassistantresearcher.Iguessaftertwoyearsofdoingthat,Isup?poseIfelt,youknow,Icandothiswell.AndnowIwanttodosomethingelsethat'salittledifferent.Andtherewasnowhereformetogoinsidethecompany.Itjust(Q4)WhenIheardaboutthepositionofseniorresearcherhere,Ithoughtthat'sexactlywhatIwant—thechancetocombinemymanagementskillsandmyresearchinterestsworkinginamuchlargerdepartmentwithmorevariedwork.ntwouldofferyouthekindofchallengeyou'relookingfor?MissGreen:Exactly.Yes.AsIsaid,managementinalargerorganizationandresearchofmine,whoworkshere,MarkAusten,toldmeafewweeksagothatyouwerelookingforsomeonetotakeoverthejob.Hedescribedthepositiontomeinquiteabitofdetail.AndIthought,"Well,,that'sexactlywhatI'mlookingfor."SoreallyI'dwrittenmylet?terofapplicationbeforethejobwasevenadvertised.Interviewer:Ishouldtellyouthatwiththepresentcutbacks,we'veonlygotonefull-timeadministerassistantinthesection.Howwouldyoufeelaboutdoingyourownwordprocessing,photocopying,thatsortofthing?waytowritereally,isn'tit?Icantypewellabout60wordsaminute.IdidasecretarialtschoolsoIlearnttypinginshorthandThenafewyearslaterIboughtaPCandIlearnthowtodowordprocessing,too.(Q5)assis?tantresearchersresponsibletoyou.That'sconsiderablymoreresponsibilitythanmbitiousAndasyousaidyoulikechallengeIwaswonderingwhatyouseeyourselfdoingin,say,fiveortenyearsonthetrack.MissGreen:Oh,thatisadifficultquestion.Letmetrytoansweryourquestioninthisway.I'm-par?ticularlyinterestedinexperimentaldesignandalsointeaching.I'dliketocontinuetheorganizationandplanningsiteofresearch,butdosometeaching,too.Iknowthatyouhavelecturersherewhodojustthatsortofthing—somepracticalworkerandsomeun?dergraduateandpostgraduateteaching.Sothat'swhatIreallybeaimingfor—tobealec?turerhereaswell.(Q5)Interviewer:Well,thatiscertainlyacareerpaththatwe'dencourageyoutofollow.Butofcourseitmightbenecessarytoupgradeyourpresentqualificationsfirst.IseefromyourNewsItem2(forquestion8)resumethatyou'veenrolledinanM.A.inexperimentalpsychology.Couldyoutellmeabitaboutthecoursesyou'replanningtofake?SECTIONCNEWSBROADCASTNewsItem1(forquestions6and7)tpcrashintotheEuropeanCentralBankHelandedsafelyafterouttwohoursandwasarrested.,ThemantoldatelevisionstationhewantedtocallattentiontoJudithResnik,aU.S.astronautkilledinthe1986post-launchexplosionofthespaceshuttleChallenger.(Q6)Militaryjetschasedthestolen,two-seatmotorizedgliderasthemanbegancirclingslowlyaboveFrankfurt'sbankingdis?trict.Thousandsofpeoplewereevacuatedfromthemainrailwaystation,twooperahousesandsever?alskyscrapers.Policeidentifiedthemanasa31-year-oldGermanstudentfromDarmstadt,acityabout25milessouthofFrankfurt.Inradiocontactwithairtrafficcontrollers,themanthreatenedtocrashintothe.EuropeanCentralBankheadquartersunlesshewasallowedtheTVinterviewaswellasacalltoBaltimore.(Q7)HelatersaidhewantedtocommitsuicidebyplungingtheplaneintotheMaineRiver.Itwasunclearifthemanwasforcedtolandortalkeddown.Airtrafficcontrollersandapolicepsychologisthadbeenincontactwithhim.Shanghaiplanstobuildavastundergroundnetworkofmalls,restaurantsandparkinglotsThedevelopmentwillcover600,000squaremeters,theequivalentof120soccerfields,itswebsiteThecityisacceptingbidsfrombuildersShanghaihasabout20millionpeople,plusfactories,officetheYangtzeRiver.Theplanscalledfortheprojectduetobefinishedby2006toexpandexistingfacilitiesscatteredalongShanghaisubwaysystem.Theprojectwillneedadvancedtechnologytosupplyfreshairandensuresafety.Butthebiggestconcernisthestabilityoff`thesoilunderthecity.Shanghaiissinkingby1.5centimetersayear.Landssubsidencehasbeenaggravatedbyover-pumpingofundergroundwaterandtheconstructionofthousandsofh