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StandardStandardStandardsareben arksor“norms”formeasuringperformance.Inmanagerialaccounting,twotypesofstandardsarecommonlyused.tystandardsspecifyhowmuchofaninputshouldbeusedtomakeaproductprovidea
PricestandardsspecifyhowmuchshouldbepaidforeachunitoftheExamples:Firestone,Sears,McDonald’s,hospitals,constructionandmanufacturingcompanies.Develo UnitInputStandardsCostCostAssignmentApproachesManagersfocusManagersfocustiesandthatexceedstandards,apracticeknownmanagementbyTypeofProductDevelopmentoftyStandardsaredevelopedHistoricalEngineeringInputfrom 5DevelopmentofPriceStandardsarethejointresponsibility
6Standardsvs.ArestandardsthesameArestandardsthesameasbudgets?Abudgetissetfortotalcosts.Astandardisaperunitcost.Standardsareoftenusedwhenpreparingbudgets.SettingDirectMaterialFinal,deliveredcostofmaterials,netofdiscounts.
Useproductdesignspecifications.SettingDirectLaborUsesurveyslaborUsetimemotionstudieseachlaborTherateisTherateisvariableportionofthepredeterminedoverheadTheactivityisbaseusedtocalculatethepredeterminedStandardCostCard–VariableProductionCostAstandardcostcardforoneunitproductmightlooklikeABAxorperorDirect3.0$ per14.00per per Direct2.5Variablemfg.2.5Totalstandardunit Price tyPriceand tystandardsaredeterminedsepara yfortworeasons:ThepurchasingmanagerisresponsibleforrawmaterialpurchasepricesandtheproductionmanagerisresponsiblefortyofrawmaterialThebuyingandusingactivitiesoccuratdifferentRawmaterialpurchasesmaybeheldininventoryforaperiodoftimebeforebeingusedinproduction.AstandardcostvarianceAstandardcostvarianceistheamountbyanactualcostdiffersfromthestandardThisvarianceisunfavorablewhentheactualcostexceedsthestandardcost.Itisfavorableiftheactualislessthanthestandard ysisConductnextPreparestandardcostperformancePreparestandardcostperformanceStandardCostStandardCostPrice tyThedifferencebetweentheactualpriceandthestandardprice
Thedifferencebetweentheactual tyandthestandard AGeneralModelfor Price tyMaterialspricevarianceLaborratevarianceVOHspendingvariance
tyvarianceLaborefficiencyvarianceVOHefficiencyvarianceAGeneralModelfor ×Actual
×Standard
×StandardPrice tyStandardpriceStandardpriceistheamountthatshouldhavebeenpaidfortheresourcesacquired.AGeneralModelfor×Actual
×Standard
× Price ty tytyistyallowedthetheactualgood=StandardinputperunitofoutputXactualoutput.AGeneralModelfor×Actual
×Standard
×StandardPrice tyAQ(AP-AQ=Actual AP=ActualPrice
SP(AQ-SP=StandardPriceSQ=Standard MaterialVariancesGlacierPeakOutfittershasthefollowingdirectmaterialstandardforthefiberfillinitsmountain0.1kg.offiberfillperparkaat$5.00perLastmonth210kgsoffiberfillwerepurchasedandusedtomake2,000parkas.Thematerialcostatotalof$1,029.MaterialVariances ×Actual
×Standard
×Standard210210200×××$4.90per$5.00per$5.00per===Price$21
ty$50MaterialHowarethevariancescomputedHowarethevariancescomputediftheamountpurchaseddiffersfromtheamountused?ThepricevariancecomputedonthetytyiscomputedonlytyMaterial ×Actual
×StandardPrice ×Standard
×StandardtyThestandardpriceisThestandardpriceisusedtocomputetysothattheproductionmanagerisnotheldresponsiblethepurchasingmanager’s ty MaterialsPriceProductionProductionPurchasingLaborVariancesHansonInc.hasthefollowingdirectlaborstandardtomanufactureoneZippy:1.5standardhoursperZippyat$12.00directlaborLastweek1,550directlaborhourswereworkedatatotallaborcostof$18,910tomake1,000Zippies.Actual
LaborVariancesActual
×Actual×Standard×Standard1,5501,5501,500×××$12.20per$12.00per$12.00per===Rate$310
Efficiency$600ResponsibilityforLaborProductionmanagersareusuallyheldaccountableforlaborvariancesbecausetheycaninfluencethe:Production
Mixofskilllevelsassignedtoworktasks.LevelofemployeeQualityofproductionQualityoftrainingprovidedtoemployees.VariableManufacturingOverheadVariancesGlacierPeakOutfittershasthefollowingdirectvariablemanufacturingoverheadlaborstandardforitsmountainparka.1.2standardhoursperparkaat$4.00perLastmonthemployeesactuallyworked2,500hourstomake2,000parkas.ActualvariablemanufacturingoverheadforthemonthwasVariableManufacturingOverheadVariancesSummaryActual×Actual
Actual×Standard
Standard×Standard2,5002,5002,400×××$4.20per$4.00per$4.00per===Spending$500
Efficiency$400HowdoIknowwhichvariancestoLargervariances,HowdoIknowwhichvariancestoLargervariances,indollaramountorasapercentageofthestandard,areinvestigatedfirst.Information:Standardcost:$100,000;allowabledeviation:$10,000;actualcostsforsixmonths:Required:Plottheactualcostsovertimeagainsttheupperandlowercontrollimits.Determinewhenavarianceshouldbeinvestigated. Standard
PricingandHowcompaniespriceaproductorservice ydependsonthedemandandsupplyforitThreeinfluencesondemandandDifferencesAffectingPricing:LongRunvs.ShortRunCoststhatareoftenirrelevantforshort-run suchasfixedcoststhatcannotbechanged,aregenerallyrelevantinthelongrunbecausecostscanbealteredinthelongrunProfitmarginsinlong-runpricingdecisionsareoftensettoearnareasonablereturnoninvestment–pricesaredecreasedwhendemandisweakandincreasedwhendemandisstrongAlternativeLong-RunPricingMarket-Based:pricechargedisbasedonwhatcustomerswantandhowcompetitorsreactCost-Basedpricechargedisbasedonwhatitcosttoproducecoupledwiththeabilitytorecoupthecostsandstillachievearequiredrateofreturn以ThegeneralformulaaddsamarkupcomponenttothecostbasetodetermineaprospectivesellingpriceUsuallyonlyastartingpointintheprice-settingprocessMarkupissomewhatflexible,basedpartiallyoncustomersandcompetitorsFormsofCost-PlusSettingaTargetRateofReturnonInvestment:theTargetAnnualOperatingReturnthatanorganizationaimstoachieve,dividedbyInvestedCapitalSelectingdifferentcostbasesforthe“cost-plus”VariableManufacturingVariableManufacturingFullDigitalSolutionsInc.—100,000Variable
Direct$$DirectFactorySellingandadmin. TotalvariableFixedFactorySellingandadmin. Totalfixed TotalDesiredprofitTotalcosts
=Totalcostper Markup($16.70x Selling Onlythedesiredprofitiscoveredinthemarkup.MarketsandCompetitiveMarkets–usethemarket-based petitiveMarkets–canuseeitherthemarket-basedorcost-basedapproach petitiveMarkets–use
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