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醫(yī)學遺傳學種群的遺傳與變異第一頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日LearningObjectivesThenatureandamountofgeneticvariationinhumanpopulations,andtheroleofgeneticvariationinliabilitytodisease.

第二頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日EthnicGroups:Caucasoid,Negroid,Mongoloid第三頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日GenesinHumanPopulations

Studyofdistributionandfrequencyofgenesinpopulationsreasonsfordifferentgenefrequenciesindifferentpopulations‘burdenofgeneticdisease’isrelatedtofrequencyandseverityofgeneticdisorders-toanindividualandtothepopulationasawhole.第四頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日第五頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日MendelianpopulationAninterbreedingpopulationofsexuallyreproducingindividualssharingacommongenepool.第六頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日Genepool,genotypes,andgenefrequencyGenepool:thegeneticconstitutionofapopulationofagivenorganism.Allthegenesofalltheindividualsinpopulationmakeupthegenepool.Genotypes:thegeneticconstitutionofasingleindividual.Genefrequency(allelicfrequency):thefrequenciesofthemembersofapairofallelegenesinapopulation.Phenotypefrequency第七頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日HardyWeinbergEquilibriumThelawthatrelatesallelefrequencytogenotypefrequency,usedinpopulationgeneticstodetermineallelefrequencyandheterozygotefrequencywhentheincidenceofadisorderisknown.

assumes: largepopulation randommating nonewmutations noimmigrationinorout.第八頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日

(HardyWeinbergequationp2+2pq+q2

=1)IfallallelesatalocusareeitherAora,frequencyof“A”inthepopulationisp,frequencyof“a”inthepopulationisq

thenp+q=1and,frequencyofAAisp2 aaisq2 Aais2pq

AAAaaAaap22pqq2homozygousnormalcarriersaffected第九頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日(p2 +

2pq+ q2=1)Observedfrequencyofrecessivediseaseinpopulationisq2

(e.g.,frequencyofPKU=1/10000)

q2

=1/10000therefore: q=1/100(*thisisnotthecarrier frequency)Since p+q=1

p=1–q=1–1/100=99/100第十頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日Carrierfrequency(2pq)

2pq =2(99/100x1/100) =2(~1x1/100) =2/100 =1/50ProbabilitythatacouplewillhaveachildwithPKU(i.e.q2)istherefore1/50x1/50x?=1/10000第十一頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日GenotypeAAAa+aAaaFrequencyp22pqq2PhenotypeNormalCarriersAffected第十二頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日ExceptionstoHardyWeinbergAssumptionsMigration

–introduction/lossofallelesMutations

–mayoccuratdifferentfrequencyindifferentpopulations3.

Smallpopulationsize -geneticisolate/foundereffect4.

Non-randommating -consanguinity -assortativemating(=non-randommating)第十三頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日FactorsthatdisturbHardy-WeinbergequilibriumExceptionstorandommatingExceptionstoconstantallelefrequencyGeneticdriftGeneflow

第十四頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日ChangesinAlleleFrequencyCanbecausedby:mutation(sourceofgeneticvariation)selection(phenotypesdifferinbiologicalfitness) (deleteriousmutationsmayberemovedbyearlydeath/lackofreproduction)migration(movementinorout)

第十五頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日SelectionIfindividualshavingcertaingenesarebetterabletoproducematureoffspringthanthosewithoutthem,thefrequencyofthosegeneswillincrease.

F(Fitness)-theabilitytocontributetothegenepoolofthenextgeneration

S(selectivecoefficient)第十六頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日SelectionZerofitnessofADmutations

EarlylethalityConditionoccursonlybecauseofnewmutationsAppear‘sporadic’ratherthanasADpedigree eg.osteogenesisimperfecta,pare:achondroplasia–fitnessof0.20-frequencyresultsfrombalancebetween“l(fā)ossbyselection”,and“gainbynewmutation”第十七頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日第十八頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日HeterozygoteAdvantageMutantallelehasahighfrequencydespitereducedfitnessinaffectedindividuals.Heterozygotehasincreasedfitnessoverbothhomozygousgenotypeseg.Sicklecellanemia.第十九頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日SickleCellAnemiainWestAfricaA/A“normal”SusceptibilitytomalariaA/SHeterozygouscarrier-Resistanttomalaria-AnemiarareS/SSicklecelldiseaseSevereanemia,oftenfatal.第二十頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日MoreinfluencesonallelefrequenciesEffectsofpopulationsizeandnon-randommating

-contrarytoHardyWeinbergassumptions,humanshaveoftenlivedinsmallpopulations,isolatedfromtheirneighbors第二十一頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日GeneticDriftFluctuationinallelefrequencyduetochanceinasmallpopulation.第二十二頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日FounderEffectIfanoriginalmemberofasub-populationhasarareallele,itmaybecomecommoninthesub-population(highcarrierfrequency),resultinginhighfrequencyof‘rare’disease.e.g.HuntingdondiseaseinLakeMaracaibo,Venezuela(AD)GyrateAtrophyinFinlandTyrosinemiaineasternQuebec[1/685vs.1/100000]第二十三頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日Non-randommating

AssortativeMatingPakistaniorCypriotpopulationinUKAshkenaziJewishpopulation“Deaf”populationor“blind”population第二十四頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日Consanguinity/Inbreedingwhenanindividual’sparentshaveoneormorecommonancestors,identifiablefromapedigree(orarchivalrecords)-becauseofgeneticisolate,culturalpractice,assortativemating

-Increasedlikelihoodofq2第二十五頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日ClinicalandPublicHealthImplicationsincreasedpopulation-specificfrequenciesofgeneticdisorderse.g.SaguenayregionofQuebec-increasedfrequencyoftyrosinemia,hypercholesterolemia,myotonicdystrophy-dedicatedtreatment,screening,educationforthepublicandhealthcareproviders第二十六頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日Hardy-Weinbergequilibriumlaw

Iftwoallelesatagene-AandafrequencyoftheAallele=pfrequencyoftheaallele=qFirstoffspring:p2【AA】+2pq【Aa】+q2【aa】Gametalfrequencyoffirstoffspring:

A=p2+1/2(2pq);a=q2+1/2(2pq)randommatingFemalesA(p)a(q)MalesA(p)AA(p2)Aa(pq)a(q)aA(qp)aa(q2)第二十七頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日Gametalfrequencyofsecondoffspring:A=p2+1/2(2pq)

a=q2+1/2(2pq)第二十八頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日Hardy-Weinbergequilibriumimpliesthatgeneandgenotypefrequenciesareconstantfromgenerationtogeneration.Ifdisequilibriumoccurs,equilibriumwillbereestablishedafteronegenerationofrandommating.

H-Wlawrestsonseveralassumptions:largepopulationrandommatingnomutationsnomigrationbetweenpopulationsnoselection-allgenotypesreproducewithequalsuccess

第二十九頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日Hardy-WeinbergequilibriumlawIftwoallelesatagene-AandafrequencyoftheAallele=pfrequencyoftheaallele=q3.Thetwofractionsadduptototalityp+q=l4.theproportionsofthethreegenotypes:AA,Aaandaaarep2:2pq:q25.Hardy-Weinbergformula:p2(AA)+2pq(Aa)+q2(aa)=1第三十頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日ApplicationsofHardy-Weinberglaw:Howtojudgethepopulationequilibrium?Forexample,considerthreehypotheticalpopulations:AA60persons,aa20persons,Aa20persons,howaboutthepopulationbalance?GenotypeNumber

FrequencyofgenotypeAA600.6Aa200.2aa200.2Total1001第三十一頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日Thegenefrequencyinthepopulationsis:A=p=0.6+0.2/2=0.7a=q=0.2+0.2/2=0.3Ifpopulationbalance,theywillbe:(AA)

p2+2pq(Aa)+(aa)q2=1So,0.49+0.42+0.09=1

GenotypeNumber

FrequencyofgenotypeAA

600.6Aa200.2aa200.2Total1001But第三十二頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日Afteronegenerationofrandommating,eachofthethreepopulationswillhavethesamegenotypicfrequencies:A=p=0.6+0.2/2=0.7a=q=0.2+0.2/2=0.3AA(p2)=0.49Aa(2pq)=0.42aa(q2)=0.09FemalesA(p)a(q)MalesA(p)AA(p2)Aa(pq)a(q)aA(qp)aa(q2)第三十三頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日Howtocalculatetheallelefrequencyandthegenotypefrequencyofthepopulation?1.ARtraits:Ifthefrequencyofarecessivetraitisknown,itispossibletocalculateallelefrequenciesandgenotypefrequenciesusingtheHardyWeinbergequationanditsassumptionsasfollows:1in1700USCaucasiannewbornshavecysticfibrosiswhichmeansthatthefrequencyofhomozygotesforthisrecessivetraitisq2=1/1700=0.00059ThesquarerootofthefrequencyofrecessivesisequaltotheallelefrequencyoftheCFalleleq=0.024

第三十四頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日

iiiThefrequencyofthenormalalleleisequalto1-thefrequencyoftheCfallelep=1-q=1-0.024=0.976ivThefrequencyofcarriers(heterozygotes)fortheCFalleleis2pq=2(0.976)(0.024)=0.047or1/21vThefrequencyofhomozygotesforthenormalalleleisp2=(0.976)2=0.953viThusthepopulationiscomposedofthreegenotypesatthecalculatedfrequenciesofhomozygousnormal=0.952576

heterozygouscarriers=0.046848

homozygousaffected=0.000588

第三十五頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日2.Frequencyofsex-linkedgenesThedistributionoftherecessivephenotype(aa)isequaltoqExample:Colorblindnessq(XaY)=frequencyofMalesufferer=0.07SothefrequencyofgenotypeinFemaleXaXa=q2=(0.07)2

XAXA=p2=(1-q)2=(1-0.07)2第三十六頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日第三十七頁,共四十二頁,2022年,8月28日Geneflow

Theexchangeofgenesbetweendifferentpo

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