亞開行-亞洲及太平洋的權力下放、地方治理和可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標本地化

Decentralization,LocalGovernance,andLocalizingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsinAsiaandthePacificlyyADBlicdaRoutledgeStudiesinSustainableDevelopmentBeyondtheBlueEconomyPeterRudgeThePoliticsoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsMagdalenaBexellandKristinaJ?nssonEcologicalLimitsofDevelopmentKaitlinKishandStephenQuilleyLearningStrategiesforSustainableOrganisationsBryanHopkinsSocialProgressandtheAuthoritarianChallengetoDemocracyDonaldG.ReidDecentralization,LocalGovernance,andLocalizingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsinAsiaandthePacificEditedbyBrunoCarrasco,HanifA.Rahemtulla,andRainerRohdewohldDecentralization,LocalGovernance,andLocalizingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsinAsiaandthePacificEditedbyBrunoCarrasco,HanifA.Rahemtulla,andRainerRohdewohldCo-publicationoftheAsianDevelopmentBankandRoutledgeRoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusinessBritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationDataISBN:978-1-032-25252-0(hbk)ISBN:978-1-032-25253-7(pbk)ISBN:978-1-003-28229-7(ebk)DOI:10.4324/9781003282297AbouttheAsianDevelopmentBankmiesContentsListoffguresviiListoftablesixListofboxesxiListofcontributorsxiiForewordxivWOOCHONGUMAcknowledgmentsxviiiListofabbreviationsxxIntroduction:LocalizingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsinAsiaandthePacific:Multi-levelGovernanceinthe“DecadeofAction”1BRUNOCARRASCOANDHIRANYAMUKHOPADHYAY1PoliticalandAdministrativeDecentralizationinAsiaandthePacific21RAINERROHDEWOHLD2FiscalDecentralizationinAsiaandthePacific42ROGERSHOTTON3SubnationalPlanningandBudgetinginAsiaandthePacific724SectorDecentralizationandFunctionalAssignmentinAsiaandthePacific104RAINERROHDEWOHLD5MeasuringPerformanceandPromotingAccountabilityintheContextofDecentralizationandLocalGovernanceReforms131SEBASTIANBARTSCHviContents6LocalizingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsinAsiaandthePacific159RAINERROHDEWOHLD7ConceptualizingandImplementingDecentralizationinAsiaandthePacific—ReformDesigns,NationalStrategies,andDevelopmentPartnerSupport192SEBASTIANBARTSCH Decentralization,LocalGovernance,andLocalizing8theSustainableDevelopmentGoalsinCambodia225RAINERROHDEWOHLD Decentralization,LocalGovernance,andLocalizing9theSustainableDevelopmentGoalsinIndonesia253GABRIELE(GABE)FERRAZZI10Decentralization,LocalGovernance,andLocalizingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsinMongolia275HANSVANRIJNANDROGERSHOTTON11Decentralization,LocalGovernance,andLocalizingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsinNepal303RAINERROHDEWOHLD12Decentralization,LocalGovernance,andLocalizingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsinPakistan326RAINERROHDEWOHLD13Conclusions355BRUNOCARRASCO,HANIFA.RAHEMTULLA,ANDRAINERROHDEWOHLDIndex367FiguressEvaluation134stonviiiFiguresIndonesia255TablesenasaGoalsSDGs293xxSeats4ss337BoxesontheHurals281ContributorsongsContributorsxiiiaForewordtForewordxvnxrtondnoSDGs:SustainableandResilientRecoveryDrivenbyCitiesandTerritories(2021),eonStrategy2030,ourOperationalPlanforPriority6:StrengtheningGovernanceandInstitutionalCapacity-2024)prioritizes,amongothers,supportforprojectonStrengtheningInstitutionsforLocalizingAgenda2030forSustainableAcknowledgmentsc(SDTC-GOV);DeclanF.Magee,PrincipalCountryEconomist,MongoliajnPrincipalPublicManagementtorSpecialistSEPFAcknowledgmentsxixNRMublicManagementOfficerNRMandFrankThomasAenassistance(TA)projectTA-9981(InstitutionalStrengtheningandCapacityDevelopmenttoEnhanceServiceDelivery).AbbreviationsAAAAADBADBIADLGADPAPEKSIAPKASIASEANAWPBBAPPEDABadanPerencanaandanPembangunanDaerah(RegionalBAPPENASBadanPerencanaandanPembangunanNasional(NationalBARMMBISPBKNvilServiceBOGBPSaC/SCACCARCBMSCCCCDCDCCDPCDPICDRICEECEFCIPCISCLDLCLGFCNRPCOACOFOGCOMFRELCPACPACPPCRHPCSCS/DLACSFCSOD&DDACDAKDDCDEFDeLoGDFIDDIDLGDMCDMKDODOLADPDPODDPSPDPWGLRDDSCDSFECECPEPCRCAbbreviationsxxiiaDewanPertimbanganOtonomiDaerah(RegionalxxiiAbbreviationsESCAPEUEUDAREUSPACEFAFAOFATAFCDOFDPFUNCINPECGDPGESIGIFGIZGesellschaftfürInternationaleZusammenarbeit)GMAPGONGOPGRBGTFGTZHLPFHRICTICTIFIIGESIMCIMFIMRINRIP3IPCIPMIPWGITJICAKfWKILAKPLAMCLaoPDRLATUGLCALCAPLDFLDILEDLGALGCDPLGE&RDDLGRULGUGCLNOBLRGLSGAM&EMALAMASAMMCPMMCSMDFMDGMEFMEIADMenPANRBMNAOMNTMOFMOIMOPRMoWAMRDMSSMTEFMUBNAOGAbbreviationsxxiiit(oftheCS/DLA)KementerianPendayagunaanAparaturNegaradanxxivAbbreviationsNCDDNCDD-SNECNEDANFNNGONLCNNRFCNORADNP2NPCNP-SNDDNRBNUAOBBODAOECDtOWSDOSROWSOP4RP&DPARPBPBAPBBPBGPBLPEFAPFCPFMPFMRPPILDATPKRPLGAPLGSPPNGPPEPPPPRAPRCPSMRADRBLRDPRGCRIDFRPJMDRPJMNRRASAARCSDCSDGSDSNSEISIASIDASLP3SMESNASNDDSNGSNIFSPDCSPTSTFSWAPTATAFTDFTWGUCLGUCLG-ASPACUNUNDESAUNCDFUNDPUNFCCCUNICEFUNITACAbbreviationsxxvRencanapembangunanjangkamenengahdaerah(RegionalRencanapembangunanjangkamenengahnasionalaxxviAbbreviationsUSAIDUSDVC/NCVDCVLRVNRVSRWASHWCFWHOIntroductionBrunoCarrascoandHiranyaMukhopadhyayRationaleforThisPublicationn2020).llDOI:10.4324/9781003282297-1Introduction3 nenic4BrunoCarrascoandHiranyaMukhopadhyayurseConceptualIssuesRelatedtoDecentralizationandLocalGovernanceidpsngIntroduction5rgndimensions:politicaldecentralization,fscaldecentralization,andadministrativedndeniinlAdministraiveDecentralizaion6BrunoCarrascoandHiranyaMukhopadhyayAdministraiveDecentralizaionDevoluionDevoluiononsofationsalnTableI.1ModalitiesofDecentralization77IntroductionIntroductionDeconcentrationDelegation/AgencyDevolutionInstrumentrceandReceiverofAuthorityFundingStaffngDiscretionforStructuringInternalOrganizationMinisterialdecree,circular,administrativenotification.Delegatedfromtheministrytoitsowndispersedbranchesorfieldoffices.WhenanSNGofficialhasdualroles,othersourcesmightbeinvolved.Fromtheministrytoitsbranchesdirectly(doesnotshowinSNGbudget).Branchstaffarecentral-levelcivilservantsandpartoftheministryestablishment.TheirdutiesmayincludecoordinatingwithSNGs.Whenanofficialhasadualrole,heorsheispartoftheSNGexecutivearm.Branchesarestructuredbytheministry,thoughoftenapprovedatcabinetorhigherlevel.Law,regulation,governmentdecree,orministerialdecree/circular.Fromtherepresentativebodyorministry/agencytotheSNGorspecialagency.FromtheassigningentitytotheSNG/specialagency.Insomecases,fundedfrombroadertransfersthataredeemedtobesufficienttocoverdelegatedtasks.SNG/specialagencyhasownstaffbutoperatesunderanationalframe.Mayalsousesecondedstaffofcentralgovernment.SNG/specialagencycanshapetheirunitswithinanationalframe,andhandletasksin/withinunitsoftheirchoosing.Constitution,law,andrelatedregulations.Fromthestate-orcentral-levelrepresentativebodytotheSNG.Tothereceivinglevelthroughassignedrevenues,blockgrants,orconditionalgrants/earmarkedtransfers.SNGhasownstaffbutoperatesunderanationalframe;usuallyhasadegreeofdiscretioninhiring,firing,sizeofestablishment,etc.ifadministrativedecentralizationispartofthearrangement.MayalsousesecondedstaffofcentralgovernmentwhoaretreatedessentiallyasSNGstaff.SNGcanshapetheirunitswithinanationalframe,andhandlefunctionsinunitsoftheirchoosing.(Continued)8TableI.1Continued8BrunoBrunoCarrascoandDevolutionDeconcentrationDelegationDevolutionDeconcentrationImplementationiscretionReporting/AccountabilityVariablebutusuallylimitedbyministryregulations,procedures,standards,andinstructions.Maybeconsiderableadhocguidance.Thebranch/officialisaccountabletoministryheadquarters.Considerablyconstrainedbypolicy,procedures,andstandardssetbyassigningentity;somediscretiononimplementationinsomecases.TheSNGisprimarilytotheassigningentity,butalsototheSNGrepresentativebodyandcitizens.Highdegreeofdiscretion,butmaybelimitedsomewhatbynationalstandards.TheSNGisprimarilyresponsibletocitizensthroughtheSNGrepresentativebody;verticalaccountabilityremainsandinprincipleismorepronouncedinearlystagesofdecentralization.Source:FerrazziandRohdewohld2017.Introduction9gayonowerleveldistrictd10BrunoCarrascoandHiranyaMukhopadhyayIntroduction11LinkingDecentralizationandLocalGovernanceReformsandGlobalAgendasonarty12BrunoCarrascoandHiranyaMukhopadhyaylIntroduction13aleregStructureofthePublication14BrunoCarrascoandHiranyaMukhopadhyayiesThecountriesselectedcomefromtane-learningcourseonDecentralization,LocalGovernance,andLocalizingSDGsinAsiaandthePacifc.15However,boththescopeoftopicsincludedandtheeIntroduction15eSDGs.l16BrunoCarrascoandHiranyaMukhopadhyayNotes3)andindustry,innovation,andinfrastructure(SDG9),whiletheregionhas(SDG14).Onothergoalssuchasnopoverty(SDG1),zerohunger(SDG2),qualityeducation(SDG4),reducedinequalities(SDG10),andpartnershipsDGcurrentprogressisnotsufficientESCAP3RemarksbyMasatsuguAsakawa,President,AsianDevelopmentBank,attheApril4SeetheexamplesofMongolia(Chapter10)andPakistan(Chapter12).5ThefourthmodalitymentionedbyRondinelli(privatization)haslargelybeen6Forinstance,the2019LocalGovernmentActoftheProvinceofthePunjab7Forexample,the2019LocalGovernmentActoftheProvinceofthePunjabin9SeeChapter8onCambodia.10SeeChapter9onIndonesia.aveers13UnderitsTA9387-REGStrengtheningInstitutionsforLocalizingAgenda2030forSustainableDevelopment,ADBhadorganizedtworegionalwebinarsonhowheCOVIDcrisishaschallengedresilienceandfunctionalityofmultilevelihePacificormorepreciselythesmallIntroduction17(UCLG2019:26).ReferencessiaandLatinAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB).2014b.CompetitiveCitiesinthe21stCentury:ankAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB).2021.AsianDevelopmentOutlook:SupplementBirner,B.andvonBraun,J.2009.DecentralisationandPublicServiceProvision:AFrameworkforPro-PoorDesign.InE.AhmadandG.Brosio,eds.DoesDecentralisationEnhanceServiceDeliveryandPovertyReduction?Cheltenham:Brosio,G.2014.DecentralizationandPublicServiceDeliveryinAsia.ADBEconomicsCharbit,C.andM.Michalun.2009.MindtheGaps:ManagingMutualDependenceinDafflon,B.2006.TheAssignmentofFunctionsinDecentralizedGovernment.InE.Ahmad,ed.HandbookofFiscalFederalism.Cheltenham:Elgar.pp.271–305.zation(DPWGLGD).2007.AlignmentStrategiesintheFieldofDecentralizationandLocalGovernance:AReviewofCountryPracticesandExperiences.Bonn:DevelopmentDickovick,J.T.2013.ForeignAidandDecentralization.PoliciesforAutonomyandProgramm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