2011年天津大學(xué)非英語專業(yè)研究生英語期末考試(真題)

ENGLISHPROFICIENCYEXAM

FORNON-ENGLISHMAJORPOSTGRADUATESTUDENTS

TIANJINUNIVERSITY

th

Jan.6,2011

PART1:Vocabulary(20%)

Directions:Inthispart,thereare20incompletesentences.Foreachsentencethereare4choices

markedA,B,C,andD.Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.Markyouransweron

theANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

1.ThepopulationoftheUnitedKingdomis____toincreasebyover4millionto65.6million

in2018.

A.projected

B.expanded

D.assigned

C.committed

2.It'struethathumanityhasseena____ofcrises,warsandatrocities,butthisnegativesideis

offsetbyadvancesintechnologyandculturalexchanges.

A.line

C.set

B.quantity

D.succession

3.Alcoholisoneofthemostcommonlyabusedsubstances,andmenareuptotwiceas____to

developalcoholismaswomen.

A.subject

B.likely

C.susceptible

D.responsible

4.Firesinhomesandofficescouldbe____moreefficientlyusingtechnologythatpredictshow

ablazewillspread.

A.manipulated

C.tackled

B.solved

D.operated

5.Anexclusivefocusonforests--____theentirelandscape--couldleadtoinequitableand

destructiveoutcomesforthepoorindevelopingcountries.

A.inrelationto

C.incaseof

B.asopposedto

D.onbehalfof

6.Increasingvariabilityinyear-to-yearrainfallandmorefrequentextremeeventswillchange

ecosystemsandspeedupthe____ofsoilandwaterresources.

A.degradation

C.civilization

B.recession

D.utilization

7.SedentarybehaviorssuchasTVviewingand"screentime"involvingcomputeruse,videos

andvideogamesappearto____elevatedbloodpressureinchildren,independentofbody

composition.

A.beassociatedwith

C.getinvolvedin

B.comeupwith

D.inchargeof

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8.Whileauthorsupallnighttogettheirvisionintowordshavebeenaroundforages,

computersandmobilephoneshave____thatlifestyletoothers.

A.ledto

B.openedup

D.drawnon

C.paidoff

9.Theheatradiatingoffroadwayshaslongbeenafactorinexplainingwhycitytemperatures

areoften____warmerthannearbysuburbanorruralareas.

A.adequately

C.accurately

B.immediately

D.considerably

10.Usingwindenergywherethewindblowsstrongestmakesperfect____aslongastheenergy

canbereadilytransportedtowhereitisneeded.

A.sense

B.reason

C.judgment

D.conclusion

11.AteamofscientistsfromtheUniversityofSheffieldhavedevelopedaninnovativedevice

whichwillmaketheproductionofalternativebio-fuelsmoreenergy____.

A.diverse

C.delicate

B.effective

D.efficient

12.AmajorityofAmericancitizensarenowbecoming____oftheclaimthatourcarbon

footprints,resultingfromouruseoffossilfuels,aregoingtoleadtoclimaticcalamities.

A.skeptical

B.doubtful

D.innocent

C.indifferent

13.Robotsaremanmademachinesintendedto____humanandanimalbehavior.

A.replicate

C.confirm

B.duplicate

D.identify

14.Today,peoplearedrawingsomuchwaterfrombelowthattheyareaddingenoughofittothe

oceans(mainlybyevaporation,thenprecipitation)to____about25percentoftheannualsea

levelriseacrosstheplanet,theresearchersfind.

A.sumup

B.attributeto

D.accountfor

C.bringabout

15.Newinventions,ifhandyandinexpensive,will____beacceptedbysociety.

A.accidentally

C.incidentally

B.eventually

D.evidently

16.Asprimarycaregivers,parentsareoftenbelievedtohaveastronginfluenceonchildren's

eatingbehaviors.However,previousfindingsonparent-child____indietaryintakesare

mixed.

A.identity

B.resemblance

D.alternation

C.deviation

17.Employeeswhotelecommutethemajorityoftheworkweekaremoresatisfiedwiththeir

jobscomparedtothoseworkingmostlyintheofficebecauseworkingremotely____more

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stressthanitcreates.

A.alleviates

B.restrains

D.involves

C.incurs

18.Whiletheactofselectinganeverydaywritingutensilseemstobeasimpleenoughtask,

scientistshavefoundthatitactuallycouldshed____oncomplexculturaldifferences.

A.shine

C.light

B.picture

D.profile

19.Designersofrobotpetsarefightinganever-endingbattlewithconsumerstoprovide

entertainingandrealisticgadgetsthat____humaninteractioninevermorenuancedways,

mimickingthebehaviorofrealpetanimalsorevenpeople.

A.respondto

C.wardoff

B.interferewith

D.giveup

20.Thedisposalofnuclear____hasalwaysbeenaconcernofhealth-sensitivepeople.

A.rubbish

C.trash

B.waste

D.litter

PART2:Cloze(15%)

Directions:Inthispartofthetest,you’llreadanincompletepassagewith15blanks.Readthe

passagecarefully,andchoosethebestanswerfromchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Thenonyour

ANSWERSHEET,findthenumberofthequestionandmarkyouranswerwithasingleline

throughthecenter.

Therearemanyindividualswhowouldfeelthattheyhaveareasonableexpectationof

privacyintheirdailylife.Everyonehastherighttorespectforhisorherprivatelife,propertyand

correspondence.Anemployeeisalso__21__thecomfortandordinaryenjoymentofhisorher

privatelifewithoutunreasonable__22__byhisorheremployer.

Thenotionofprivacyderivesfromtheassumption__23__allinformationaboutapersonis

theirown,forthatpersontocommunicateorretainasheorsheseesfit.Inthecomputerized

workplace,__24__thatthemostpopularuseoftheinternetissendingandreceivingemails,many

employees__25__viewuseoftheiremployer’semailsystemasakintomakingatelephonecall,

andthusfeeltheemailmessagestheysendontheircompany’sinternalsystemshouldbe__26__

intrusion.

Oftenemployerswillstresstotheiremployeesthat__27__leavingtheirdesks,theyshould

notleavetheircomputersturnedonasthatmayallowothersto__28__theirfilesoremails.Such

acommentmaygivethemawrongimpressionofsomeprivacyorsecurityovertheiremailas

thereis__29__theirlockersanddeskdrawers.Theywouldfeeltheyhavealegitimate

expectationofprivacyinrelationtotheircommunications.

Evenhavingpasswordscangiveemployeesafalse__30__ofsomeprivacyovertheiremail,

becausemanytimesthey__31__tosafeguardtheirpasswordsandnotgivethemtoanyone.Many

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employeeswouldnaively__32__thatbyusingtheirpassword,theywouldhavecontrolandthey

couldpreventany__33__accesstotheironlinecommunications.

Permanencyofemailisanotherconcern.Mostemployeeswronglythinkthat__34__they

deletetheiremailitisgoneforever.Thefactisthatemailsarehardtodestroyasmostelectronic

documentsarebackedupand__35__.Thedeletecommanddoesnotmakeamessagedisappear;

itcanstillberetrievedfromback-upsystems.Emailmessagescaneasilybeinterceptedandread

bysystemmanagers,operatorsandemployers.

21.

22

A.entitledto

C.entitledwith

A.disturbance

C.interference

A.whose

B.titledto

D.titledwith

B.interruption

D.disruption

B.that

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33

C.ofwhich

A.toconsider

C.havingconsidered

A.greatly

D.which

B.consider

D.considering

B.wrongly

D.rightly

C.partly

A.freefrom

C.awayfrom

A.as

B.similarto

D.closeto

B.when

C.upon

D.once

A.accessible

C.accessibleto

A.for

B.access

D.accessto

B.from

C.with

D.in

A.assurance

C.obscurity

A.havetold

C.weretold

A.assume

B.insurance

D.security

B.havebeentold

D.told

B.maintain

D.sustain

C.undertake

A.unauthorized

C.pirated

B.authorized

D.forbidden

B.because

D.evenif

34.

35.

A.as

C.if

A.recovered

C.recalled

B.recoverable

D.recalling

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Part3:ReadingComprehension(40%)

Directions:Inthispartofthetest,thereare4passages.Aftereachpassagethereare5questions

orunfinishedstatementsfollowedby4choicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatcan

bestanswerthequestionorcompletethestatement,andthenonyourANSWERSHEET,findthe

numberofthequestionandmarkyouranswerwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

Passage1

Wedon'tneedtotellyouhowcompetitivetoday'sjobmarketis.Youknowthatcompanies

aroundtheworldarecompetingagainstoneanothertoofferqualityproductsandservicesatthe

lowestpossiblecosts.Companiesaresendingjobsoverseasiftheycancutcostsbydoing

so.Alternatively,theyaresimplysheddingjobsbythethousandsinordertostayprofitable.

Inmanyplaces,therearefarfewerlocallybasedbusinessesthatarethrivingoreven

surviving.Manyhaveeitherbeenacquiredbyout-of-townownersorhavebeenputoutof

businessbylargemultinationalcorporationswithdauntingeconomiesofscale,suchasWalmart.

Unfortunately,manyoftheselargercorporationsdon'tsharethesamesenseofresponsibility,

loyalty,andcommitmenttotheiremployeesandthelocalcommunitiesinwhichtheydo

business—unliketheirformerowners.Regardlessofwhatthecorporatemissionstatementssay,

manyemployersdon'tvaluetheiremployeesasindividualsastheyoncedid.

Inthepast,companyCEOsandpresidentsmayhaveknownalloftheiremployees—and

eventheiremployees'familymembers—onapersonalbasis.Nowit'severyemployeeforhimself

orherself.Often,thepaceofbusinessistoofast—andjobturnoveristoohigh—foranyoneto

reallygettoknowanyoneelse.Thisistherealitythatyoumustfaceasajobseeker.

Generationsago,youwereconsideredajobhopperifyoudidn'tstayatacompanyforat

least10years.Intoday'sworkforce,gettinganewjobeverytwotothreeyearsismoreoftherule

thantheexception.Assadasitmayseem,allemployeesarereplaceable,and,eventually,most

employeeswillfindthemselvesreplacedinonewayoranother.Ifnotbytechnologyitself,then

byamoretech-savvygenerationwithskillsetsthathavenaturallyevolvedtofitcurrentjob

markets.

Thedayswhencompaniesvaluedandrewardedemployeeloyaltyaboveallelsearelargely

gone.Manyemployershavegravitatedtoanextremefixationonbottom-lineresults.Ifyoudon't

produce,you'regone.Ifyouareuncertainastowhereacompanyplacesitsvalues,it'sbestto

operateunderthisassumption.

Infact,manyexecutivesattoday'slargestcompaniesviewtheiremployeesasdisposable

commodities,regardlessoftheimpactthathasonemployeemorale.Ifyouhavenotyet

experiencedsuchaclimatewithinyourprofessionalcareer,don'tassumethatitdoesn'texist:

Assumeyou'vejustbeenlucky.

36.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

A.Businessesfacemoreandmorecompetition.

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B.Manylocalcompaniesgooutofbusiness.

C.Manylargecompanieshavenosenseofduty.

D.Employeesarelessvaluedthanbefore.

37.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsubstitutetheword“shed”(Paragraph1)?

A.slash

B.create

C.drop

D.throw

38.WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasonthatfewerbusinessesarethriving?

A.Internationalcompetitiontocutcosts.

B.Acquisitionbynon-localbusinesses.

C.Dauntingmultinationalcorporations.

D.Outsourcingdomesticjobsoverseas.

39.Accordingtothepassage,companyCEOsandpresidentsmaynotknowalloftheir

employeesbecause____.

A.theyputahighvalueonefficiency

B.jobhoppersstayfornomorethan10years

C.employeesareeasilyreplaceable

D.manyEmployeesleavewithin2or3years

40.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

A.Employer-employeerelationisoneonapersonalbasis.

B.Jobmarketsnowfavortech-savvygenerations.

C.Employeeloyaltyisathingofthepast.

D.Employeemoraleisadverselyinfluenced.

Passage2

FoodwasteisahugeissueinAmerica,especiallyinlightofthegrowingdividebetweenthe

profligaterichandthehungrypoor.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture'sFoodLoss

Project,wethrowawaymorethan25percent—some25.9milliontons—ofallthefoodwe

producefordomesticsaleandconsumption.A2004UniversityofArizonastudypegsthefigure

atcloserto50percent,findingthatAmericanssquandersome$43billionannuallyonwasted

food.LeadresearcherTimothyJonesreportedthatonaverage,U.S.householdswaste14percent

oftheirfoodpurchases.Heestimatesthatafamilyoffourtossesout$590peryearinmeat,fruits,

vegetablesandgrainproductsalone.

Oncethisfoodgetstothelandfill,itthengeneratesmethane,agreenhousegas23timesas

potentascarbondioxideintrappingheatwithinouratmosphere.AccordingtotheU.S.

EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,landfillsaccountfor34percentofallmethaneemissionsinthe

U.S.—meaningthatthesandwichyoumadeandthendidn'teatyesterdayisincreasingyour

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personal—andourcollective—carbonfootprint.

Furthermore,researchersattheNationalInstituteofDiabetesandDigestiveandKidney

Diseases(NIDDK)concludedina2009studythateachyearaquarterofU.S.waterconsumption

andover300millionbarrelsofoil(fourpercentofU.S.oilconsumption)gointoproducingand

distributingfoodthatultimatelyendsupinlandfills.Theyaddthatper-capitafoodwastehas

increasedbyhalfsince1974,andsuggestthatthe"U.S.obesityepidemic"maybetheresultofa

"pusheffect"ofincreasedfoodavailabilityandmarketingtoAmericansunabletomatchtheir

foodintakewiththeincreasedsupplyofcheapfood.

Inspiteofallthis,environmentalistsareoptimisticthatAmericanscanreducetheirfood

waste.Forone,restaurantsandmarketsareincreasinglyfindingoutlets—includingsoupkitchens

feedingthepoorandfarmslookingforcheapanimalfeed—forfoodtheywouldotherwisetoss.

Somecommunitiesnowpickupandcentrallycompostfoodwastefromcommercialand

residentialbuildingsandputtheresultingnutrient-richsoiltouseinmunicipalprojectsorforsale

tothepublic.Andafewenterprisingcitiesnowhavewaste-to-energytechnologiesthatextract

methanefromlandfillsforuseasfuel.

Anextremereactiontothefoodwasteissueis"freeganism,"amovementofpeoplewholive

onthefoodcastoffbyothers.These"dumpsterdivers"share,inthewordsofmovementfounder

WarrenOakes,"ananti-consumeristicethicabouteating"andnotonlyavoidcreatingwastebut

liveoffthatcausedbyothers.Goingfreeganmightbeabitmuchformostofus,butwecanall

takeactiontominimizefoodwaste.

41.Fromthefirstparagraph,wemayknowthatfoodwasteinAmerica____.

A.representsawideninggapbetweenrichandpoor

B.comprises50%oftheAmericanfoodconsumption

C.incursgreatlossestoAmericanhouseholdexpenses

D.causesseriousconcernamongthegeneralpublic

42.Theword“squander”(Paragraph1)isclosestinmeaningto____.

A.toss

B.waste

C.expand

D.generate

43.Itcanbeinferredthatmethane____.

A.maycontributemuchtotheclimatechangingemissions

B.mostlyresultsfromthediscardedfoodinthelandfills

C.ispotentiallybeneficialtotheenvironmentandclimate

D.servesasthecalculatorofhumancarbonfootprint

44.ResearchersatNIDDKmayagreethatintheU.S.____.

A.excessconsumptionofwaterandoilleadstoprogressiveincreaseoffoodwaste

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B.addressingtheoversupplyoffoodcouldhelpcurbobesityandconserveenergy

C.theratherlowfoodpriceunderliestheobesityepidemicandmoretrashedfood

D.thebestwaytoreducethewasteofnaturalresourcesistotakeinmorefood

45.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingcanbesaidabout“freeganism”EXCEPT____.

A.itisalifestyleaimingtoreducefoodwaste

B.thefollowersofitmayopposeover-consumption

C.theecologywillbenefitfromthepracticeofit

D.mostAmericansarehappytoadoptitinlife

Passage3

ModernAmericancitiesbearapowerfulphysicalimprintofautomobilesandother

motorizedvehicles.ItisestimatedthatasmuchasonehalfofamodernAmericancity’slandarea

isdedicatedtostreetsandroads,parkinglots,servicestations,driveways,signalsandtrafficsigns,

automobile-orientedbusinesses,cardealerships,andmore.Equallysignificant,spaceallocatedfor

otherformsoftransportationultimatelyshrankordisappeared.Forexample,

sidewalks—normallyconsideredessentialtoseparatepedestriansfromvarioustransportation

modes—werelessoftenconstructedalongmanyurbanroadsandstreetsintheautomobileera.

Walkingseemedincreasinglyincidentalinmovingpeoplefromplacetoplace.Bicyclelanes,

quitecommoninseveralEuropeancities,werelate-comersornon-existentinAmericancitiesas

competitiveformsoftransportationweresqueezedoutbyanincreasingdependenceoncars.

Nothingbetterillustratedthegrowingdominanceofmotorizedvehiclesthanitsimprinton

theland-usepatternsofcities.AparkingstudyconductedinCaliforniastatedthatabout59

percentofthegroundareainLosAngeles’centralbusinessdistrictin1960wasdevotedtostreets

andparking,withabout35percentforroads,streets,alleys,andsidewalks,and24percentfor

parkinglotsandgaragesnotincludedinbuildingswithotherpurposes.Duringroughlythesame

period,acreagedevotedtostreetsandparkinginotherurbancoreswassimilarinscaleorslightly

less.Ironically,motortrafficinthecentralcitiestendedtorequirelessstreetspacethanwas

necessaryforotherformsoftransportationbeforetheriseoftheautomobile.Urbanfreeways,for

example,requirelessthan3percentofthelandintheareastheyserve.Ontheotherhand,as

automobilesandtrucksventuredintoareasnotservedbypublictransit,theneedformorestreets

necessitatedmoreconstruction.Alsostreetandparkingdatadonotincludebusinessesorservices

devotedwhollyorinparttotheautomobile,anddonotgivethebroadestpictureofhow

automobileshaveremadetheurbanlandscapewellbeyondtheireighteenth-and

nineteenth-centurycounterparts.

Inthelongrun,corecitieswereclearlyaffectedbytheautomobile,itsmajorphysical

changes,andtheflightofthemiddleclasstothesuburbs.Accommodatingtotheautomobilemost

oftenrequiredadaptingcorestotheneedsofthecar,beitchangingtheroadsystemoraddinggas

stations,repairshops,autopartsstores,carwashes,andautomobiledealerships.However,

8

adaptationdidnotmeanremaking.Inmostcases,anautomobileinfrastructurewassuperimposed

overcitiesthathadundergoneavarietyofchangesthroughtime.Nevertheless,buildingnew

roadsandhighwayswithincitiesoraddingautomobile-relatedservicesdiditsshareof

changing—andinsomecasesdestroying—humanandanimalhabitats.Neighborhoodswere

cleaved,disrupted,oreveneliminated.Plantsandwildlifewerethreatenedordislocated.

46.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?

A.TheImprintofAutomobilesonAmericanCities

B.TheDisadvantagesofAmericanUrbanSprawl

C.TheDevelopmentofAmericanPublicTransportation

D.TheImportanceofAutomobilesforModernAmericans

47.Sidewalksandbicyclelanes(Paragraph1)arementionedto____.

A.illustratethedramaticchangesinurbanplanning

B.demonstratethegrowingdominanceofautomobiles

C.showtheshrinkingspaceallocationfortransportation

D.explainthedifferencebetweenAmericanandEuropeancities

48.____bestreflectedthetransformationofland-usepatternsofAmericancitiesin1960.

A.Constructionofurbancores

B.Expansionofcentralbusinessdistrict

C.Concentrationofpublicmasstransit

D.Increaseofstreetsandparkinglotsforcars

49.ThefollowingstatementsareTRUEexcept____.

A.urbanfreewayswereintendedformotortraffic

B.morestreetswouldbebuiltinareasonceinaccessiblebypublictransit

C.Americanmiddle-classdenselypopulatedinsuburbsdislikedheavytraffic

D.thelandscapeofAmericancorecitieswasreshapedbytheautomobile

50.Astotheadaptationtotheneedsofautomobiles,theauthorseemedtobe____.

A.apparentlyindifferent

B.mildlycritical

C.stronglysupportive

D.extremelyoptimistic

Passage4

OneideathateliteuniversitieslikeYale,sprawlingpublicsystemslikeWisconsinand

smallerprivatecollegeslikeLewisandClarkhavesharedforgenerationsisthatatraditional

liberalartseducationis,bydefinition,notintendedtopreparestudentsforaspecificvocation.

Rather,thecriticalthinking,civicandhistoricalknowledgeandethicalreasoningthatthe

humanitiesdevelophaveadifferentpurpose:Theyareprerequisitesforpersonalgrowthand

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participationinafreedemocracy,regardlessofcareerchoice.

Butinthisneweraoflengtheningunemploymentlinesandshrinkinguniversityendowments,

questionsabouttheimportanceofthehumanitiesinacomplexandtechnologicallydemanding

worldhavetakenonnewurgency.Previouseconomicdownturnshaveoftenledtodecreased

enrollmentinthedisciplineslooselygroupedundertheterm“humanities”—whichgenerally

includelanguages,literature,thearts,history,culturalstudies,philosophyandreligion.Manyin

thefieldworrythatinthiscurrentcrisisthoseareaswillbehithardest.

Alreadyscholarspointtotroublingsigns.ADecembersurveyof200highereducation

institutionsbyTheChronicleofHigherEducationandMoody’sInvestorsServicesfoundthat5

percenthaveimposedatotalhiringfreeze,andanadditional43percenthaveimposedapartial

freeze.Inthelastthreemonthsatleasttwodozencollegeshavecanceledorpostponedfaculty

searchesinreligionandphilosophy,accordingtoajobpostingspageonW.The

ModernLanguageAssociation’send-of-the-yearjoblistingsinEnglish,literatureandforeign

languagesdropped21percentfor2008-09fromthepreviousyear,thebiggestdeclinein34years.

Withadditionalpainfulcutsacrosstheboardanearcertaintyevenasmillionsoffederalstimulus

dollarsmaybefunneledtoeducation,thehumanitiesareundergreaterpressurethaneverto

justifytheirexistencetoadministrators,policymakers,studentsandparents.Technology

executives,researchersandbusinessleadersarguethatproducingenoughtrainedengineersand

scientistsisessentialtoAmerica’seconomicvitality,nationaldefenseandhealthcare.Someof

thestaunchesthumanitiesadvocates,however,admitthattheyhavefailedtomaketheircase

effectively.

Thiscrisisofconfidencehaspromptedareassessmentofwhathaslongbeenconsideredthe

humanities’centralandsacredmission:toexplore,asonescholarputit,“whatitmeanstobea

humanbeing.”

Thestudyofthehumanitiesevolvedduringthe20thcentury“tofocusalmostentirelyon

personalintellectualdevelopment,”saidRichardM.Freeland,theMassachusettscommissionerof

highereducation.“Butwhatwehaven’tpaidalotofattentiontoishowstudentscanputthose

abilitieseffectivelytouseintheworld.We’vecreatedadisjunctionbetweentheliberalartsand

sciencesandourroleascitizensandprofessionals.”

Mr.Freelandispartofwhathecallsarevolutionarymovementtoclosethe“chasminhigher

educationbetweentheliberalartsandsciencesandprofessionalprograms.”TheAssociationof

AmericanCollegesandUniversitiesrecentlyissuedareportarguingthehumanitiesshould

abandonthe“oldIvoryTowerviewofliberaleducation”andinsteademphasizeitspracticaland

economicvalue.

51.Accordingtothepassage,whydoeconomicdownturnsusuallyleadtodecreasedenrollment

ofhumanities?

A.Eliteuniversitiesandpublicsystemssharethesameopinion.

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B.Thestudyisprerequisiteforpersonaldevelopment.

C.Thestudydoesnotpreparestudentsforacareerchoice.

D.Thestudyfocusesentirelyonafreedemocracy.

52.Thestatisticsinparagraph3areintendedto____.

A.specifythelengtheningunemploymentlines

B.exemplifyshrinkinguniversityendowments

C.showenrollmentinhumanitieshasdecreased

D.illustratethesituationforliberalartsisurgent

53.Humanitiesadvocateshavefailedtoconvincethat_