材料研究方法光學(xué)顯微分析

（墨經(jīng)）1590年荷蘭的詹森（HansandZachariasJanssen）發(fā)明17世紀中葉羅伯特.虎克（RHooke）英王GeorgeChristiaanErnst）相差顯微 體視顯微200nm功能：形貌觀察、晶10×/160/10×/160/d0.61/nUnpolarizednepolarizedOnlythecomponentoflightvibratinginE-Wdirectioncanpassthroughlowerpolarizer–lightintensitydecreasesAcicular針狀I(lǐng)rregular無規(guī)則bladed葉片狀Blocky塊狀Elongate長條狀Fibrous纖維狀Prismatic棱片狀Rounded圓形Tabular片狀A(yù)cicular針狀I(lǐng)rregular無規(guī)則bladed葉片狀Blocky塊狀Elongate長條狀Fibrous纖維狀Prismatic棱片狀Tabular板狀MosteasilyobservedinPPL(upperpolarizerout),butvisibleinXNaswellNocleavages:quartz石英olivinegood good ,2cleavagesat~90°2atColorColorisobservedonly nepolarizedNotaninherentproperty-changeswithlightResultsfromselectiveabsorptionofcertainofPleochroismresultswhendifferentareabsorbeddifferentlybydifferentcrystallographicdirections-rotatestagetoobserveg gioclase（斜長巖）isgReliefisameasureoftherelativedifferenceinbetweenamineralgrainanditsReliefisusedtoestimateOlivinehashighg斜長石haslowgolivine:n=1.64-1.88 Epoxy樹脂ReliefisameasureoftherelativedifferenceinbetweenamineralgrainanditssurroundingsReliefisusedtoestimatenGarnethashighQuartzhaslowgarnet:n=1.72-1.89quartz:n=1.54-1.55epoxy:n=1.54（使用上、下偏光鏡 2sin(R/ westeastLightvibratinginmanynesandwithmanyreacheye!Interferencecolorofbyitsbirefringenceand.. 時，若Ng1∥Ng2、Np1∥Np2，即兩晶體切片的橢 正延性負延性色Observethinsection(polarsObserveinterferencecolorofmineralsincross-polars(XP)Thebrightnessofinterferencemayshowbothhighandlowrelief,transparentunderPPLwith2perfectcleavagesat120o.UnderXPLitshowspearlylookslikeastained-glasswindow;brightinterferencecoloursandthickblackfractures ColoursclearunderPPLbutwithperfectcleavageandbrightPPL:lowerviewrotatedtoshowpleochroicwithoneperfectcleavage;strongnaturalcolourmaskspolarisationcoloursmakinglookgreenishunderXPLPresenceandstyleoftwinningcanbeClinopyroxene斜輝石Simpletwinon{100}Polysyntheticalbitetwinson(010)Periclinetwinon(h01)withrepeatedgrainincentreshowingitsdistinctivecross-hatched(3)(3)六角板狀結(jié)構(gòu)的A礦（硅酸三鈣 Asshownabove,thebright-fieldmicroscopeshowsfarmoreopaqueandindistinguishableelementsthanthedark-field.Inaddition,specksofmaterialareshownonthedark-fieldimagethatarenotevenseeninthe射光線產(chǎn)生或疊加，把具有相位差的光轉(zhuǎn) （scanningnear-fieldoptical或near-fieldscanningoptical 鏡鏡新型近場光學(xué)顯微鏡分辨率：0.81100Near-FieldImageofSpermWepresenthigh-resolutionimageswithnear-fieldscanningopticalmicroscopytostudyphaseseparationinpolymerfi .Transmissionandtransmittedfluorescencenear-fieldscanningopticalmicroscopeimagesweretakenfordirectvisualizationoftheintermediatestepsofphaseSimultaneousthree-w