2023年考研外語強化練習8

考研外語強化練習8

一、UseofEnglish

1、Currently,theAmericanarmedforcesarethelargestprofessionalmilitaryontheplanet.Other(1)_____haveprofessionalsoldiers,(2)_____notasmanyastheUnitedStates.Forthousandsofyears,itwas(3)_____thatprofessionalsoldiersweresuperiorto(4)_____timers.But(5)_____mostofhistory,fewnationscould(6)_____anarmyofprofessionals,atleastnotonapermanentbasis.Itwasn't(7)_____thelate20thcenturythatcountriesbeganto(8)_____large,permanent,all-volunteerarmedforcesthatwerecarefully(9)_____andtrainedforcombat.Britainwasthefirst,whenitphasedoutconscriptionin1962.In1975,theUnitedStatesfollowed(10)_____.Foroveracentury,conscriptionhasbeenseen(11)_____thewaytoremain(12)_____strongwithoutbreakingthebank.Buttheconscriptsdidnotstayinuniform.longenoughtogetreallygoodatfighting.BritainandAmericanwerethefirsttwonationstorealizethatconscriptionwasso(13)_____thatthevoterswouldpayextrato(14)_____aprofessionalforce.Withinadecade,anarmyofprofessionalsbeginstopay(15)_____.Theprofessionalsarenotonlymore(16)_____onthebattlefield,butarealso,ifcarefully(17)_____(foreducationandaptitude)morelikelytoconstantlydevelopbetterwaysto(18)_____Thisproducesatremendousbattlefield(19)_____Itdoesn'tmakeyou(20)_____,butitdoesmakeyouverydifficulttodefeat.

A.races

B.areas

C.nations

D.disciplines

2、(2)

A.and

B.but

C.or

D.notwithstanding

3、(3)

A.recognized

B.revised

C.suspended

D.suspected

4、(4)

A.unintelligible

B.passive

C.part

D.universal

5、(5)

A.in

B.throughout

C.for

D.unlike

6、(6)

A.afford

B.purchase

C.streamline

D.scrutinize

7、(7)

A.during

B.before

C.in

D.until

8、(8)

A.establish

B.integrate

C.intervene

D.facilitate

9、(9)

A.evoked

B.carve

C.evacuated

D.recruited

10、(10)

A.outlet

B.suit

C.therapy

D.origin

11、(11)

A.in

B.by

C.as

D.on

12、(12)

A.militarily

B.theoretically

C.physically

D.mentally

13、(13)

A.strenuous

B.invalid

C.prudent

D.unpopular

14、(14)

A.propel

B.mute

C.maintain

D.oppose

15、(15)

A.for

B.up

C.out

D.off

16、(16)

A.fragile

B.lethal

C.punctual

D.vulnerable

17、(17)

A.notified

B.provoked

C.selected

D.manifested

18、(18)

A.liberate

B.impart

C.hinder

D.fight

19、(19)

A.advantage

B.harmony

C.hazard

D.savage

20、(20)

A.invariable

B.invincible

C.robust

D.rigorous

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

"Itisanevilinfluenceontheyouthofourcountry."Apoliticiancondemningvideogaming?Actually,aclergymandenouncingrockandroll50yearsago.ButthesentimentcouldjustaseasilyhavebeenvoicedbyHillaryClintoninthepastfewweeks,assheblamedvideogamesfor"asilentepidemicofmediadesensitization"and"stealingtheinnocenceofourchildren".

Thegamingfuturecenterson"GrandTheftAuto:SanAndreas",apopularandnotoriouslyviolentcopsandrobbersgamethatturnedouttocontainhiddensexscenesthatcouldbeunlockedusingapatchdownloadedfromtheInternet.Theresultingoutcry(mostlyfromDemocraticpoliticiansplayingtothecentre)causedthegame'sratinginAmericatobechangedfrom"mature",whichmeansyouhavetobe17tobuyit,to"adultsonly",whichmeansyouhavetobe18,butalsomeansthatbigretailerssuchasWal-Martwillnotstockit.AsaresultthegamehasbeenbannedinAustralia;and,thisautumn,America'sFederalTradeCommissionwillinvestigatethecomplaints.Thatwillgivegaming'sopponentsanopportunitytoventtheirwrathontheindustry.

Skepticismofnewmediaisatraditionwithdeeproots,goingbackatleastasfarasSocratesobjectionstowrittentexts,outlinedinPlato'sPhaedrus.Socratesworriedthatrelyingonwrittentexts,ratherthantheoraltradition,would"createforgetfulnessinthelearners'souls,becausetheywillnotusetheirmemories;theywilltrusttotheexternalwrittencharactersandnotrememberofthemselves."(Healsoobjectedthatawrittenversionofaspeechwasnosubstitutefortheabilitytointerrogatethespeaker,since,whenquestioned,thetext"alwaysgivesoneunvaryinganswer".Hisobjection,inshort,wasthatbookswerenotinteractive.PerhapsSocrateswouldhavethoughtmorehighlyofvideogames.)

Novelswereonceconsideredtoolow-browforuniversityliteraturecourses,buteventuallythedisapprovingprofessorsretired.Waltzmusicanddancingwerecondemnedinthe19thcentury;allthattwirlingwasthoughttobe"intoxicating"and"depraved",andthemusicwasoutlawedinsomeplaces.Todayitishardtoimaginewhatthefusswasabout.Androckandrollwasthoughttoencourageviolence,promiscuityandSatanismbuttodayevengranniesbuyColdplayalbums.

Wecanlearnfromthetextthathumanbeingshaveahistoryof______.

A.fascinationfortheacademicestablishment

B.enthusiasmforjuvenilepsychology

C.disbeliefinthenovelmedium

D.hatredofpoliticalcorruption

2、

TheattitudesofSocratesandHillaryClintontowardthenovelmediumare______.

A.identical

B.optimistic

C.panicked

D.confused

3、

VideogameswouldhavebeenrecommendedbySocratesduetoits______.

A.textmessages

B.oraltradition

C.unvaryinganswers

D.two-waycommunication

4、

Towhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostlikelyagree?

A.Theemergenceofvideogamesisboundtobreedevil.

B.There'snolegalrulingthatvideogamesarebadforpeople,andtheymaybepositivelygood.

C.Universityliteraturecoursesaresubjecttotheharassmentofvideogames.

D.There'snosoundproofthatadultsarepronetothemoraldeclinewhenengagedinvideogames.

5、

Whenmentioningnovels,waltzmusicandrockandroll,theauthorissuggesting______.

A.themishapsofvogues

B.themisfortuneofartmasterpieces

C.theprospectofvideogames

D.theeffectsofvariousartforms

6、"Youarenotheretotellmewhattodo.YouareheretotellmewhyIhavedonewhatIhavealreadydecidedtodo,"MontaguNorman,theBankofEngland'slongestservinggovernor(1920-1944),isreputedtohaveoncetoldhiseconomicadviser.Today,thankfully,centralbanksaimtobemoretransparentintheirdecisionmaking,aswellasmorerational.Butachievingeitherofthesethingsisnotalwayseasy.Withthemostlaudableofintentions,theFederalReserve,America'scentralbank,maybeabouttotakeastepthatcouldbackfire.

UnliketheFed,manyothercentralbankshavelongdeclaredexplicitinflationtargetsandthensetinterestratestotrytomeetthese.SomeeconomistshavearguedthattheFedshoulddothesame.WithAlanGreenspan,theFed'smuch-respectedchairman,duetoretirenextyear—afteramere18yearsinthejob—someFedofficialswanttoadoptatarget,presumablytomaintainthecentralbank'scredibilityinthescarynewpost-Greenspanera.TheFeddiscussedsuchatargetatitsFebruarymeeting,accordingtominutespublishedthisweek.Thissoundsencouraging.However,theFedisconsideringtheideajustwhensomeothercentralbanksarebeginningtoquestionwhetherstrictinflationtargetingreallyworks.

Atpresentcentralbanksfocusalmostexclusivelyonconsumer-priceindices.OnthismeasureMr.Greenspancanboastthatinflationremainsundercontrol.Butsomecentralbankersnowarguethatthepricesofassets,suchashousesandshares,shouldalsosomehowbetakenintoaccount.AbroadpriceindexforAmericawhichincludeshousepricesiscurrentlyrunningat5.5%,itsfastestpacesince1982.Inflationhassimplytakenadifferentform.

Shouldcentralbanksalsotrytocurbincreasesinsuchassetprices?Mr.Greenspancontinuestoinsistthatmonetarypolicyshouldnotbeusedtoprickasset-pricebubbles.Identifyingbubblesisdifficult,exceptinretrospect,hesays,andinterestratesareabluntweapon:anincreasebigenoughtohaltrisingpricescouldtriggerarecession.Itisbetter,hesays,towaitforahousingorstockmarketbubbletoburstandthentocushiontheeconomybycuttinginterestrates—ashedidin2022-2022.Andyettheriskisnotjustthatassetpricescangoswiftlyintoreverse.Aswithtraditionalinflation,surgingassetpricesalsodistortpricesignalsandsocancauseamisallocationofresources—encouragingtoolittlesaving,forexample,ortoomuchinvestmentinhousing.Surginghousepricesmaythereforeargueforhigherinterestratesthanconventionalinflationwoulddemand.Inotherwords,strictinflationtargeting—thefadofthe1990s—istoocrude.

Theword"minutes"(Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans______.

A.record

B.new-letter

C.announcement

D.motive

7、

Accordingtothetext,itisupsettingthattheFederalReservedoesnottakeintoaccountinflationtargets______.

A.untilwhattodoisclarified

B.untilexplicitinflationtargetsaredeclared

C.untilincreasesinassetpricesareCurbed

D.untilitsefficiencyiscastdoubton

8、

Wecanlearnfromthethirdparagraphthat______.

A.increasesinassetpricesareinterferedbytheFederalReserves

B.moreemphasisshouldbeplacedonconsumer-priceindices

C.changeshavetakenplaceinthepatternofinflation

D.inflationhavebeenbroughtunderfederalcontrol

9、

ItisimpliedinthefourthparagraphthatMr.Greenspanisskepticalof______.

A.thestipulationofanti-monopolyrulesandregulations

B.theinterventionbycentralbanksinassetprices

C.thepreventionofeconomicrecession

D.thecountdownbytheFederalReserveofneweconomicupheavals

10、

Whichofthefollowingswouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.AmericanMonetaryConundrumsAreReadilyDeciphered.

B.AmericanCentralBanksAreontheVergeofExtinction.

C.ConventionalInflationTargetIsBestEmployedinTransparentEnvironment.

D.America'sMonetaryPolicyIsoffTarget.

11、ItmaybejustaswellforOxfordUniversity'sreputationthatthisweek'smeetingofCongregation,its3,552-stronggoverningbody,washeldinsecret,fortheairofcivilizedrationalitythatisgenerallysupposedtopervadedonnishconversationhaslatelyturnedfractious.That'sbecausethevice-chancellor,thenearestthingtheplacehastoachiefexecutive,hasproposedthemostfundamentalreformstotheuniversitysincetheestablishmentofthecollegesystemin1249;andalotofthedonsandcollegesdon'tlikeit.

ThetroublewithOxfordisthatitisunmanageable.Itsproblems—thedifficultyofrecruitinggooddonsandofgettingridofbadones,concernsaboutacademicstandards,severemoneyworriesatsomecolleges—allspringfromthat.JohnHood,whowasrecruitedasvice-chancellorfromtheUniversityofAucklandandisnowprobablythemosthatedantipodeaninBritishacademiclife,reckonsheknowshowtosolvethis,andhasproposedtoreducethepowerofdonsandcollegesandincreasethatofuniversityadministrators.

Mr.Hoodisrightthattheuniversity'smanagementstructureneedsanoverhaul.Butradicalthoughhisproposalsseemtothoseinvolvedinthecurrentrow,theydonotgofarenough.ThedifficultyofmanagingOxfordstemsonlypartlyfromthenuttinessofitssystemofgovernance;themorefundamentalproblemliesinitsrelationshipwiththegovernment.That'swhyMr.Hoodshouldadoptanideathatwasonceregardedasteeteringonthelunaticfringeofradicalism,butthesedaysisdiscussedeveninpolitecircles.Theideaisindependence.

Oxfordgetsaround￡5,000($9,500)perundergraduateper,yearfromthegovernment.Inreturn,itacceptsthatitcanchargestudentsonly￡1,150(risingto￡3,000nextyear)ontopofthat.Sinceitprobablycostsatleast￡10,000ayeartoteachanundergraduate,thatleavesOxfordwithadeficitof￡4,000orsoperstudenttocoverfromitsownfunds.

IfOxforddeclaredindependence,itwouldlosethe￡52mundergraduatesubsidyatleast.Coulditfillthehole?Certainly.America'stopuniversitieschargearound￡20,000perstudentperyear.Thedifficultissuewouldnotbemoneyalone:itwouldbebalancingnumbersofnot-so-brilliantrichpeoplepayingtopwhackwiththeclevererpooreronestheywerecrosssubsidizing.America'stopuniversitiesmanageit:highfeesmeanbetterteaching,whichkeepscompetitionhotandacademicstandardshigh,whileluringenoughdonationstoprovidebursariesforthepoor.ItshouldbeeasiertoextractmoneyfromalumniifOxfordwerenolongerstate-funded.

Accordingtothetext,theauthor'sattitudetowardJohnHoodisoneof______.

A.enthusiasticsupport

B.slightcontempt

C.strongdisapproval

D.reservedconsent

12、

Itisimpliedinthethirdparagraphthat______.

A.relianceuponofficialsubsidyhasbredthecurrentpredicamentofOxford

B.anoverhaulofOxfordmanagementstructureisurgentlyneeded

C.thenuttinessofOxfordsystemofgovernancemaybeeasilyremoved

D.thecurrentrowisessentialtomanyinpolitecircle

13、

Theterm"bursaries"(Paragraph5)mostprobablymeans______.

A.preferentialpolicies

B.scholarshiporgrant

C.freestationeryandaccommodation

D.shelteringandmeals

14、

Wecanseefromtheavailablestatisticsthatthe______.

A.thecurrentfinancialstatusofOxfordresultsfromitsbeingstate-funded

B.radicalreformsconcentrateonOxfordmanagementstructure

C.Oxfordindependencemightbecomeabarriertoitsrecruitinggooddons

D.notoriousreputationresultsinOxfordmeetingofCongregationheldthisweek

15、

Towhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?

A.Thecontributionfromalumniwon'tlureampledonationbythewealthy.

B.Thecivilizedrationalityisgraduallyspoiledbyfractiousnature.

C.TherowgoingoninOxfordispassionatebutbesidethepoint.

D.American'stopuniversitiesaresomewhatapprehensiveoftheircurrentstatusbutover-confidentoftheirprospect.

16、Electionsoftentellyoumoreaboutwhatpeopleareagainstthanwhattheyarefor.SoitiswiththeEuropeanonesthattookplacelastweekinall25EuropeanUnionmembercountries.Theseelections,widelytrumpetedastheworld'sbiggest-evermultinationaldemocraticvote,werefoughtforthemostpartas25separatenationalcontests,whichmakesittrickytopickoutmanycommonthemes.Butthestrongestareundoubtedlynegative.Europe'svotersareangryanddisillusioned—andtheyhavedemonstratedtheirangeranddisillusioninthreemainways.

Themostobviouswasbyabstaining.Theaverageoverallturnoutwasjustover45%,bysomemarginthelowesteverrecordedforelectionstotheEuropeanParliament.Andthataveragedisguisessomebigvariations:Italy,forexample,notchedupover70%,butSwedenmanagedonly37%.Mostdepressingofall,atleasttobelieversintheEuropeanproject,wastheextremelylowvoteinmanyofthenewmembercountriesfromcentralEurope,whichaccountedforthewholeofthefallinturnoutsince1999.Inthebiggest,Poland,onlyjustoverafifthoftheelectorateturnedouttovote.Onlyayearago,centralEuropeansvotedinlargenumberstojointheEU,whichtheydidonMay1st.ThattheyabstainedinsuchlargenumbersintheEuropeanelectionspointstoearlydisillusionwiththeEuropeanUnion—aswellastoawidespreadfeeling,sharedintheoldmembercountriesaswell,thattheEuropeanParliamentdoesnotmatter.

DisillusionwithEuropewasalsoabigfactorinthesecondwayinwhichvotersprotested,whichwasbysupportingaragbagofpopulist,nationalistandexplicitlyanti-EUparties.Theserangedfromthe16%whobackedtheUKIndependenceParty,whosedeclaredpolicyistowithdrawfromtheEUandwhoseleadersseetheirmissionas"wrecking''theEuropeanParliament,tothe14%whovotedforSweden'sJunelist,andthe27%ofPoleswhobackedoneoftwoanti-EUparties,theLeagueofCatholicFamiliesandSelfdefence.TheseresultshavereturnedmanymoreEuroscepticsandtrouble-makerstotheparliament:onsomemeasures,overaquarterofthenewMEPSwillbelongtothe"awkwardsquad".Thatisnotabadthing,however,foritwillmaketheparliamentmorerepresentativeofEuropeanpublicopinion.

ButitisthethirdtargetofEuropeanvoters'irethatisperhapsthemostimmediatelysignificant:thefactthat,inmanyEUcountries,oldandnew,theychosetovoteheavilyagainsttheirowngovernments.Thisanti-incumbentvotewasstrongalmosteverywhere,butitwasmostpronouncedinBritain,theCzechRepublic,Germany,PolandandSweden.TheleadersofallthefourbiggestEuropeanUnioncountries,TonyBlairinBritain,JacquesChiracinFrance,GerhardSchroderinGermanyandSilvioBerlusconiinItaly,wereeachgivenabloodynosebytheirvoters.

ThebigquestionnowishowEurope'sleadersshouldrespondtothis.Byasublime(orterrible)coincidence,soonaftertheelections,andjustasTheEconomistwasgoingtopress,theyweregatheringinBrusselsforacrucialsummit,atwhichtheyareduetoagreeanewconstitutionaltreatyfortheEUandtoselectanewpresidentfortheEuropeanCommission.Goingintothemeeting,mostEUheadsofgovernmentseemeddeterminedtopressaheadwiththisagendaregardlessoftheEuropeanelections—eventhoughtheatmosphereaftertheresultsmaymakeitharderforthemtostrikedeals.

Therelationshipbetweentheopeningparagraphandtherestoftextisthat______.

A.aproposalisadvancedinthefirstparagraphandthennegatedinthefollowingparagraphs

B.anprophecyisrevealedandthenprovedwithconcreteexamples

C.ageneralizationismadeinthefirstparagraphandthenelaboratedinthefollowingparagraphs

D.apropositionisintroducedinthefirstparagraphandthenexplainedindetailsinthefollowingparagraphs

17、

Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnotmentionedinthetext?

A.EUmembercountriesholdthattheEuropeanParliamentisofimportance.

B.TheEuropeanProjectistheworstvisionofall.

C.EUmembercountriesmaintainthatcentralEuropearegainingmorecommonthemes.

D.Anti-EUpartiesareneverdetrimentaltothebuilding-upoftheEuropeancollaboration.

18、

ItisimpliedinthetextthatthedepartureofEuroscepticsandtrouble-makersfromtheEuropeanParliament______.

A.benefitstheoldmembercountriesforthetimebeing

B.fortifiesthesupportofpopulistandnationalists

C.mightobligeanti-EUpartiestoadoptacompromiseresistedbythepublic

D.wouldhinderthefullexpressionofEuropeanpublicfeeling

19、

Theword"ire"(Line1Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans______.

A.entertainment

B.wrath

C.syndrome

D.premise

20、

Itisimpliedintheconcludingparagraphthat______.

A.Europeanoldmembercountriesarepoorandhomogenous

B.Europe'sleadersarebewilderedbythecrucialsummit

C.Europe'spoliticiansshouldheedtheirvoters'dissatisfaction

D.Europeancoincidencesmightemergeduetotheeconomicstagnation

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、B、C、D、E、F、G……)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.(10points)

(41)______.Thesynthetic(合成的)polymer(聚合的)deviceisthefirstflexiblehydrophilic(吸水的)artificialcorneatobeproducedandinsertedintoahuman.Itistheproductof8yearsworkbyresearchersattheLionsEyeInstituteoftheUniversityofWA'SDepartmentofOphthalmicBiomaterials.

(42)______."First,theplasticmaterialusedtoconstructtheartificialcorneaabsorbswaterandbecomeselasticandsoftlikehumantissue."Prof.ChirialtoldAustralianScience."Asecondnovelcharacteristicisthattheperiphery(外圍)isaspongewithporesallowinghosttissuetogrowintoit.Third,thedeviceusesinterpenetrating(滲透)polymernetworkstolinkthecentraltransparentareawiththenon-transparentperiphery."

(43)______.

Thefirstrecipient(接納者)ofthedevice,a79-year-oldWAmanwhowasblindinoneeye,cannowreadlargeprint.Afurthereightpatientsareawaitingthetechnicallychallengingtwo-stepprocedure,withthefirstduetobeoperatedonthismonth.

(44)______.Manypatientsadmittedtothetrialhaveexperiencedrejectionofprevioushumancornealgraftsduetoanimmunereactionormedicalsyndrome.Inotherswhohavehadachemicalburntoaneye,theartificialgraftofferstheironlyhopeofrestoredvision.

Aseniorophthalmologistwiththeteam,Dr.GeoffreyCrawford,saidtheartificialcorneawasapromisingdevelopmentforpeopleinunderdevelopedcountrieswhereanabsenceofeyebanksmeantthatlessthan1%ofthoseneedingahumancornealgraftevergetone.(45)______.

A.Itisnovelinthreewaysaccordingtoitsdesigner,Romanian-trainedpolymerchemistProfessorTrainanChirial,whosetupthedepartmentin1986.

B.Thedeviceisdesignedtoreplaceadiseasedordamagedcorneaorafailedhumangraftandcangivebacksighttosomepatients.

C.Theartificialcorneawasmadefromatransparentmatrixofcollagenandasyntheticpolymer.

D.Beforethedevicecanbemarketed,aninternationaltrialofatleast50patientsinfivecentersworldwideneedstobecompletedsuccessfully.

E.However,heconcededthatthecostofthedevicewouldneedtofalldramaticallyforittobeusedinanywidespreadway.

F.Heexplainedthatmaterialinthecenterandperipheryhaveanidenticalchemicalcompositionbutareproducedbydifferentchemicalprocesses,hencetheirdifferentlight-transmittingqualities.

G.WesternAustralianresearchershavepatentedanartificialcorneawiththepotentialtobenefitblindorpartiallysightedindividualsworldwide.

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Electronicor"cyber"warfareholdsthepromiseofdestroyinganarmy's-orevenawholenation'sabilitytofunctionwithouthurtinghumanlife.Thetechnologyisreachingthepoint,however,wherecyberwarfaremaybedecisiveinitsownright.(46)Inhighlycentralizedmilitaryoperations,communicationsanddatamanagementhavebecomeessentialtoolslinkingindividualsmallunitsandthecentralcommandstructure.

Theneutronbombisoneofthemost