2023年考研外語考前密押卷14

考研外語考前密押卷14

一、UseofEnglish

1、YearafteryearadedicatedSwedishchemistworkedtofindasubstancewhich,when(1)_____nitroglycerine(硝化甘油),wouldmakeexplosivessafertohandle(2)_____weakeningtheirforce.Hehadapersonal(3)_____scientificreasontopursuehissearch,becausehis(4)_____brotherhadbeenkilledwhenacanofnitroglycerine(5)_____exploded.Theoilyliquidhadbeen(6)_____forsomanydisastersthatits(7)_____hadfinallybeenoutlawedbymanycountries.

While(8)_____anewformulaonemorning,thedoctorbrokeatesttubeandgashed(劃開)hisfinger.Hewasdaubing(涂搽)the(9)_____withcollodion(火棉膠),acoatingsolutionofgun-cottondissolvedinether-alcohol(乙醚),(10)_____theideastruckhim-mixcollodionwiththenitroglycerine!(11)_____wastheanswer.Thenewmixture,(12)_____blastinggelatine(爆膠),wasnotonly(13)_____safetohandleasdynamite,butitwasalsoone-and-a-halftimesmorepowerful!Infact,sopowerful(14)_____thatitpavedthewayforawholenew(15)_____inconstructionandengineering.Mineswere(16)_____,roadswerebuilt,andcanalswerecutataspeedonce(17)_____impossible.Ithadanotheruse,also-deathanddestructioninwarfare.Itsinventorhadbelievedthatthepowerofhisnew(18)_____wouldsoawethemilitarymindthatitwouldactuallybeadeterrenttowar.(19)_____itbecameaweaponthatbroughtdeathtomillionsofsoldiersand(20)_____.

A.mixingwith

B.mixedwith

C.wasmixingwith

D.wasmixedwith

2、(2)

A.not

B.with

C.without

D.but

3、(3)

A.also

B.and

C.aswell

D.aswellas

4、(4)

A.own

B.another

C.other

D.else

5、(5)

A.inchance

B.accidentally

C.byincident

D.unbelievably

6、(6)

A.due

B.blamed

C.caused

D.responsible

7、(7)

A.building

B.structure

C.mixing

D.manufacture

8、(8)

A.experimentingwith

B.experimentingon

C.experimentedwith

D.experimentedon

9、(9)

A.split

B.scar

C.wound

D.damage

10、(10)

A.when

B.as

C.then

D.while

11、(11)

A.It

B.There

C.This

D.Which

12、(12)

A.called

B.known

C.byname

D.named

13、(13)

A.so

B.thesame

C.as

D.very

14、(14)

A.wasthenewexplosive

B.thenewexplosivewas

C.wasnewexplosive

D.newexplosivewas

15、(15)

A.time

B.era

C.aspect

D.period

16、(16)

A.exploded

B.openedup

C.dugout

D.explored

17、(17)

A.believing

B.regarding

C.regarded

D.believed

18、(18)

A.weapon

B.mixture

C.explosive

D.discovery

19、(19)

A.Rather

B.Differently

C.Despite

D.Instead

20、(20)

A.officials

B.civilians

C.citizens

D.generals

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Indiahasaboutabillionpeopleandadozenmajorlanguagesofitsown.Onelanguage,andonlyone,isunderstood-bytheelite-acrossthecountry:thatoftheforeignerswhoruledIndiaforlessthan200yearsandleft52yearsago.

Today,India.Tomorrow,unofficially,theworld.Thatiswellunderway;atfirst,becausetheBritishnotonlybuiltglobalempirebutalsoitwassettledbyAmerica,andnowbecausetheworld(andnotablyAmerica)hasacquireditsfirsttrulyglobal—andinteractive—medium,theInternet.

Itisestimatedthatsome350millionpeoplespeakEnglishastheirfirstlanguage.Maybe250-350milliondoorcanuseitasasecondlanguage;inexcolonialcountries,notably,orinEnglish—majorityones,like30millionrecentlyimmigrantstotheUnitedStates,orCanada's6millionfrancophoneQuebeckers.Andelsewhere?Theguessis100million—1billiondependinghowyoudefine"can".Letusbehold:inall,20-25%ofearth's6billionpeoplecanuseEnglish;nottheEnglishofEngland,letaloneofDr.Johnson,butEnglish.

Thatnumberissoaringaseachyearbringsnewpupilstoschoolandcarriesofmonolingualoldies—andnowastheInternetspreads.Andtheprocessisself-reinforcing.Asbusinessspreadsacrossfrontiers,thecompanythatwantstomoveitsexecutivesaround,andtopromotethebestofthem,regardlessofnationality,encouragestheusesofEnglish.Sotheexecutivewhowantstobeintheframe,or'tomovetoanotheremployer,learnstouseit.Englishhaslongdominatedlearnedjournals:German,RussianorFrench(dependingonthefield)maybeusefultotheirexpertreaders,butEnglishisessential.So,ifyouwantyourownworkpublished—andwidelyreadbyyourpeers—thenEnglishisthelanguageofchoice.

Thegrowthofthecinema,andstillmoresooftelevision,hasspreadthedominantlanguage.Foreignmoviesorsitcomsmaybedubbedintomajorlanguages,butforsmalleraudiencestheyareusuallysubtitled.Result:aDutchorDanishorevenArabfamilyhasanaudio-visuallearningaidinitsliving-room,andusuallythelanguagespokenon-screenisEnglish.

ThebirthofthecomputeranditsAmericanoperatingsystemsgaveEnglishanudgeahead:thatoftheInternethasgivenitahugepush.Anyweb-linkedhouseholdtodayhasalibraryofinformationavailableattheclickofamouse.And,unlikethebooksonitsownshelvesorinthepubliclibrary,maybefour-fifthsiswritteninEnglish.Thatproportionmaylessen,asmorenon-Englishsitesspringup.ButEnglishwillsurelydominate.

TheauthorcitestheexampleofIndiatoshow______.

A.thebackwardnessofitsownlanguage

B.theimportanceoflearningEnglish

C.thewidespreadofEnglishlanguage

D.thegreatinfluenceoftheBritishempire

2、

Fromthepassage,wecanknowthat______.

A.20-25%ofearth's6billionpeoplecanuseAmericanEnglish

B.20-25%ofearth's6billionpeoplecanuseDr.Johnson'sEnglish

C.20-25%ofearth's6billionpeoplecanusestandardEnglish

D.20-25%ofearth's6billionpeoplecanuseEnglishthoughnotidiomatic

3、

WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedwhentheauthorexplainsthereasonsoftherapidgrowingnumberofEnglishspeaker?

A.NewpupilsarerequiredtolearnEnglishatschool.

B.MonolingualoldpeopleareencouragedtospeakEnglish.

C.EmployeeshavetolearnEnglishiftheywanttogetachanceofpromotion.

D.ScholarsuseEnglishasthelanguageoftheiracademicworksmoreoftenthanotherlanguages.

4、

Foreignmovieswon'tbedubbedintomajorlanguagewhen______.

A.therearenotmanyaudiences

B.alltheaudiencesknowthatforeignlanguage

C.theaudiencesdon'tlikeitverymuch

D.thelanguagespokenon-screenisEnglish

5、

Theword"nudge"inthefirstsentenceofparagraphsixmeans______.

A.progress

B.encouragement

C.push

D.growth

6、Eachadvanceinmicroscopictechniquehasprovidedscientistswithnewperspectivesonthefunctionoflivingorganismsandthenatureofmatteritself.Theinventionofthevisible-lightmicroscopelateinthesixteenthcenturyintroducedapreviouslyunknownrealmofsinglecelledplantsandanimals.Inthetwentiethcentury,electronmicroscopehaveprovideddirectviewsofvirusesandminusculesurfacestructures.Nowanothertypeofmicroscope,onethatutilizesXraysratherthanlightorelectrons,offersadifferentwayofexaminingtinydetails;itshouldextendhumanperceptionstillfartherintothenaturalworld.

ThedreamofbuildinganX-raymicroscopedatesto1895;itsdevelopment,however,wasvirtuallyhaltedinthe1940'sbecausethedevelopmentoftheelectronmicroscopewasprogressingrapidly.Duringthe1940's,electronmicroscopesroutinelyachievedresolutionbetterthanthatpossiblewithavisible-lightmicroscope,whiletheperformanceofX-raymicroscopesresistedimprovement.Inrecentyears,however,interestinX-raymicroscopeshasrevived,largelybecauseofadvancessuchasthedevelopmentofnewsourcesofX-rayillumination.Asaresult,thebrightnessavailabletodayismillions,oftimesthatofX-raytubes,which,formostofthecentury,weretheonlyavailablesourcesofsoftX-rays.

ThenewX-raymicroscopesconsiderablyimproveontheresolutionprovidedbyopticalmicroscopes.Theycanalsobeusedtomapthedistributionofcertainchemicalelements.Somecanform.picturesinextremelyshorttimes;othersholdthepromiseofspecialcapabilitiessuchasthree-dimensionalimaging.Unlikeconventionalelectronmicroscopy,X-raymicroscopyenablesspecimenstobekeptinairandinwater,whichmeansthatbiologicalsamplescanbestudiedunderconditionssimilartotheirnaturalstate.Theilluminationused,so-calledsoftXraysinthewavelengthrangeoftwentytofortyangstroms(anangstromisoneten-billionthofameter),isalsosufficientlypenetratingto,imageintactbiologicalcellsinmanycases.BecauseofthewavelengthoftheXraysused,softX-raymicroscopeswillnevermatchthehighestresolutionpossiblewithelectronmicroscopes.Rather,theirspecialpropertieswillmakepossibleinvestigationsthatwillcomplementthoseperformedwithlight-and-electron-basedinstruments.

Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

A.Thedetailseenthroughamicroscope.

B.Sourcesofilluminationformicroscopes.

C.Anewkindofmicroscope.

D.Outdatedmicroscopictechniques.

7、

Accordingtothepassage,theinventionofthevisible-lightmicroscopeallowedscientiststo______.

A.seevirusesdirectly

B.developtheelectronmicroscopelateron

C.understandmoreaboutthedistributionofthechemicalelements

D.discoversingle-celledplantsanalanimalstheyhadneverseenbefore

8、

Whydoestheauthormentionthevisible-lightmicroscopeinthefirstparagraph?

A.Tobeginadiscussion,ofsixteenth-centurydiscoveries.

B.ToputtheX-raymicroscopeinahistoricalperspective.

C.Toshowhowlimiteditsusesare.

D.Toexplainhowitfunctioned.

9、

WhydidittakesolongtodeveloptheX-raymicroscope?

A.Fundsforresearchwereinsufficient.

B.Thesourceofilluminationwasnotbrightenoughuntilrecently.

C.MaterialsusedtomanufactureX-raytubesweredifficulttoobtain.

D.X-raymicroscopesweretoocomplicatedtooperate.

10、

Basedontheinformationinthepassage,whatcanbeinferredaboutX-raymicroscopesinthefuture?

A.Theywillprobablyreplaceelectronmicroscopesaltogether.

B.Theywilleventuallyhemuchcheapertoproducethantheyarenow.

C.Theywillprovideinformationnotavailablefromotherkindsofmicroscopes.

D.Theywilleventuallychangetheilluminationrangethattheynowuse.

11、Formillionsofyearswehaveknownaworldwhoseresourceseemedillimitablehoweverfast,wecutdowntrees,natureunaidedwouldreplacethem.Howevermanyfishwetookfromthesea,naturewouldrestockit.Howevermuchsewagewedumpedintotheriver,naturewouldpurifyit,justasshewouldpurifytheair,howevermuchsmokeandfumesweputintoit.Todaywehavereachedthestageofrealizingthatriverscanbepollutedpastprayingfor,thatseascanbeoverfishedandtheforestsmustbemanagedandfosterediftheyarenottovanish.

Butwestillretainourprimitiveoptimismaboutairandwater.Therewillalwaysbeenoughrainfallingfromtheskiestomeetourneeds.Theaircanabsorballthefilthwecaretoputinit.Stilllessdoweworrywhetherwecouldeverrunshortofoxygen.Surelythereisairenoughtobreathe.Whoeveraskswhereoxygencomesfrom,tobeginwith?Theyshould—forwenowconsumeabout10percentofalltheatmosphericoxygeneveryyear,thankstothemanyformsofcombustionwhichdestroyit;everycar,aircraftandpowerstationdestroysoxygeninquantitiesfargreaterthanmenconsumebybreathing.

Thefactiswearejustbeginningtopressupagainstthelimitsoftheearth'scapacity.Webegintohavetowatchwhatwearedoingtothingslikewaterandoxygen,justaswehavetowatchwhetherweareoverfishingoroverfelling.Therealizationhasdawnedthattheearthisaspaceshipwithstrictlylimitedresources.Theseresourcesmust,inthelongrun,berecycled,eitherbynatureorbyman.Justastheastronaut'surineispurifiedtoprovidedrinkingwaterandjustashisexpiredairisregeneratedtobebreathedanew,soalltheearth'sresourcesmustberecycled,soonerorlater.Uptonow,theslowpaceofnature'sownrecyclinghasserved,coupledwiththefactthatthe"workingcapital"ofalreadyrecycledmaterialwaslarge.Butthemarginsaregettingsmallerandifmen,inevenlargernumbers,aregoingtorequireevenlargerquantities,thepaceofrecyclingwillhavetobeartificiallyquickened.

Allwehaveisanarrowbandofusableatmosphere,nomorethansevenmileshigh,athincrustofland,onlyoneeighthofthesurfaceofwhichisreallysuitableforpeopletoliveon,andalimitedsupplyofdrinkablewater,whichwecontinuallyreuse.Andintheearth,wehaveacapitaloffossilfuelsandores,which,westeadilyrundownbillionsoftimesfasterthannature,restoresit.Theseresourcesaretiedtogetherinacomplexsetoftransactions.Theairhelpspurifythewater,thewaterirrigatestheplants,theplantshelptorenewtheair.

Weheedlesslyinterveneinthesetransactions.Forinstance,wecutdowntheforests,whichtranspirewaterandoxygen,webuilddamsandpipelinewhichlimitthemovementofanimals,wepavetheearthandbuildreservoirs,alteringthewatercycle.Sofar,naturehasbrushedofftheseinjuriesaspinprick.Butnowwearebecomingsostrong,socleverandsonumerous,thattheyarebeginningtohurt.

Todaytherehasbeenachangeofattitudetowardsnature.Thisisshownin______.

A.thepollutionofrivers

B.theoverfishingofseas

C.theincreaseinairpollutione

D.thefosteringofforests

12、

Theanalogydrawnbetweentheearthandaspaceshipistoillustratetheideaof______onearth.

A.unlimitedresources

B.limitedresources

C.recycling

D.regeneration

13、

Thepaceofrecyclingwillhavetobeartificiallyquickenedbecause______.

A.nature'sownpaceisslowingdownrapidly

B.the"workingcapital"ofrecycledmaterialhasallbeenusedup

C.theearth'sresourcescannotbereplacedbyman

D.theearth'sgrowingpopulationrequiresmoreandmoreresources

14、

Whatdoesthesentence"Theairhelpspurifythewater"illustrate?

A.Theecologicalbalance.

B.Thewatercycle.

C.Theearth'slimitedresources.

D.Thelifecycle.

15、

Whichofthefollowingbestconveysthe'ideathatmanhasbeencarelessandunconcernedinhisrelationshipwithnature?

A.Hehasexploitedtheearth'sresources.

B.Hehasshownlittleunderstandingofnature'sways.

C.Hehasabusedtheearth'sresources.

D.Hehasnotappreciatednature'sbeautyandbenefitssufficiently.

16、Oneofthemostauthoritativespeakingtoustodayis,ofcourse,thevoiceoftheadvertisers.Itsstridentclamordominatesourlives.Itshoutsatusfromthetelevisionscreenandtheradioloudspeakers;wavestousfromeverypageofthenewspaper;plucksatoursleevesontheescalator;signalstousfromtheroadsidebillboardsalldayandflashesmessagestousincolouredlightsallnight.Ithasforcedonusawholenewconceptionofthesuccessfulmanasamannolessthan20%ofwhosemailconsistsofannouncementsofgiantcarpetsales.

AdvertisinghasbeenamongEngland'sbiggestgrowthindustriessincethewar,intermsoftheratioofmoneyearningstodemonstrableachievement.Whyallthisfantasticexpenditure?

Perhapstheansweristhatadvertisingsavesthemanufacturersfromhavingtothinkaboutthecustomer.Atthestageofdesigninganddevelopingaproduct,thereisquiteenoughtothinkaboutwithoutworryingoverwhetheranybodywillwanttobuyit.Thedesignerisbusyenoughwithoutaddingcustomerappealtoallhisotherproblemsofman-hoursandmachinetolerancesandstressfactors.Sotheyjustgoaheadandmakethethingandleaveittotheadvertisertofindelevenwaysofmakingitappealtopurchasersaftertheyhavefinishedit,bypretendingthatitconfersstatus,orattractslove,orsignifiesmanliness.Iftheadvertisingagencycandothisauthoritativelyenough,themanufacturerisinclover.

Othermanufacturersfindadvertisingsavesthemchangingtheirproduct.Andmanufacturershavechange.Theidealproductisonewhichgoesonunchangedforever.If,therefore,foronereasonoranother,somealterationseemscalledfor—howmuchbettertochangetheimage,thepacketorthepitchmadebytheproduct,ratherthangotoalltheinconvenienceofchangingtheproductitself.

Theadvertisingmanhastocombinethequalitiesofthethreemostauthoritativeprofessions:Church,Bar,andMedicine.Thegreatskillrequiredofourpriests,mosthighlydevelopedinmissionariesbutpresent,indeedmandatory,inall,istheskillofgettingpeopletobelieveinandcontributemoneytosomethingwhichcanneverbelogicallyproved.AttheBar,anessentialabilityisthatofpresentingthemostpersuasivecaseyoucantoajuryofordinarypeople,withemotionalappealsmasqueradingaslogicalexposition;acaseyoudonotnecessarilyhavetobelieveinyourself,justoneyouhavestudiouslyavoideddiscoveringtobefalse.AsforMedicine,anydoctorwillconfirmthatalargepartofhisjobisnotclinicaltreatmentbutfaithhealing.Hisapparentlyscientificapproachenableshispatientstobelievethatheknowsexactlywhatiswrongwiththemandexactlywhattheyneedtoputthemright,justasadvertisingdoes—"Rundown?Youneed...""Noonewilldancewithyou?Adab-winmakeyoupopular."

Advertisingmenusestatisticsratherlikeadrankusesalamp-post—forsupportratherthanillumination.Theywilldressanyoneupinawhitecoattoappearlikeanunimpeachableauthorityor,failingthat,theywillevenbehappywiththeannouncement,"Asusedby90%oftheactorswhoplaydoctorsontelevision."Theirengagingqualityisthattheyenjoyhavingtheirlatestrosesuncoveredalmostasmuchasanyoneelse.

Accordingtothepassage,modemadvertisingis"authoritative"becauseofthewayit______.

A.influencesourimageofthekindofpersonweoughttobelike

B.interfereswiththeprivacyofhomelife

C.continuallyforcesusintobuyingthings

D.distractsusnomatterwherewetravel

17、

Advertisersareappreciatedbymanufacturersbecausethey______.

A．a(chǎn)dvisethemonwaysofgivingaproductcustomer-appeal

B．a(chǎn)cceptresponsibilityforgivingaproductcustomer-appeal

C．a(chǎn)dvisethemonthebesttimetogoaheadwithproduction

D．consultthemduringthedesignanddevelopmentstages

18、

Accordingtothepassage,customersareattractedtoaproductbecauseitappearsto______.

A．haveasufficientlyattractivedesign

B．offergoodvalueformoney

C．fulfillthemanufacturer'sclaims

D．satisfytheirpersonalneeds

19、

TheadvertisingmanissaidtosharewiththeChurch,theBar,andMedicine,theabilityto______.

A．convincepeopleofthetruth

B．winpeople'sconfidence

C．a(chǎn)cceptpeople'sprejudices

D．exploitpeople'sfears

20、

Advertisingmendresspeopleupinwhitecoatbecause______.

A.itmakestheiradvertisementsmoreconvincing

B.itmakestheiradvertisementsmoreconspicuous

C.themajorityofTVdoctorsaredressedupinwhitecoats

D.itmakestheactorstakethejobseriously

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、B、C、D、E、F、G……)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.(10points)

Everynowandthenastudycomesalongwhosechiefinterestliesinhowpeculiarlyaskewitsfindingsseemtobefromthecommonperceptionofthings.Sometimes,ofcourse,the"surprisingnewstudy"itselfturnsouttobeoffinsomeway.Butifthedataarefundamentallysound,thenwhatyoureallywanttoknowiswhysensiblepeopleholdsuchacontraryview.

(41)______.Researcherstookacloserlookatanearlierstudythathadbeenwidelyinterpreted,whenitwasfirstpublishedin2000,asproofthatthehomeworkmonsterwasgrowing,andinsatiable.ATimemagazinecoverarticlespawnedamini-genreoftrendstories,allpeopledbypale,exhaustedkidsandbewilderedboomerparentswhoseownhomeworkmemoriesseemedtoencompassonlyfeltpuppetsandshoe-boxdioramas.Butthenewreportpointsoutthatwhiletheamountoftimeschool-children12andunderdevotedtostudyathomedidindeedgrowbetween1981and1997,theincreasewassmall:anaverageof23minutesperweek.(42)______.

Sowhydosomanyparentsseemtothinkotherwise?Oneansweristhattherealincreaseinhomeworkthathasbeendocumentedisamongyoungerchildren.In1981,forinstance,onethirdof6to8-year-oldshadsomehomework;one-halfdidinthelate90's.(43)______.Andsincechildren6to8aretheonesweparticularlyliketothinkofasengagedinunstructuredplayweimaginethemridingbikesinthehoneyedlightofwaningafternoons,evenwhenwhattheymightwellbedoing,intheabsenceofhomework,iswatchingTVhomeworkforthemseemslikeoneofthoseheavyhandedincursionsonthefreedomofchildhood.

(44)______.Thesechildrengotoeliteprivateschoolsortodemandingpubliconeswherethecompetitivepressuresaresuchthattheyeitherreallydohavehoursofhomeworkeachnightortakehoursfinishingitbecausethey(ortheirparents)aresoanxiousthatitbedonewell.Theycomefromthedemographicthatmakesacultural,almostamoral,idealofenrollingchildreninsoccerandoboelessonsandkarateandballet,andsotheirtimereallyisatapremium.(45)______.

A.Moreover,20percentfewerchildrenbetweentheagesof9and12weredoinghomeworkatallin1997thanin1981.Andhigh-schoolstudentsspentnomoretimeonhomeworkthantheydidinpreviousdecades.

B.ThatiscertainlythequestionraisedbyaBrookingsInstitutionreportreleasedlastmonthshowingthattheamountoftimekidsdevotetohomeworkhasnot,infact,significantlyincreasedoverthelasttwodecades.

C.Behindtheseemingcontradictionsofsteadyhomeworklevelsandtheantihomeworkbacklash,inotherwords,istherealityofsocialclass.

D.Theyarelikelytohavebusyprofessionalparents,oversubscribedthemselvesbutwithaninvestmentinseeingtheirchildrenproducebookreportsofakindthatteachers,counselorsand,intime,collegeadmissionsboardswillfindimpressive.

E.Anti-homeworkcrusadesarenotnewin1901,forexample,Californiapassedalawabolishinghomeworkforgradesonethrougheightbuttheyhaveusuallybeenledbythesamekindsofpeople,whichistosay,elites.

F.Sinceparentsaremorelikelytohavetosuperviseafirstorsecondgraderdoinghomeworkthananolderchild,theearlierlaunchingofahomeworkregimenmightfeellikeadisproportionateincreaseintheparentalworkload.

G.Butthebiggeranswer,Isuspect,isthattheparentswetendtohearfrominthepress,atschool-boardmeetingsandinInternetchatgroups,theparentswithelaborated,developmentallysavvycritiquesofstandardsandcurriculum

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)