建筑類型和設(shè)計(jì)-土木工程外文翻譯

一、原文buildingAbuildingiscloselyupwith，foritwiththetolivein.theiraremainlyoftwo:industrialcivilbuildingsbuildingsusedorproductioncivilareusedbypeoplefor,educationsocialactivitiesIndustrialarebuildingsthatareavailableforprocessingofkinds,infieldsminingindustry,themetallurgicalindustry,theindustrythetextileindustry.buildingscanintoonesones.theconstructionofbuildingsisthesamethatofcivil,industrialcivilbuildingsdifferintheusedandwayareCivilbuildingsdividedintotwocategories:residentialbuildings.residentialbuildingsshouldsuitlife.eachflatshouldofatthreenecessary:,atoilet.publicbuildingscanbein,cultural,administrationservices,suchas,shops,gymnasiums,bathon.allhavedifferentfunctions,whichinturntypesaswell.ousingthelivingfor.thefunctionofhousingisprovideshelterfromtheelements,butmuchmorethatoftheir.afamilyawilltoifavailablemeetsof.afamilywillalsohownearthehousingtograinmarkets,schools,thelibrary,amovie,andcommunitycentern1960’samostimportantinhousingwassufficientspacebothinsideandoutofpreferredsingle-familyonaboutanacrewouldprovidefor.inhighlyindustrialized,manylivefaroutfromtheofmetropolitanarea,eveniftheearnerstravelsometheirworkalargepreferredcountryhousingtosuburbanchiefwastofromnoise.theofpublictobedecisiveinbecausemostworkerstheircarstowork.people’rechieflyinterestedarrangementandsizeofofbedroomsBeforeofthebuildingbeginhavetobedrawntoshowwhatthebuildingwilllike,theinwhichitistoistodone.Anpointbuildingistheofrooms,whichprovidetheinrelationtheforintended.ina1dwellinghous,thelayoutmaybeconsideredunderthreecategories:“day”,“night”,and“services”.attentionmustbepaidtotheprovisionofeasycommunicationbetweentheseareas.the“day“roomsgenerallyincludeadiningandkitchen,butrooms,suchabeaddedtherebe.theliving-room,whichisgenerallylargestasdining-room,too,orthekitchenmayhaveaalcove.the“night“roomsconsistofthebedrooms.the“services“comprise,bathrooms,larderwater-closetskitchenandservicesthedayrooms.Italsoessentialtothequestionoutlookfromthevariousroomsinuseshouldfacesouth.itisverydifficulttomeetoptimumrequirements,bothonaccountoftheofcomplexproblems,itisalsonecessarytown-planningwhichareconcernedwithpublicamenitiesof,heightofoftodwellings,thegeneralappearanceofnewpropertiesinrelationtoneighbourhoodsoon.inalthoughbuildingsstillneedtocomplywithlocaltown-planningregulations.thetowards,airyfactorybuildingsofconcreteconstructioncanbe“shed”typeridgeroof,incorporatingwindowsfacingnorthsoastogiveevenlydistributedwithoutofradioactivitylevelsduetocementindustryAbstractThecementindustryconsideredofthatplaysaninthenationalofdevelopingcountries.Activityof40Kincementandcementfromdifferentfactorieshasbyusingγ-rayspectrometry.Fromthemeasuredγ-rayspectra,specificactivitiesweredetermined.Theactivityforwerewiththeforothercountries.averagefor226Ra,activityconcentrationintypesofcementlowerthaninTheoperationhazardparameters.Cementdoesnotposeasignificanthazardwhenusedconstruction1.Theneedforissogreat.itconsideredaWorkersexposedtocementitsrawmaterialsforainminesandwellaspeople,that80%timeofficesand(Mollahal.,Paredeset1987)resultintocementrawmaterialssoweshouldknowtheradioactivityforcementandrawTherearetypesoftochemicalandpropertiesPortlandcementistheprevalentThecontentsof226Ra,232Th40Kinandmaterialscandependingtheirsourcecharacteristics.theofradioactivityinthesematerialsimportantestimateradiologicalonhumanThefromradioactivityisdueexposureof2bodygamma-raysandirradiationoflungtissuesfromofits(Papastefanouetal.,1988).naturalriskpointofitnecessarytoknowdoselimitsofpublictonaturalenvironmentalprovidedbyair,foods,buildinginteriors,tohumanto(UNSCEAR,1988).Lowlevelspectrometryisforqualitativequantitativeofgamma-ray-emittinginenvironment1989).Theconcentrationofradio-elementsinbuildingmaterialsitscomponentsimportantinpopulationasmostindividualsspend80%oftheirtimeindoors.Theaverageindoordoseinfromterrestrialofradioactivityestimatedtobe70h?1.Indoorselevatedexternaldosearisefromhighactivitiesofradionuclidesin(Zikovskyattentionhasbeenpaidtodeterminingradionuclideininmanycountries(AmraniandTahtat,2001;et2003;Tzortzisetal.,ButinformationtheradioactivityofthesematerialsinEgyptlimited.Knowledgeofoccurranceconcentrationofnaturalradioactivityinsuchimportantisforcheckingqualityingeneralknowingitseffectonenvironmentsurroundingthecementparticular.theglobaldemandcementabuildingmaterial,thepresentstudyto:(1)naturalradioactivity(226Ra,inrawfinalusedincementfactoryin(2)Calculatetheradiologicalparameters(radiumequivalentactivityRaeq,levelindexIγr,externalhazardindexHexandabsorbedrate)whichrelatedtotheexternalγTheresultsofconcentrationlevelsradiationarewithstudiesoutincountries.2.Experimental2.1.preparationFiftysamplesofrawfinalusedintheAssiutcementcollectedforinvestigation.TwentyfivesamplesrawwerefromIronwhichareallrawmaterialusedincement20samplesoffinalweretakenfromAssiutcementEl-Mohands,White,Sulphateresistantcement(S.R.C)).Forwithproductsfromfactories,samplesfromthePortlandcementfromQena,samplesweretakenofwhitecementsample,1-kginweightwaswasheddistilledinanabout110thatcompletelysampleswerecrushed,sieved200whichisthesizetobeinheavyminerals.Weightedwereplacedinapolyethyleneof350-cm3Thebeakerscompletelyfor4weekstoreachequilibriumofoftheequaltothatofparent.Thisstepisnecessarytothatradoniswithinthevolumethedaughterswillremaininsample.2.2.3Activitymeasurementswereperformedbyspectrometry,employinga3″×3″scintillatiodetector.ThehermeticallysealedassemblywithaNaI(Tl)coupledPC-MCAAccuspes).7.5%at662keVpeakofreducegammabackgroundcylindricalmmthick)withfixedmovablecovertheleadshieldaninnerofcopper(0.3thick)toX-rays.thedistributioninaroundtheanemptysealedbeakerinsameinsameastimeofactivityorwass.spectratocorrectnetpeakareagammaofisotopes.Aprogram2000fromCanberra)analyzedeachmeasuredγ-rayspectrum.3.ConclusionThe40KrawmaterialsfinalusedinAssiutfactoryinEgyptandcomparedwithincountries.activityof40Klowerallincountries.activityofforallofPortlandcementwithofotherTheresultsshowthataveragesofradiationhazardforcementarelowerthan370BqforradiumforlevelindexIγr,theexternalhazardindexHex≤1forabsorbedThetheradiationparameters.SocementproductsdonotposesignificantforbuildingradioactivityrawfinalproductsofcementfromonecountrytoanotherwithinsameofmaterialfromdifferentbeimportantfromthepointofofselectingforuseincementItimportantoutthatthesevaluesnotforthecountriesmentionedbutfortheregionsfromwherethewerecollected.Prestressedisstrongcompressionin:fromto14percentitscompressivestrength.toalowcapacity,developearlyofloading.Inorpreventsuchcracksfromaeccentricforceisimposedinlongitudinaloftheelement.fromdevelopingbyeliminatingortensileatcriticalmidspansectionsbendingshearofthesections.Thetoelastically,thefulloftheincanefficientlyutilizedtheofconcreteallloadsactthestructure.SuchanimposedlongitudinalforceiscalledcompressivethatthesectionsalongthespanofstructualelementpriorofgravitydeadandliveortransientliveThetypeofprestressinginvolved,withits,aremainlyonthebasisofthetypeoftobeconstructedthespanlengthslenderness4.Sinceislongitudinallyparalleltoofthemembertheprinciplecommonlyknownlinear.Tensionbywillfirsthavetothebyitcan4.39aaconcretesimple-spanload.Atarelativelowload,thetensileintheconcretetheofwillreachthetensilestrengthofconcretewillform.norestraintisagainstextensionofwillcollapse.4.39btheunloadedwithprestressingforcesappliedstressingtendons.force,appliedwithrelativethecentroid,willproducealongitudinalcompressivedistributionfromtheamaximumofstress,=,atbottom,whereisthedistancefromconcretecentroidthebottombeam,istheofofthecross-section,isthedepthofthebeam.Ancreated.4.39cbeamshavebeenapplied.Thecausethedeflectdown,creatingtensileinbottomofthebeam.tensionfromtheloadingisbycompressioninducedbytheTensioneliminatedunderoftensionareAlso,constructionmaterials(concreteandsteel)usedmoreefficiently.Circular,usedinliquid,,reactorfollowstheaslinear.Thehoop.or“hugging”stressonthecylindricalorsphericalstructure,neutralizesthetensileattheouterfibersofthecurvilinearbytheinternalpressureFromtheitthatpermanentincreatedbeforefulldeadliveloadsinorreduceloads.Withconcrete,itisassumedthattensileofisnegligibledisregarded.istensileresultingfromtheresistedbondinreinforcementprocessdeflectionareinoncethememberreacheditslimitatserviceload.ThereinforcementreinforcedconcretedoesnotexertforceofitsontheofThesteeltheforceinactivelythe,arelativelyhighcontrolledof.theflexuraltensileofisexceeded,memberstartstolikeareinforcedconcrete.PrestressedinthantheirconcretecounterpartsforthesamespanloadingIn,ofconcreteusuallyabout6580percenttheofequivalentreinforcedconcrete.Hencetheprestressedrequireslessconcrete,toofamountreinforcement.Unfortunately,thisinweightisbalancedby5theofhigherqualitymaterialsin.Also,ofsystemused,inan:formworkismorecomplexsincegeometryofprestressedsectionsusuallyofsectionswiththinwebs.Inofcosts,ifalargeofprecastthedifferencebetweenatofconcreteislarge.Andtheindirectlong-termsavingsarequitesubstantial,maintenanceisneeded,longerispossiblequalityofconcrete,lighterfoundationstothecumulativeweightofsuperstructure.ncethespanofconcreteexceeds90feettom),theweightofbecomesexcessive,inheaviermembersand,consequently,greaterlargerbecomestoconstructdonotperformwelltheseverecreeptheyundergo.Verylargespanscable-stayedbridgesonlybethroughtheuseofprestressingconcreteisnotnewconcept,datingtoP.H.,anfromathattierodtoconstructbeamsorarchesindividualblock.Afteralonglapseofduringwhichlittleprogressoftheunavailabilityofhigh-strengthsteelDillofAlexandria,theeffectoftheshrinkagecreep(transverseflow)ofonofHedevelopedthethatpost-tensioningofcompensatefortime-dependentlossofinthetodecreaseinthelengthofthememberbecauseofcreepandtheearlyW.H.HewettMinneapolisdevelopedtheprinciplesofcircularHehoop-stressingaroundwallsoftanksthroughtheuseofpreventcrackingduetointernalliquid,therebywatertightness.prestressingoftankspipesdevelopedanacceleratedintheUnitedofforwater,liquid,andstoragebuiltmuchmileageofpressurepipelaidinthetothatfollowed.LinearprestressingcontinuetodevelopinEuropeandFrance,inparticularthroughtheofEugenein1923-28throughtheuseofhigh-strengthhigh-ductilitysteels.In1940,heintroducednowwell-knownwell-acceptedAbelesofintroduceddevelopedtheofpartialbetweenthe1930sofGermany,VMikhailovofLinofUnitedalsocontributedatoscienceofof.Lin'sparticularinthisasittheparticularlycontinuousstructures.ThesedevelopmentsledtooftheworldintheUnitedinparticular.ofsubstantiallyhigherstrengthusedprestressed6forconstructedofordinaryreinforcedconcrete.Thereseveralforthis:concretenormallyhasahighermodulusofelasticity.reductionelasticstrainofprestressforceaincreepwhichisproportionalThisinreductioninlossofInpost-tensionedhighbearingtheofwheretheisfromtoanchoragefittings,beardirectlyagainstThiscanbebyincreasingtheofanchorageorbyincreasecapacitytheconcretebycompressivestrength.latterusuallyTodayusedin,structures,TVtowers,floatingstructures,,nuclearvessels,ofcable-stayedbridges.Theydemonstratetheversatilityoftheprestressingconceptall-encompassingTheinthedevelopmentandofallthesehasinnotheadvancesinthetechnologyofparticularlyprestressinginestimatinglossesinthe7二、譯文建筑類型設(shè)計(jì)大樓與人民息息相關(guān)，因?yàn)樗峁┍匾目臻g，工作和生活中。由于其使用的分類，建筑主要有兩種類型：工業(yè)建筑和民用建筑各工廠或工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中使用的工業(yè)大廈，而那些居住，就業(yè)，教育和其他社會(huì)活動(dòng)的人使用的民用建筑。工業(yè)樓宇廠房可用于加工和制造各類采礦業(yè)，冶金工業(yè)，機(jī)械制造，化學(xué)工業(yè)和紡織工業(yè)等領(lǐng)域?？煞譃閮煞N類型的單層和多層的廠房，民用建筑，工業(yè)建筑是相同的。然而，工業(yè)與民用建筑中使用的材料，在使用它們的方式不同。民用建筑分為兩大類：住宅建筑和公共建筑，住宅建筑應(yīng)滿足家庭生活應(yīng)包括至少有三個(gè)必要的房間：每個(gè)單位。一個(gè)客廳，一個(gè)廚房和廁所，公共建筑，可以在政治文化活動(dòng)，管理工作和其他服務(wù)，如學(xué)校，寫(xiě)字樓，公園，醫(yī)院，商店，車站，影劇院，體育場(chǎng)館，賓館，展覽館，洗浴池，等等，他們都有不同的功能，這在需要以及不同的設(shè)計(jì)類型。房屋是人類居住屋的基本功能是提供遮風(fēng)擋雨今天人們需要更他們的住房，一個(gè)家庭遷入一個(gè)新的居民區(qū)知道，如果現(xiàn)有住房符合其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)安全，健康和舒適。附近的房屋是如何糧店糧食市場(chǎng)學(xué)校商店圖書(shū)館電影院社區(qū)中心家庭也會(huì)問(wèn)。在60年代中期最重要的住房?jī)r(jià)值足夠空間的內(nèi)部和外部。多數(shù)首選的一半左右1英畝的土地，這將提供業(yè)余活動(dòng)空間單戶住宅的家庭。在高度工業(yè)化的國(guó)家，許多家庭寧愿住盡量盡可能從一個(gè)大都市區(qū)的中心仔駛一段距離們的工作。不少家庭的首選國(guó)家住房郊區(qū)住房的大量的，因?yàn)樗麄兊闹饕康氖沁h(yuǎn)離噪音，擁擠，混亂。無(wú)障礙公共交通已不再是決定性因素，在住房，因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)工人開(kāi)著自己的車上班的人。我們主要感興趣的安排和房間的大小和臥室數(shù)目。在建筑設(shè)計(jì)中的一個(gè)重要的一點(diǎn)是，房間的布局，應(yīng)提供有關(guān)它們目的，最大可能的便利，在住宅，布局可根據(jù)三類認(rèn)為天須注意“和”服務(wù)“。支付提供這些地區(qū)之間容易溝通的房間一般包括用餐室起居室和廚房但其他房間，如一項(xiàng)研究，可能會(huì)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，可能有一個(gè)大廳，客廳，通常是最大的，往往是作為一個(gè)餐廳，也或廚房，可有一個(gè)用餐涼亭的房間，臥室組成“服務(wù)括廚房，衛(wèi)生間，儲(chǔ)藏室，廚房和儲(chǔ)藏室的水廁。連接天與客房的服務(wù)。這也是必須考慮的前景問(wèn)題，從不同的房間，和那些在使用中最應(yīng)該盡可能最好朝南而，它往往很難達(dá)到最佳的要求，同時(shí)對(duì)環(huán)境的考慮和位置，的道路。在解決這些復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題，它也必須遵循當(dāng)?shù)氐某鞘幸?guī)劃與公共設(shè)施，人口密度，建筑高度，綠地比例的住房，建筑線，一般的外觀有關(guān)的法規(guī)鄰里關(guān)系的新特性，依此類推。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化是在工業(yè)大廈內(nèi)的小雖然這些建筑物仍然需要遵守當(dāng)?shù)氐某鞘幸?guī)劃法規(guī)現(xiàn)代趨勢(shì)是朝著輕通風(fēng)的廠房般的鋼筋混凝土或金屬建筑工廠可以給出一棚”類型脊屋頂，將朝北的窗口，給均勻分布沒(méi)有自然采光，陽(yáng)光刺眼。由于水泥行業(yè)的天然放射性水平和輻射危害的評(píng)估抽象被視為水泥行業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè)，對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中起著重要的作用之一。226Ra的活度濃度，和40K亞西烏特水泥和其他地方的水泥類型從不同的埃及工廠已經(jīng)使用射線光譜測(cè)量。從測(cè)得的γ射線譜，具體活動(dòng)進(jìn)行了測(cè)定。這些天然放射性核素的活度濃度與其他國(guó)家報(bào)告的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行比較獲得226Ra的和的活度濃度的平均值在不同類型8的水泥比報(bào)道科委出版物的全球相應(yīng)值低。生產(chǎn)操作減少輻射危害的參數(shù)。水泥不構(gòu)成重大建筑施工中使用時(shí)的輻射危害。1。介紹對(duì)水泥的需求是如此巨大。它認(rèn)為一個(gè)基本的行業(yè)。作業(yè)工人，尤其是在地雷和生產(chǎn)基地以及人們?cè)诤荛L(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間約％的時(shí)間花在辦公室和家庭Mollah等人，1986年。帕雷德斯等人，年水泥或原料曝光水泥或它是必要的現(xiàn)實(shí)，所以我們應(yīng)該知道的水泥及其原料的放射性原料）的結(jié)果。根據(jù)化學(xué)成分和每一個(gè)水力特性，有許多類型的水泥。波特蘭水泥是最普遍的一種。226Ra和40K的原材料和加工的內(nèi)容可以有很大的不同取決于其地質(zhì)源和地球化學(xué)特征。因此，在這些材料中的放射性知識(shí)是重要的，估計(jì)對(duì)人體健康的放射性危害。從天然放射性輻射影響是由于身體接觸輻射伽瑪射線和肺組織的照射吸入氡及其子體（Papastefanou等，1988自然風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的角度來(lái)看，它是必要了解公眾照射劑量限值和測(cè)量地面，空氣，水，食品，建筑內(nèi)飾等提供天然環(huán)境輻射水平，估計(jì)人體暴露于自然輻射來(lái)源（科委，年級(jí)別的伽瑪射線熒光光譜儀是適用于環(huán)境中的伽瑪射線發(fā)射核素（IAEA，1989）定性和定量測(cè)定。建材及其組件的無(wú)線電元素濃度在人口風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估是重要的為大多數(shù)人花費(fèi)％的時(shí)間是在室內(nèi)均室內(nèi)從地面的放射性源的空氣中吸收劑量率估計(jì)為70H？1。室內(nèi)升高，可能出現(xiàn)的外部劑量率從高建筑材料放射性核素Zikovsky和肯尼迪1992年）的活動(dòng)。已支付的高度重視，以確定在許多國(guó)家建筑材料放射性核素濃度Amrani和Tahtat，等，Kumar等年。等，這些材料在埃及的放射性的信息是有限的知識(shí)的發(fā)生與濃度等重要材料的天然放射性是一般檢查其質(zhì)量和對(duì)周圍環(huán)境，特別是水泥生產(chǎn)工廠明知其效果的關(guān)鍵。由于全球水泥作為建筑材料的需求，本研究的目的是：評(píng)估在艾斯尤特水泥工廠和在埃及其他地方的工廠使用的原材料和最終產(chǎn)品的天然放射性（鐳，釷和40K計(jì)算的放射性參數(shù)（相當(dāng)于鐳活動(dòng)，水平指數(shù)Ir，外部危險(xiǎn)指數(shù)六角和吸收劑量率是關(guān)系到外部的劑量率。與其他國(guó)家進(jìn)行類似的研究，濃度和輻射相當(dāng)于活動(dòng)的結(jié)果進(jìn)行了比較。2。實(shí)驗(yàn)技。取樣和樣品制備在艾斯尤特水泥工廠使用的原材料和最終產(chǎn)品的57樣品進(jìn)行了調(diào)查收集的。個(gè)樣品取自原材料（石灰石，粘土，礦渣，氧化鐵，石膏這是在水泥行業(yè)中使用的所有原材料，最終產(chǎn)品的樣品取自20艾斯尤特水泥（波特蘭，，白，耐硫酸鹽水泥（）其他工廠的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行比較個(gè)樣品取自普通硅酸鹽水泥（赫勒萬(wàn)基納，EL-kawmya，托拉）和白水泥（西奈半島和赫勒萬(wàn)個(gè)樣本。每個(gè)樣品重約1斤蒸餾水洗滌和干燥烤箱約°以確保徹底清除水分對(duì)樣品進(jìn)行粉碎，均質(zhì)，并通過(guò)200，這是最佳的篩分在重礦物富集的大小。加權(quán)樣本被放置在聚乙烯燒杯中，體積350方厘米。完全密封的燒4，以達(dá)到長(zhǎng)期平衡氡子體衰變率等于母公司。這一步是必要的，以確保氡氣被局限在體積和樣品中的女兒也將保持。。儀器儀表和校準(zhǔn)活度測(cè)量進(jìn)行伽瑪射線光譜儀采用“×3閃爍探測(cè)器封裝配用的NaI（Tl）晶體耦合的PC-MCA（坎培拉辨率7.5％，在662keV峰的定。為了減少伽瑪射線背景圓柱底部固定和移動(dòng)蓋（毫米厚的鉛屏蔽）屏蔽探測(cè)器。鉛9屏蔽含有銅的同心圓筒內(nèi)部（0.3毫米厚X線吸收鉛。為了確定探測(cè)器周圍環(huán)境中的背景分布，一個(gè)空的密封燒杯計(jì)算以同樣的方式，在相同的幾何形狀的樣品。活動(dòng)或背景的測(cè)量時(shí)間為43秒背景光譜被用來(lái)糾正的凈峰面積測(cè)量同位素的γ射線一個(gè)專用的軟件程序（）從堪培拉精靈分析每個(gè)測(cè)量γ射線譜。3。結(jié)論在上埃及的的艾斯尤特水泥工廠使用，并與其他國(guó)家的結(jié)果相比，原材料和最終產(chǎn)品的天然放射性核素鐳和40K測(cè)定40K的活度濃度低于所有其他國(guó)家的相應(yīng)值。硅酸鹽水泥的所有測(cè)量樣品中232Th活度濃度與其他國(guó)家的相應(yīng)值相媲美。所獲得的結(jié)果表明，輻射危險(xiǎn)參數(shù)的平均值為艾斯尤特水泥廠的鐳當(dāng)量Raeq的，的水平的的指數(shù)I，外部風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)六角≤1和（NGY?低于可接受水平的貝克公斤1？1）吸收劑量率。生產(chǎn)操作減少輻射危害的參數(shù)。因此，水泥制品不構(gòu)成重大建筑施工中使用時(shí)的輻射危害。在水泥的原料和最終產(chǎn)品的放射性變化，從一個(gè)國(guó)家到另一個(gè)內(nèi)同一類型的材料，從不同的地點(diǎn)。從選擇合適的材料在水泥生產(chǎn)中使用的角度來(lái)看，結(jié)果可能是重要的。重要的是要指出，這些值不為上述國(guó)家，但是從那里收集樣品的地區(qū)的代表值。預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土具體是在壓縮強(qiáng)勁，但在tesion弱：其拉伸度變化814，其抗壓強(qiáng)度。由于這種低抗拉能力，在裝貨的早期階段彎曲裂縫的發(fā)展。為了減少或防止來(lái)自發(fā)展中國(guó)家如裂縫，同心或偏心的力量施加在縱向方向的結(jié)構(gòu)元素。這股力量阻止裂縫的發(fā)展，以消除或大大減少在關(guān)鍵的跨設(shè)備和支持服務(wù)負(fù)載部分拉應(yīng)力，從而提高了部分彎曲，剪切，扭轉(zhuǎn)能力。的部分，然后能夠表現(xiàn)彈性，幾乎滿負(fù)荷生產(chǎn)的混凝土在壓縮，可以有效地利用各地的具體章節(jié)的整個(gè)深度時(shí)，所有負(fù)載結(jié)構(gòu)的行動(dòng)。這種強(qiáng)加的縱向力，被稱為1預(yù)應(yīng)力，即，壓縮力，部分預(yù)應(yīng)力沿跨度的結(jié)構(gòu)型元素之前死和活荷載或暫態(tài)水平活荷載橫向重力的應(yīng)用。涉及的預(yù)應(yīng)力類型，連同它的大小，主要取決于系統(tǒng)建設(shè)跨度和所需的細(xì)長(zhǎng)型的基礎(chǔ)上由于縱向預(yù)應(yīng)力施加沿著或平行的成員軸，預(yù)應(yīng)力原則通常被稱為線性預(yù)應(yīng)力。首先，由負(fù)載引起的緊張局勢(shì)將不得不取消的預(yù)應(yīng)力，才可以破解的具體產(chǎn)生壓縮。圖顯示簡(jiǎn)單跨度鋼筋混凝土梁施加載荷下破獲。在一個(gè)相對(duì)低負(fù)荷時(shí)，在混凝土梁底部的拉應(yīng)力達(dá)到混凝土的抗拉強(qiáng)度，會(huì)形成裂縫。因?yàn)闆](méi)有約束對(duì)裂縫向上延伸，光束就會(huì)崩潰。相同卸載梁與預(yù)應(yīng)力強(qiáng)調(diào)高強(qiáng)度的肌