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Module6WhyDoWeNeedDictionaries?PartOne:TeachingDesign第一部分:教課方案Period2:GrammarandusageStep1:Generalintroduction.1.theusageofbyWarmingupbygivingordersTurntopage77part1,readtheexplanationsandwecangetsomeusageofby.Nowlet’slearnmoreaboutit.Summaryabouttheusageofbyby為介詞,表示方式、方法、手法。1)by+n.(名詞前無(wú)冠詞)bymail/post/radio/telephone/telegraph/telegramby+doing構(gòu)造Heearnshislivingbyteaching.by+n.(表示交通路線、工具的名詞)by

land/road/train/bus/jeep/bike

bysea/water/ship/boat

byair/plane4)by+n..(表示面積、體積等的名area/volume/weight/length/width/height/depth5)bythe+n.(表示胸懷衡的名詞)hour/day/week/month/year/kilogram/yard/meter

)by

bytheInEngland,sugarissoldbythepound,eggsbythedozenandclothbytheyard.在英國(guó),糖按磅賣(mài),蛋按打賣(mài),布按碼賣(mài)。2.主謂一致用法概括●語(yǔ)法一致原則主語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)決定了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式的單復(fù)數(shù)。比如:Astudentiswaitingforyouinyouroffice.一名學(xué)生正你辦公室等你。Twostudentsarewaitingforyouinyouroffice.(2004浙江)改錯(cuò)Startingyourcollectionofstampsareeasybecausetheyareeverywhere.(Key:is)youwillprobablywanttojointheStampCollectors’Clubwhichexisttoaddmorestampstoyourcollection.(Key:exists)●意義一致原則1)會(huì)合名詞作主語(yǔ),重申整體時(shí)用單數(shù);重申各個(gè)成員時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)。常有會(huì)合名詞中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只好用復(fù)數(shù)的有:police,people,public,cattle,population。依據(jù)表達(dá)的實(shí)質(zhì)意義來(lái)確立的有:family,class,team,group等。比如:Thepolicearesearchingforthemurderereverywhere.警方正在各處找尋殺人犯。Myfamily

is

abigandhappyone.

我家是一個(gè)幸福的大家庭。Hisfamily

are

allsittingonthesofawatchingTV.

他全家都正坐在沙發(fā)上看電視。2)all,some,half,most,therest,what從句等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需依據(jù)實(shí)質(zhì)表達(dá)的意義。比如:Iknowthatallaregettingalongwellwiththenewcomer.我知道新來(lái)者全部進(jìn)展順利。Allhasbeendonetopreventhimfromsmoking.已想盡方法不讓他抽煙。Whatwereallyneedismoretime.(與表語(yǔ)一致)其實(shí)我們所需要的是更多的時(shí)間。Whattheyreallyneedaredoctors.(與表語(yǔ)一致)其實(shí)我們所需要的是醫(yī)生。3)-s/-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱(chēng)及news,works做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。比如:Thenewswasveryexciting.這條信息特別激感人心。Mathematicsisofgreatimportancetomiddleschoolstudents.數(shù)學(xué)對(duì)中學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)特別重要。4)“the+形容詞”表示一類(lèi)人在句中做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);表示一類(lèi)物時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),比如:Theold

are

takengoodcareofinoursociety.

老年人在我們的社會(huì)中會(huì)遇到很好的照料。Thebeautiful

is

notalwaystheuseful.

漂亮的不必定適用。5)and,both

and連結(jié)的主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),但由

and

連接的主語(yǔ)表示同一個(gè)人同一件物、同一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用單數(shù)形式,比如:Thesecretaryandmanagerwaspresentatthemeeting.書(shū)記兼經(jīng)理列席了會(huì)議。Thesecretaryandthemanagerwerepresentatthemeeting.書(shū)記和經(jīng)理都列席了會(huì)議。6)兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞各自或前面一個(gè)遇到every,each,no,manya修飾時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用數(shù)形式。比如:Everyboyandeverygirlknowsthateachdayandeachhourbringitsduty.每一個(gè)男孩和每一個(gè)女孩都清楚自己時(shí)時(shí)刻刻的責(zé)任。AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.只工作不嬉戲聰慧孩子也變傻。oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞作先行詞,在定語(yǔ)從句中充任主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);theonlyone復(fù)數(shù)名詞作先行詞,在定語(yǔ)從句中充任主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則須用單數(shù)。比如:Heis

theonly

oneofthestudents

inourschool

whohas

takenpartintheInternationalOlympicMathematicsContest.

他是我們學(xué)校獨(dú)一參加過(guò)國(guó)際奧林匹克數(shù)學(xué)比賽的學(xué)生。Heisoneofthestudentsinourschoolwho

havetakenpartintheInternationalOlympicMathematicsContest.

他是我們學(xué)校參加過(guò)國(guó)際奧林匹克數(shù)學(xué)比賽的學(xué)生之一。8)做主語(yǔ)的名詞遇到分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)或表示“很多”的詞及短語(yǔ)修飾時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)取決于該名詞是可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)仍是不行數(shù)名詞,是可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);是不行數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。比如:Two-thirdsofthemoney

is

spentonbooks.Two-thirdsofthepeoplepresent

are

againsttheplan.Agreatdealofmoney

hasbeenspentonbooks.Anumberofthestudents

have

beentoBeijing.9)單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞,如

means,works,series

等做主語(yǔ)時(shí),根據(jù)觀點(diǎn),表示單數(shù)時(shí),謂動(dòng)詞就用單數(shù)形式,表示復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。比如:Thequickestmeansoftravelisbyplane.Agasworksisbeingbuiltnearourschool.●就近一致原則:謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于最湊近它的詞語(yǔ)。主要表此刻由or,either

or,neither

nor

,notonly

butalso

等連接主語(yǔ)及

Therebe

,Herebe

句型中,比如:Are

eitheryouorIwrong?NeitheryounorI

amwrong.Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacher

wishes

togototheGreatWallforavisitagain.Thereisapenandtwopencilsforyoutochoose.●整體原則主語(yǔ)從句、不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)以及表示時(shí)間、金錢(qián)、距離等胸懷的詞作主語(yǔ),視為整體對(duì)待,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)形式。比如:Whatyouaredoingisnoneofmybusiness.Collectingstampsismybrother’shobby.Torememberthesenewwordsinfiveminutesisverydifficultforme.Tenyearsisashortperiodinhumanhistory.Fivehundreddollarsisquiteenoughtopayforthesecond-handcar.●附帶原則with,togetherwith,alongwith,aswellas,but,except,besides,without,including,like,unlike,ratherthan等引出的名詞做主語(yǔ)附帶成分時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式與其前的名詞單復(fù)數(shù)保持一致。比如:Thehouse,

including

thegardenandthegarage,

wassold

out.Sunshine,aswellaswater,

is

neededtomakeplantsgrow.Tom,togetherwithhisparents,

is

goingabroadnextweek.Noonebuthertwobrothers

believes

whatshesays.Inthecaraccident,fivepeopleincludingthedriverkilled.Jackaswellashisfriendsisreadytohelpyou.

were3.動(dòng)詞不定式與動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的狀況:以下動(dòng)詞后習(xí)慣跟todo作賓語(yǔ):agreewantwishplan

expectintend

learnpretendmanageafford

decideask

refusebeg

hopeofferpromise

attempt以下動(dòng)詞后習(xí)慣跟doing作賓語(yǔ):mindconsidergiveup

enjoyimaginemissfinishappreciatesuggestpractiseunderstandriskavoiddelayescapeputoffkeeponfeellikeinsistonsucceedin以下動(dòng)詞既能夠跟todo,也能夠跟doing.但含義不一樣:forget

remember

regret

stop

try

mean

want/needgoon

can’thelpbeused

beafraid

besure

besorryStep2:Exercisesforconsolidation1.Multiplechoice(有關(guān)高考題)1.Thenumberofpeopleinvitedfifty,butanumberofthemabsentfordifferentreasons.(NMET1996)A.were;wasB.was;wasC.was;wereD.were;were2.Eachofthestudents,workinghardathisorherlessons,togotouniversity.SodoI.(1998上海)A.hopeB.hopesC.hopingD.hoped3.Booksofthiskindwell.(1999上海)A.sellB.sellsC.aresoldD.issold4.Themanagerenteredtheofficeandwashappytolearnthatfour-fifthsoftheticketsbooked.(2000上海春天)A.wasB.hadbeenC.wereD.havebeen5.ofthelandinthatdistrictcoveredwithtreesandgrass.(2000上海)A.Twofifth;isB.Twofifth;areC.Twofifths;isD.Twofifths;are6.Asaresultofdestroyingtheforests,alargeofthedesertcoveredtheland.(2001上海)A.number;hasB.quantity;hasC.number;haveD.quantity;have7.Alibrarywithfivethousandbookstothenationasagift.(MET1990)C.areofferedD.haveoffered8.Nobodybutthetwinssomeinterestintheprojecttillnow.A.showsB.showC.haveshownD.haveshown9.Everypossiblemeanstopreventtheairpollution,buttheskyisstillnotclear.(2000上海春天)A.isusedB.areusedC.hasbeenusedD.havebeenused10.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhoawinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.(2002上海春天)A.isB.areC.havebeenD.hasbeen11.NotonlyIbutalsoJaneandMarytiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.(MET1989)A.isB.areC.amD.be12.Eitheryouortheheadmastertheprizetothesegiftedstudentsatthemeeting.(1994上海)A.ishandingoutB.aretohandoutC.arehandingoutD.istohandout13.Whenandwheretobuildthenewfactoryyet.(MET1991)A.isnotdecidedB.arenotdecidedC.hasnotdecidedD.havenotdecided14.E-mail,aswellastelephone,animportantpartindailycommunication.(1999上海)A.isplayingB.haveplayedC.areplayingD.play15.Theteacher,with6girlsand,8boysofherclassvisitingamuseumwhentheearthquakestruck.(2004北京)A.wasB.wereC.hadbeenD.wouldbe16.Alltheemployeesexceptthemangertoworkonlineathome.(2004廣東)A.encouragesB.encourageC.isencouragedD.areencouraged17.Everybodyinourcountryside,menandwomen,youngandold,thisgame.D.arefondof

C.joinsWhoisknockingthedesksandchairssoloudlyintheclassroom?thenaughtyboys.’reC.ThereareD.Itcanbe19.Weeachstrongpointsandeachofusontheotherhandweakpoint.A.have;haveB.has;haveC.has;hashave;has20.ManyaprofessorlookingforwardtovisitingGermanynow.Manyscientistsstudiedanimalsandplantsinthelasttwoyears.A.is;haveB.is;hasC.are;haveD.is;are(Keys:CBABCBADCDBDAAADAADA)2.ExercisesfortheprepFindthemistakeineachsentenceandcorrectit.

D.Accordingsomescientists,scienceinfuturewillchangethe1.wayinwhichwelive,UnderthehelpoftheInternet,itwillbe2.possibleofustosendobjects,includingpeople,fromoneplace3.toanotherwithoutmovingthemthroughspace.Itisintereststo4.hearofthischange.Scientiststhroughouttheworldareworking5.thisproject,buttheresultatpresentisfarfromsatisfaction.With

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