考研英語翻譯題目

第一部分英譯漢全真試題

Unitl

Accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,technologyisanoverlookedforceinexpanding

thehorizonsofscientificknowledge.(71)Sciencemovesforward,theysay,nolsomuchIheough

theinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniques

andtools.(72)“Inshort”,aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,“thescientificrevolution,aswn

callit,waslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthat

expandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”

(73)Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovation

havelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.Themodernschoolthathails

technologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileo,Newton,Maxwell,Einstein,andinventorssuch

asEdisonattachedgreatimportanceto,andderivedgreatbenefitfrom,craftinformationand

technologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments.

Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnologies,geniusnoadvocatewasananalysisof

Galileo,sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.Thewisdomofthedaywasderivedfrom

Ptolemy,anastronomerofthesecondcentury,whoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthe

centerofallheavenlymotions.(74)Galileo'sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirst

persontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolve

aroundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestory,accordingtothenew

schoolofscientists,wasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformaking

eyeglasses.

Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.(75)Whetherthe

Governmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorvice

versa(反之)oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.

W文都教育無限精彩人生文都鑄就永恒

Unit2

Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselecting,

classifying,assigning,orpromotingstudents,employees,andmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthe

targetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailypress,andeveninCongress.(71)Thetarget

iswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithillinformed

orincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytools,withcharacteristicsthatcanbe

measuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbe

valuable,meaningless,orevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyuponthe

user.

Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevant

pastperformance:schoolgrades,researchproductivity,salesrecords,orwhateverisappropriate.

(72)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,

reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichit

isinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalways

incompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.

Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjective

methodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearned,theskillshehas

developed,orthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhas,qualitatively,thesame

advantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.(73)Whclhnrlousetests,otherkinds

ofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefrom

experienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.

(74)Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiest。bemeasuredcanbe

mostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredo〉predicatedcannotbe

welldefined.Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationabout

manypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviously

recognized,buttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.(75)Foeexample,theydonotcompensate

forgrosssocialinequality,andthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthave

beenhadhegrownupundermornfavorablecircumstances.

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Unit3

Thedifferencesinrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhaveseveralcauses.

(71)Someofthesecausesarecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.Othersare

reasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextentself?accelerating.

Some,however,arelessreasonableprocessesofdifferentgrowthinwhichpreconceptionsofthe

formscientifictheoryoughttotake,bypersonsinauthority,acttoalterthegrowthpatternof

differentareas.Thisisanewproblemprobablynotyetunavoidable;butitisafrighteningtrend.

(72)ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametothe

conclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientific

establishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.Itcanbepredicted,however,thatfromtime

totime,questionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.Itisthereforegenerally

valuabletotreatthescientificestablishmentasaresourceormachinetobekeptinfunctional

order.(73)Thisseemsmostlyeffectivelydonebysupportingacurtainamountofresearchnot

relatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthefuture.

Thiskindofsupport,likeallgovernmentsupport,requiresdecisionsabouttheappropriate

recipientsoffunds.Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackofutilityarestraightforward.

Butadecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichhasimmediateutilityismoredifficult.Thegoalof

thesupportingagenciesisthepraisableoneofsupporting"good"asopposedto"bad”science,but

avaliddeterminationisdifficulttomake.Generally,theideaofgoodsciencetendstobecome

confusedwiththecapacityofthefieldinquestiontogenerateaneleganttheory.(74)However,

theworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeofIheworlds

morefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.(75)Newformsofthoughtaswellasnewsubjectsfor

thoughtmustariseinthefutureastheyhaveinthepast,givingrisetonewstandardsofelegance.

Unit4

Doanimalshaverights?Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeauseful,

ground-clearingwaytostart.(71)Actually,itisn't,becauseitassumesthatthereisanagreed

accountofhumanrights,whichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.

Ononeviewofrights,tobesure,itnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.72)Some

philosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeofduties

W文都教育無限精彩人生文都鑄就永恒

andentitlements.Therefore,animalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkills

somebodyisabsurd,forexactlythesamereason,soistheideathattigershaverights.However,

thisisonlyoneaccount,andbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimals

butalsotosomepeople—forinstance,toinfants,thementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.

Inaddition,itisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit:how

doyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon?tlikethiscontract?”

Thepointisthiswithoutagreementontherightsofpeople,arguingabouttherightsof

animalsisfruitless.(73)ItleadsIhediscussiontoextremesat(heoutset:itinvitesyoutoIhinkthat

animalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans，o)with

noconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanother,morefundamental

question:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall?

Manydenyit.(74)Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsinevery

relevantrespect,extremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Any

regardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake—asentimentaldisplacementoffeeling

thatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans.

Thisview,whichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwood,may

seembravely“l(fā)ogical.''Infactitissimplyshallow:theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl—is

toweighothersinterestsagainstonesown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:

withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenough,for

most,toengagesympathy.(75)Whenthathappens,ilisnotamistake:itismankindsinstinctfor

moralmasoninginaction,aninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat.

Unit5

Theywerebyfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadeverdetected:astrip

ofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlightyearsfromearth.

(71)Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestIhatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothe

past,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.

Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasat

oncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationsCosmic

4

BackgroundExplorersatellite—Cob-haddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidin

factbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasbecomeknownastheBigBang(thetheorythat

theuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy).

(72)TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBang,firstput

forwardinthe1920s,iomaintainitsreignasthedominantexplanationofthecosmos.According

tothetheory,theuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopic,unimaginablydenseknotofpure

energythatflewoutwardinalldirections,emittingradiationasitwent,condensingintoparticles

andthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyears,thegaswascompressedbygravityinto

galaxies,stars,plantsandeventually,evenhumans.

Cobisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructures,butastronomerswouldliketoseemuch

smallerhotspotsaswell,theseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuperclustersofgalaxies.

Theyshouldn'thavelongtowait.(73)Astrophysicistsworkingwithgroundbaseddetectorsatthe

SouthPoleandballoonbomeinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheir

findingssoon.

(74)Ifthesmallhotspotslookasexpected,thatwillbeatriumphforye/anotherscientificidea,

arefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.Inflationsaysthatveryearly

on,theuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrillioninmuchlessthanasecond,propelledby

asortofantigravity.(75)Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientiRcallyplausible

consequenceofsomerespectedideasinelemenlaryparticlephysics,andmanyastrophysicists

havebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.

Unit6

(71)Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoiyastherearehistorians,modem

practicemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthe

significanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplace,eachgenerationof

historiansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefound

isalwaysincompleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthe

historianscraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoan

unendingprocess.

W文都教育無限精彩人生文都鑄就永恒

(72interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityof

historyasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.

Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophy,theemergingsocialsciences

seemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesfbraskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewarding

approachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoa

disciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthe

contemporaryworld.

(73)Duringthistransfer,Iraditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditional

methodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.

Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.

(74)Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstothsconceptspeculiartohistorical

workingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistorical

inquiry.Historians,especiallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeen

accusedof"tunnelmethod,^frequentlyfallvictimtothe“technicistfallacy.^^Alsocommoninthe

naturalsciences,thetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertain

partsofitstechnicalimplementation.

(75)Itappliesequallytoiraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlyiheexternalandinlemal

criticismofsources.Andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecific

techniques.

Unit7

Governmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeople

dependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.(71)Undermodem

conditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecialized

scientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.(72)Furthermore,itisobvious

thatthestrengthofacountryeconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagriculture

andindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.

Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinorderto

stepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,theymay

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encourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;they

mayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnatural

resourcesortapresourceshithertounexploited;ortheymaycooperatedirectlyinthegrowing

numberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsanyindustry,Inanycase,allsuch

interventionsareheavilydependentonscientificadviceandalsoscientificandtechnological

manpowerofallkinds.

(73)Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmasscommunications,peopleeverywhereare

feelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareoften

forced」ointroducestillbirtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,the

normalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingplaceatavastlyacceleratedspeed

comparedwiththepast.Forexample,(74)intheearlyinindustrializedcountriesofEuropethe

processofindustrialization—withallIhefaireachingchangesinsocialpatternsthat

followed-wasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergo

thesameprocessinadecadeorso.Allthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresand

tensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsforthegovernments

concerned.(75)Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionor

problemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements—themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadays

bymodemmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors,governmentsarebecoming

increasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprograms

andputtingthemintoeffect.

Unit8

Inlessthan30yearstimetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthe

brainsnervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironments,allowing

virtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall.

(71)Therewillbe⑹evisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitors

thatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.(72)Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwith

puterswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthan

tools,relaxationwillboinfromofsmnH-lelevision,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.

AccordingtoBTsfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduled

W文都教育無限精彩人生文都鑄就永恒

forthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillennium(aperiodoflOOOyears),whensupercomputers

willdramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasoflife.

(73)PearsonhaspiecedtogelhertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundCheworldlo

produceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpect

hundredsorkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.Someofthebiggestdevelopments

willbeinmedicine,includinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscoming

intousebetweennowand2040.

Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinks.44Bylinkingdirectlytoour

nervoussystem,computerscouldpickupwhatwefeeland,hopefully,simulatefeelingtoosothat

wecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironments,ratherliketheholidaysinTotalRecallorthe

StarTrekholodeck,“hesays.(74)Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machine

integration:"Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadto

afullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury.”

Throughhisresearch,Pearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbe

predicted.However,therearestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-that-lighttravelwillbeavailable,

orwhenhumancloningwillbeperfected,orwhentimetravelwillbepossible.Buthedoesexpect

socialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsurveillance

cameraswill,forexample,causeproblemsin2010,whilethearrivalofsyntheticlifelikerobots

willmeanpeoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.(75)

Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultin

thebrnakoulofanewpsychologicaldisorder-kitchenrage.

Unit9

Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolvedby

physicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehavior,butwe

havebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.61)One

difficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviorto

statesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyonce

followedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62)Thebehavioral

scienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectly

8

observedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironment

isobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,itselects,and

thisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63)Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwas

formulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironment

inshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedand

studied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstood,

however,effectsonceassignedtostatesofmind,feelings,andtraitsarebeginningtobetracedto

accessibleconditions,andatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnot

solveourproblems,however,untilitreplacestraditionalpre-scientificviews,andtheseare

stronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.64)Theyarethepossessionsof

theautonomous(self-governing)manoftraditionaltheory,andtheyareessentialtopracticesin

whichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.A

scientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italso

raisesquestionsconcerning“values”.Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends?65)Untilthese

issuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblythe

onlywaytosolveourproblems.

Unit10

Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.

Humansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.(61)Furthermore,humans

havetheabilitytomodify(heenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeforms

totheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheir

richnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledge

resultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselves

andwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth.

“Anthropology“derivesfromtheGreenwordsanthropos“human“andlogos“thestudyof9.

Byitsveryname,anthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind.

Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.(62)Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectual

enquirywhichseeks」ostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,

systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnatural

W文都教育無限精彩人生文都鑄就永恒

phenomena.

Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,psychology,

andsociology.Eachofthesesoicalscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularly

closetoanthropology.

Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafieldstudy

orienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.(63)The

emphasisondatagatheredfirsthand,combinedwithacrossculturalperspectivebroughttothe

analysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocial

science.

Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor's

formulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19th

centuryscience.(64)Tyloidefinedcultureas"...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,

morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberof

society”.Thisinsight,soprofoundinitssimplicity,openedupanentirelynewwayofperceiving

andunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor'sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureis

learned,shared,andpatternedbehavior.

(65)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture"，likeIheconceptof"set"ic

mathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearch

andunderstanding.

Unit11

Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturies.(61)The

Greeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought

whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagecouldbe.

Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentrom

theirown.Twoanthropologists—linguists,FranzBoasandEdwardSapir,werepioneersin

describingmanynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthe

twentiethcentury.

10

(62)Weareobligedtothembecausesomeof[heselanguageshavesincevanished,asthe

peoplewhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguagesOther

linguistsintheearlierpartofthiscentury,however,whowerelesseagertodealwithbizarre(占

怪的)datafrom''exotic(外來的)"language,werenotalwayssograteful.(63)Thenewly

describedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEurope

andSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.

NativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferent,somuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedby

theUSmilitaryasacodeduringWorldWaHtosandsecretmessages.

Sapir'spupil,BenjaminLeeWhorf,continuedthestudyofAmericanIndianlanguages.

(64)Beinginterestedintherelationshipofthelanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedth。idea

thatthestructureofthelanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.He

reasonedthatbecauseitiseasiertoformulatecertainconceptsandnotothersinagivenlanguage,

thespeakersofthatlanguagethinkalongonetrackandnotalonganother.(65)Whorfcameto

believeinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhich,initsstrongestfrom,slatesthatlanguage

imprisonsthemind,andthatdiegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefarreaching

consequencesforthecultureofasociety.Later,thisideabecametobeknownastheSapirWhorf

hypothesis,butthistermissomewhatinappropriate.AlthoughbothSapirandWhorfemphasized

thediversityoflanguages,Sapirhimselfneverexplicitlysupportedthenotionoflinguistic

determinism.

Unit12

Itisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificant

phaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfused,andone'simpressionstendtobea

mixtureofskepticismandoptimism.(46)Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelings

arecreatedandconveyedandperhapsneverbeforehasitservedtomuchtoconnectdifferent

peoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbe

anythingotherthanitspeoples,theirculturesandnationalidentities.Withthisinmindwecan

begintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.(47)InEurope,aselsewhere,multimediagroups

havebeen