過(guò)河托福閱讀老師課堂講義及筆記總結(jié)

iBT托福閱讀理解的形式特閱讀,6個(gè)段子)文章長(zhǎng)度:650-750題目數(shù)量:12-14個(gè)/篇(每篇有一個(gè)多選,形式為6選3,759測(cè)試時(shí)間:20測(cè)試分?jǐn)?shù):0-30由原始4230(1):辨析文章的主要觀點(diǎn),并與局部小觀點(diǎn)區(qū)分;辨析段落主細(xì)節(jié):概括性信息的把握并判別具體信息的真 FALSE?NOTGeneralstatement Somedetails推斷:根據(jù)上下文推斷出隱藏的信態(tài)度:根據(jù)文章描述判斷作者意圖和態(tài)度:WHY目的;HOW托福閱讀是以句子為的閱讀的本質(zhì)獲取有效信消除閱讀文章結(jié)構(gòu)特文章主體分為結(jié)構(gòu)主體和細(xì)節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)主體(支撐):段(文章的前幾段)和句(每段的前幾細(xì)節(jié)主體(填充文章具體結(jié)構(gòu)如Intro:background(細(xì)節(jié)&topic(結(jié)Body:sub-topic(結(jié)構(gòu) ysis(細(xì)節(jié))&evidence(細(xì)節(jié)Conclusion:topic(結(jié)構(gòu)快速筆記方快速筆記的意義輔助思維框架形索引功結(jié)構(gòu)主體的時(shí)間和數(shù)字:同步記錄時(shí)間及相應(yīng)的;一律記錄為數(shù)人名\地名\專有名詞:使用首字母標(biāo)舉例主新概念和概快速筆記的簡(jiǎn)單符號(hào)體快速筆記的重要性和必要 閱讀中的指導(dǎo)性邏筆記中有清晰的邏輯脈根據(jù)筆記可以對(duì)文章進(jìn)行有效復(fù)閱讀和口語(yǔ)的關(guān)提供口語(yǔ)表達(dá)的二.閱讀方精 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方句子閱讀中的定前置定語(yǔ) adjphrase形容詞短語(yǔ)abookusefulforyouprepphrase介詞短語(yǔ):apenonthedeskv-ing/-edphrase分詞短語(yǔ): walkingontheroad;adevelopedforthe不定式awaytosolvethe注分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)是其修飾的不定代詞只能用后置定語(yǔ)修不定式作后置定語(yǔ)其邏輯主語(yǔ)是第:sbusethewaytosolvetheproblem定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句:that,which,who,whom,whose(其中that,which,who,whom引導(dǎo)的是非完整句,whose引導(dǎo)的是完關(guān)系連詞when,where,why在句子中不作成分,引導(dǎo)的是完整介詞+關(guān)系代詞inwhich,此關(guān)系代詞不包括同位語(yǔ):同插入語(yǔ)一樣處 刪AB(定語(yǔ)從句/同位語(yǔ)從句A,orAthat+句子(完整句AofB:thecityof狀語(yǔ):處理方式---Adv副Prepphrase介詞短分詞短不定注:非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)其邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主并列結(jié)并列連詞的用法:并列連詞連接結(jié)構(gòu)\功能\性質(zhì)均相同的成分----that引導(dǎo)的各種從S+V+THAT+句子(完整句)---賓語(yǔ)從S+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)+句子---表語(yǔ)從ItVithat句It+be+adj+that+句 完整That句子Nthat句子+同位語(yǔ)(完整句定語(yǔ)從句(非完整句SVithat+句子ThesunrisesthatisS+be+adj+that+句子:Thedeskiscleanthatisusedbythestudent(定語(yǔ)從句);ThefactistruethatTomishandsome(同位語(yǔ)從復(fù)雜句的閱讀方法---層次化句子閱讀括號(hào)匹……關(guān)聯(lián)詞(完整句關(guān)聯(lián)詞+非完整句化右括號(hào)的條件句子終連接句子的并列連詞或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)之1:However,formanyyearsphysiciststhoughtthat(atomandmoleculesalwaysweremuchmorelikelytoemitlightspontaneously)andthat(stimulatedemissionthusalwayswouldbemuchweaker)2:Itappearedthat〔Canadawasoncemorefallinginstepwiththetrendtowardsmallerfamilies(thathadoccurredallthroughtheWesternworldsincethetimeoftheIndustrialRevolution)〕.3:Thehistoryofclinicalnutrition,orthestudyofthebetweenhealthandhowthebodytakesinandutilizesfoodsubstances(同位語(yǔ),刪除),canbedividedintofourdistincteras:thefirstbeganinthenineteenthcenturyandextendedintotheearlytwentiethcentury(whenitwasrecognizedforthefirsttimethat(foodcontainedconstituents(thatwereessentialforhumanfunction))andthat(differentfoodsprovideddifferentamountsoftheseessentialagents).例4:Usingtechniquesfirstdevelopedfortheoffshoreoilandgasindustry,theDSDP’sdrillship,theGlomarChallenger(),wasabletomaintainasteadypositionontheocean’ssurfaceanddrillinverydeepwater,extractingsamplesofsedimentsandrockfromtheoceanfloor.5:ThedesperateplightoftheSouthhaseclipsedthefactthat(reconstructionhadtobeundertakenalsoinNorth,thoughless6:Thetechniqueofdirectcarvingwasabreakwiththecenturyinwhich(themakingofaclaymodelwasconsideredthecreativeact)and(theworkwasthenturnedovertostudioassistanttobecastinsterorbronzeorcarvedinmarble).7:Anyonewhohashandleafossilizedbone)knowsthat(itisusuallynotexactlylikeitsmoderncounterpart),themostobviousdifferencebeingthat(itisoftenmuchheavier)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu).8:Theimpressivegaininoutput〔stemmedprimarilyfromthewayinwhich(workersmadegoodssince1790’s)〕,Northenterpreneurs----evenwithoutthetechnologicalimprovementhadbroadendedthescopeoftheoutworksystem(thatmademanufacturingmoreefficientbydistributingmaterialstosuccessionofworkers(whoeachperformedasinglestepoftheproductionprocess))9:Thefactthat(artisanss,(whowerelockedonasmechanicsorskilledworkersintheeighteenthcenturyarefrequentlyconsideredstoday)isdirectlyattibutabletotheArtsandCraftsMovementofnineteenth10:AfewartcollectorsJamesBownIIIofBoston,WilliamBbyrdofVirginian,andtheAliensabdHamiltonsofPhiladelphia(同位語(yǔ))introducedEuropeanarttraditionstothosecolonists〔privilegedtovisittheirgalleries,especiallyaspiringsandestablishedintheirrespectivecommunitiestheideaofthevalueofartandtheneedforinstitutions〔devotedtoitsencouragement〕.P.SP.S1.with+V-ing/v-Prepphrase例Tomlayontheground,withhiseyeslookingattheTomgetintotheclass,withhisnoseATM:Transactionbeingprocessed,please(2)倒裝句的閱讀方部分倒裝處理方法:把提前的助動(dòng)詞/be動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞去掉或還完全倒裝的處理代完全倒裝的判斷P.S.分類動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)態(tài)比較句的形(1)S+Vi+adv +than例IrunfasterthanTomdoesTom.(唯一正確 用法，上兩個(gè)用在口語(yǔ)中也可（２）S+Vt+O+adv 例：IloveyoumorethanTom.Tom 用法，上兩個(gè)用在口中也可（３）S+Vt+ ＋O+than+例：IraisemorepigsthanTomdoesTom.(唯一正確 用法，上兩個(gè)用在語(yǔ)中構(gòu)．Basictoanyunderstandingofthedisadvantagesofbuilding near 例1:Herein(adv)lay(賓語(yǔ))thebeginningofwhatultimay(最終)turnedfromignorance(無(wú)知)todenialofthevalueofnutritiontherapiesin例2:Surroundingthecolumnarethreesepalsandthreepetals(主語(yǔ)),sometimeseasilyrecognizableassuch,oftendistortedintogorgeous,weird,butalwaysfunctionalshapes.3WiththegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorldWarandtheeconomicboom(thatfollowedit獨(dú)立主格,youngpeoplemarriedandestablishedhouseholdsearlierandbegantoraiselargerfamiliesthanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression.沒(méi)有倒裝4:BasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWar(賓語(yǔ))isthecountry’simpressivepopulationgrowth(主語(yǔ)).句子結(jié)構(gòu):adjprep+BbeAAbeadjprep5:AmongthespeciesofseabirdsthatusethewindsweptcliffoftheAtlanticcoastofCanadainthesummertomate,layeggsandreartheiryoung)arecommonmurres,Atlanticpuffins,black-leggedkittiwakes,andnortherngannets(主語(yǔ)).句子結(jié)構(gòu)AmongAbeBBA例6:Implicitinitisanaestheticprincipleaswell:(thatthemediumhascertainqualities ofbeautyandexpressivenesswithwhich(sculptorsmustbringtheirownaestheticsensibilitiesintoharmony)).例7:Mostimportantperhaps,wasthat(theyhadallmaintainedwithacertainfidelity(狀語(yǔ))amanneroftechniqueandcompositionwiththoseofAmerica’sfirstpopularlandscapes,Thomas(whobuiltacareerpaintingtheCatskillMountainscenery〔bordingtheHudsonRiver〔)).句型結(jié)構(gòu):S+Vt+prep+n1(介詞短語(yǔ))+n2,Vt的賓語(yǔ)實(shí)際上例8:Withtheturn-of-centuryCraftsmovementandthediscoveryofnontraditionalsourcesofinspiration(獨(dú)立主格),suchaswoodenAfricanfiguresandmasks,therearoseanewurgeforhands-on,alexecutionofartandaninctionwiththemedium(主語(yǔ)).例9:Accustomedthoughweareto(倒裝)speakingofthefimadebefore1927as‘slient’,thefilmhasneverbeenseen,inthefullsenseoftheword,silent.句型結(jié)構(gòu):adj+though+S+beprepn=though+S+beadj+prep+n,僅發(fā)生在讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中.例10:Cowithconcernsabouttheacceleratinglossofspeciesandhabitatshasbeenagrowingappreciationoftheimportanceofbiologicaldiversity,thenumberofspeciesinaparticularecosystem同位語(yǔ)),tothehealthoftheEarthandhumanwell-being(主語(yǔ)句型結(jié)構(gòu)theimportanceofAtoBA對(duì)B的重要11:MatchingtheinfluxofforeignimmigrantsintothelargercitiesoftheUnitedStatesduringthelatenineteenthcenturywasadomesticmigration(主語(yǔ)),fromtownandfarmtocity,withintheUnitedStates.12:Indeedhaditnotbeenforthesuperbpreservationofthesefossils(虛擬條ifithadnotbeen),theymightwellhavebeenclassifiedasdinosaurs.(4)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的閱讀方構(gòu)成：Itbe+強(qiáng)調(diào)成分＋thatwho+其他成句．強(qiáng)調(diào)句不強(qiáng)調(diào)形容詞和代詞．1Itwasjustadecadebeforethis(強(qiáng)調(diào)句)thatmanydrugcompanieshadfoundtheirvitaminsalesskyingandwerequicktosupplypracticingphysicianswithgeneroussamplesofvitaminsandlitureextollingthevirtueofsupplementationforavatietyofhealth-related2:Itwasshe,aBaltimoreprinter,(強(qiáng)調(diào)句)whopublishedthefirstofficecopiesoftheDeclaraton,thefirstcopie(thatincludedthenamesofsingersandthereforeheraldedthesupportofallthirteen3:Itwasinthecities(強(qiáng)調(diào)句)thattheelements(thatcanbeassociatedwithmoderncapitalismfirstappeared-----theuseofmoneycommercialpaperinceofbarter,opencompetitioninceofdeferenceandhierarchy,withanattendantriseinsocialdisorder,andtheappearanceoffactoriesusingcoalorwaterpowerinceofindependentcraftspeopleworkingwithhandtools).泛讀---快速閱讀與有效閱閱讀中的詳略結(jié) 需要詳細(xì)閱讀的非舉例性質(zhì)的概括描題目映射回原文的內(nèi)可以快速瀏覽的明顯的舉例:為何而舉,舉例主體,結(jié)束位對(duì)比\讓步\轉(zhuǎn)折讀一半(轉(zhuǎn)折以后的那一半理解單位擴(kuò)大和閱讀中邏輯的構(gòu) 模糊理解理閱讀中的惡 指讀\聲讀\回讀\視角高度過(guò)低\二次閱理解單位和閱讀加大理解單位,變單詞為意群組 焦點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練可以合并為意群的成分副介詞短分詞短 -16主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)和賓固定搭例:Generally,inordertobep inthefossilrecord,organismsmustprosesshardbodypartssuchasssorbones.Soft,fleshystructuresarequicklydestroyedbypredatorsordecayedbybacteria.bebeinthefossilinorderinorderhardbodysuchassorSoft,ordecayedbyordecayedbybystructuresarequicklyEvenhardEvenhardleftonthesurfaceforcertainlengthofwilltoorganismsmusttoorganismsmustbeburiedbybyandtobeprotectedagainstagentsof【福利時(shí)間】建議參加保分班，掃描下面QQ80+90+、（保分低于80分我們是的andandMarineorganismsthusarebettercandidatesforthanthanthoselivingonthebecausetheoceanistypicallythesitewhereasthewhereasthelandislargelythesiteof構(gòu)建閱讀邏輯,變翻譯為整體理解---強(qiáng)調(diào)一遍閱讀文章的類型和題文章類型參見(jiàn)OG19順承式:時(shí)間及時(shí)間發(fā)展線索.(線型結(jié)構(gòu)分類式:分類方式及類別特征樹型結(jié)構(gòu)問(wèn)題解決式\現(xiàn)象解釋式:解決方案\解釋及最終結(jié)論.(傘型結(jié)構(gòu)題材分自然科生物植物學(xué):植物的分類和特動(dòng)物學(xué):動(dòng)物的分類和行為.鳥類\群體昆蟲\海洋微生物學(xué):真菌(蘑菇\真菌的頑固地理\地質(zhì)地形\地貌特征:成因\分布\氣候\生態(tài)\影地質(zhì):成因或原理\過(guò)程\影天文具體的星體特征:基本特征(形狀\距離\軌道\旋轉(zhuǎn)\溫度\質(zhì)量);大氣層(氫氣\氦氣\氨氣\甲烷);表面特征;水和生命形式;人天文學(xué):成因\過(guò)程\影考古古生物:恐龍(),鳥類(進(jìn)化史→modern古代遺址\遺跡:氣象性天氣:成因\過(guò)程\危害\預(yù)天氣預(yù)報(bào):\計(jì)算機(jī)技新技術(shù)和新事發(fā)展人文科a.歷土人:生活\\藝都市化過(guò)程:人口增長(zhǎng)\城市擴(kuò)張\交通發(fā)展\經(jīng)濟(jì)原始人生活變遷:游牧到(農(nóng)業(yè)古代文文流派:產(chǎn)生\思想\代作家:生平\作流類型:城市藝畫音類型:country,樂(lè)心理學(xué):人類情感分三.新托福閱讀題型解詞匯題(Vocabulary詞匯題簡(jiǎn)介和提問(wèn)方式:參見(jiàn)OG25詞匯題的解答方認(rèn)識(shí)：直接解題，沾邊就對(duì)不認(rèn)識(shí) 推斷：從詞的本上下文：因果＼對(duì)比＼解指代題(Reference指代題簡(jiǎn)介和提問(wèn)方式:參見(jiàn)OG26~27指代題的解答方代從句的主語(yǔ)指代主語(yǔ)的主賓語(yǔ)(使用屬性判斷,不用含義關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞(插入結(jié)構(gòu)不影響指代關(guān)系重復(fù)概念指代:Tomandhiscat(就近原則someofsomenofn,others指名somevsomeothers共指之前概名詞優(yōu)先選擇題干的上下意aisakindofAA是a的上意若上下意詞不唯一則當(dāng)作代詞指代處注意被指代對(duì)象往往在代詞之前出現(xiàn)從句開頭往后找答案代詞和被指代對(duì)象的數(shù)性和性質(zhì)必須一致指代的傳遞現(xiàn)象Jupitersandothergiantnetareof low-densitytypequitedistinctfrompassagerefersterrestrialnets:theyarecomposedpredominantlyofsuchsubstancesashydrogen,helium,ammonia,andmethane.nuclear Ifthephysicalbarriersofthentarebreached,thenpreformedchemicalsmayinhibitorkilltheintruder,andnttissuescontainadiversearrayoftoxicorpotentiallytoxicsubstances,suchasresins,tannins,glycosides,andalkaloids,manyofwhicharehighlyeffectivedeterrentstoinsectsthatfeedon passagereferstoAciculturists,peoplewhoraisebirsforcommercialsale,havenotyetlearnedhowtosimulatethenaturalincubationofparroteggsinthewild.Theycontinuetolookforbetterwaystoincreaseeggproductionandtoimprovechicksurvival passagereferstoWhatisparticularlymeaningfultoanthropologyistherealizationthatalthoughthematerialavailabletoasocietymaytosomeextendlimitorinfluenceTheworditinthepassagereferstoitcandoically,thematerialsbymeansdeterminewhatisSomeoftheirbasketswerecompleycoveredwithspendants;otherswithfeatersthatmadethebaskets’surfacesassoftasthebreastsofbirds. passagereferstoEncouragedbytheexampleofcertainAmericansofEuropeandescentsuchasThomasEakins,RobertHenri,andGeorgeLuks,whohadincludedsofAfricandescentintheirpaintingsasseriousstudiesratherthanastrivialorsendimentalstereotypes,AfricanAmericansofthisperiodsetaboutcreatinganewportrayalofthemselvesandtheirlivesintheUnitedStates.Astheybegantostriveforsocialandcuturalindependence.Theirattitudestowardthemselveschanged,and,tosomeextend,otherssegmentsofAmericansocietybegantochangetheir passagereferstoAmericansofEuropean toward事實(shí)信息題(FactualInformation事實(shí)題簡(jiǎn)介和提問(wèn)方式:參見(jiàn)OG20事實(shí)題的正確選項(xiàng)特征:原文重現(xiàn)和同義改細(xì)節(jié)類題目的干擾方信息滯留點(diǎn)的概信息滯留點(diǎn)的表現(xiàn)形A在原文的出現(xiàn)B在原文中不出現(xiàn).,AB在選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)A\B均在原文中出現(xiàn),A+B在選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)AB在原文中出現(xiàn)A或B在選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)干擾選項(xiàng)特虛較:如果選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了\\絕對(duì)化描述或范圍的擴(kuò)張,則該選項(xiàng)優(yōu)先不為正確選項(xiàng),在除非在原文存在比較的一一答非所問(wèn):確保所選答案和題干構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系（地名＼專有名詞＼題目的概念）Scanning:在原文中尋找某特定概尋找及其同反義詞和上下義尋找及其相關(guān)概念的第一次出現(xiàn)位２）根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容形成答案３）性．注意:驗(yàn)證選項(xiàng)中的概念和最大的概念組合是否在文章中出現(xiàn)確保所選答案和題干構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系確保所選答案和原文構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系否定事實(shí)信息題(NegativeInformation否定事實(shí)題簡(jiǎn)介和提問(wèn)方式:參見(jiàn)OG21局部否定事實(shí)題目的特點(diǎn)及解特對(duì)應(yīng)原文某一處描述,通常是舉對(duì)應(yīng)原文兩處或兩處以上描述,并且通常是分散舉例或排比(未被解答原優(yōu)先利用筆記進(jìn)行判斷充分利用已做題目進(jìn)行判斷排根據(jù)選項(xiàng)中的進(jìn)行定位排盡量最后再全局否定事實(shí)題目的特點(diǎn)及解推斷題(Inference推斷題簡(jiǎn)介和提問(wèn)方式:參見(jiàn)OG23推斷題的特點(diǎn)和正確答案不在原文中直接出推理的邏輯因果對(duì)比:時(shí)間對(duì)比;直接對(duì)比;比例對(duì)比(在總量構(gòu)成不變的情推理錯(cuò)誤:附加條件(收斂線理修辭目的題(RhetoricalPurpose修辭目的題見(jiàn)解和提問(wèn)方式:參見(jiàn)OG24修辭目的題的分類和解段落關(guān)順承:無(wú)明顯的標(biāo)志轉(zhuǎn)折:有表示對(duì)比轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)支持:有表示舉例的關(guān)聯(lián)Itisestimatedthatover99percentofallspeciesthateverexistedhave extinct.Whatcausesextinction?Whenspeciesisnolongeradaptedtoachangedenvironment,itmayperish.Theexactcausesofaspecies’deathvaryfromsituationtosituation.Rapidecologicalchangemayrenderanenvironmenthostiletoaspecies.Forexample,temperaturesmaychangeandaspeciesmaynotbeabletoadapt.Foodresourcesmaybeaffectedbyenvironmentalchanges,whichwillthencauseproblemsforaspeciesrequiringtheseresources.Otherspeciesmay ebetteradaptedtoanenvironment,resultingincompetitionand,ultimay,inthedeathofaWhatdoestheauthorsayinparagraph1regardingmostspeciesinearth’shistoryTheyhaveremainedbasicallyunchangedfromtheiroriginalfromtheiroriginalforms.TheyhavebeenabletoadaptItisestimatedthatover99percentofallspeciesthateverexistedhave extinct.Whatcausesextinction?Whenspeciesisnolongeradaptedtoachangedenvironment,itmayperish.Theexactcausesofaspecies’deathvaryfromsituationtosituation.Rapidecologicalchangemayrenderanenvironmenthostiletoaspecies.Forexample,temperaturesmaychangeandaspeciesmaynotbeabletoadapt.Foodresourcesmaybeaffectedbyenvironmentalchanges,whichwillthencauseproblemsforaspeciesrequiringtheseresources.Otherspeciesmay ebetteradaptedtoanenvironment,resultingincompetitionand,ultimay,inthedeathofaWhatdoestheauthorsayinparagraph1regardingmostspeciesinearth’shistoryTheyhaveremainedbasicallyunchangedfromtheiroriginalfromtheiroriginalforms.TheyhavebeenabletoadapttoecologicalTheyhavecausedrapidchangeintheTheyarenolongerinwhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph1asresultingfromrapidecologicalTemperatureAvailabilityoffoodIntroductionofnewCompetitionamongWhyis nktonmentionedintheTo differentextinctionhasoccurredthroughout(B)Toemphasizetheimportanceofhistoryofearth.Recentysesresourcesinpreventingmassalsorevealedthatonsome manyspeciesbecameextinctattheorganismsthatliveonthelandofthosetime----amassextinction.Oneofliveinthebest-knownexamplesofmass(D)Topointoutthatcertainspeciesoccurred65millionyearsagowith edemiseofdinosaursandmany4.Accordingtoparagraph2,evidenceformsoflife.Perhapsthelargestfossilessuggestsextinctionwasonethatoccurred(A)extinctionofspecieshasoccurredmillionyearsago,whenapproximatimetotimethroughoutearth’s95percentofallspeciesdied,(B)Extinctionsonearthhavegenerallyextinctionscanbecausedbyarapidchangeintheenvironmentand(C)therehasbeenonlyonemassextinction interrelationshipofmanyspecies.If,(D)dinosaursbecameextinctmucheasierexample,somethingweretohappenscientisroriginallydestory the nkon 5.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredoceans,thentheoxygencontentofthetheorymentionedinparagraphwoulddrop,affectionevenorganisms Manyscientistscouldbe livingintheoceans.Suchadisagreewithwouldprobablyleadtoamassextinction. findingisthatextinctionsduringthepast250millionyearshavetendedtobemore tointersectionoftheearth’sorbitwithacloudofcomets,butthistheoryispurelyspeculative.Someresearchershavealsospeculatedthatextinctionmayoftenberandom.Thatis,certainspeciesmaybeeliminatedandothersmaysurvivefornoparticularreason.Aspecies’survivalmayhavenothingtodowithitsabilityor sequenceofessentiallyrandomEvidencetosupportthetheoryhasrecentlybeenfound. MostscientistsbelievethetheorytoInparagraph3,theauthormakeswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutaspecies’survival?ItreflecstheinterrelationshipofmanyItmaydependonchanceItdoesnotvarygreatlyfromspeciesto Accordingtothepassage,itisbelievedthatthelargestextinctionofaspeciesoccurred26millionyears65millionyears225millionyears250millionyears句子簡(jiǎn)化題(SentenceSimplification句子簡(jiǎn)化題簡(jiǎn)介和提問(wèn)方式:參見(jiàn)OG28句子簡(jiǎn)化的兩個(gè)層面:語(yǔ)義和邏常見(jiàn)的邏輯關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)換----“明顯隱含”關(guān)１）尋找給定句子中的邏輯關(guān)系：因果＼比較＼＼否否明顯否定關(guān)系的特色詞匯:no,not,none,never,neither,隱含否定關(guān)系的特色詞匯:failto,absentfrom,lack,lackof,refuse,few,little,否定詞綴less.因明顯因果關(guān)系的特色詞匯:because,becauseof,since,for,as,dueto,owingto,inthat,sosothatasaresult,therefore,thereby,hence,consequently,accordingly.隱含因果關(guān)系的特色詞匯表示導(dǎo)致含義:leadto,cause,result,resultin,giveriseto,render,produce,make,使役動(dòng)詞,support,support,stimulate,spur,spark,fuel,motivate,prompt.而來(lái):comefrom,resultfrom,originate,derivefrom,initiatefrom,stemfrom,beattibutableto,beresponsiveto.反映,體現(xiàn):reflect,present,suggest,show,imply,考慮到…,依賴give,considering,onaccountofinviewof,thanksto,accordingto,relyon,dependon,resortto.條件關(guān)系ifwhen,while,asassoonasaslongas,虛擬條件句粉刺短語(yǔ)\不定式\比明顯比較關(guān)系的特色詞匯:同級(jí)比較\隱含比較關(guān)系的特色詞匯變化”:change,vary,alter,modify,revise,increase,decrease,crect,destroy,develop,improve,progressadvance,growdegenerate,continue,remain,stay,stable,still.“差異same,“”:surpass,exceed,transcend, \絕對(duì)明顯/絕對(duì)化關(guān)系的特色詞匯:-est/隱含\絕對(duì)化關(guān)系的特色詞匯自身含有含義 um,minimum,outstanding,否定加比較nothingcanbetterthan程度較深的詞surprisingly,amazingly,prohibitively修飾價(jià)格的TheCivilInvolvementinawarispainfultoanynation.Nonationswantstosentit’syoungpeopletofightanddie.Itisevenworsewhenthewarisfoughtwithinthecountry,butworstofalliswhenacountryfindsitselfdivided,andpeopleofthesamenationfighteachother.InAmerica’shistory,themostpainfulperiodissurelytheCivilWar.Thecivilwarwasfoughtformanycomplexreasons.Probablythemostimportantwastheissueofslavery.TheSouthernstates,dependentonslavesforproducingcotton,wantedtocontinuethepracticeofslaverywhiletheindustrializedNorthernstateswantedtoabolishit.Theissueof“States’Right”,therightofindividualstatestomakelawswithoutinterferencefromthenationalernment,wasalsoverydivisive.TherewereevenbasiccuturaldifferenceswhichcausedfrictionNothernersandSoutherners.(1)AllofthesefactorsledtoawarbetweentheNorthandSouthwhichwouldbethebloodiestinthenation’shistory.Bothsidessufferedterriblyinthewar.Familiesweretornapartasfathers,sons,andbrotherschosedifferentsides.Hundredsofthousandsofyoungmendiedonbothsides.ThecityofAtlantawasburnedtotheground.FoutunewereruinedandtheeconomyoftheSouthernstateswaswrecked.(2)Thepeopleo